Question 1A sample of nurses with affiliation to private hospitals (affiliation = 0) and to university hospitals (affiliation = 1) was asked to rate their confidence in making the right decisions based on their level of ongoing inservice professional development. Use a Mann-Whitney U-test to determine if the distribution of confidence in each group is the same. The file is the first tab in “nonparametric.xlsx.” Be sure to always write the null and alternate hypotheses, so that the decision is made in the correct direction. Also, conduct all as two-tailed tests at α = 0.05.Question 2In the previous item, we used the Mann-Whitney test rather than an independent t-test. Why might we Mann-Whitney rather than the t-test?Question 3 In the third tab of the same file (nonparametric_sheets.xslx), there are data for the selling prices of homes in a ZIP code and the square footage of those homes. Use the Spearman rank correlation to determine if there is a significant correlation between the home price and the square footage.A table of Spearman rank significance values is located in the file. Question 4Why did we not just use the Pearson correlation for the previous item? That is, what is the Pearson correlation influenced by that the Spearman is not?Question 5A restaurant wondered if there was a difference in the number of refills of soda ordered by those aged 18-24 (age = 0) and those aged 13-17 (age = 1). Use the Mann-Whitney U-test to determine if the distribution of soda refills is significantly different for the two groups.Question 6An organization was attempting to determine whether there was congruence between the rating of their hiring personnel in rating new employees during their interview presentations. The file “Spearman 2” to determine the Spearman rank correlation between the judges’ ratings.Question 7The following data were collected related to the number of visits to a suburban health clinic. Month Visits January 1610 February 1585 March 1649 April 1590 May 1540 June 1397 July 1410 August 1350 September 1495 October 1564 November 1602 December 1655 The null hypothesis is that the number of visits is uniformly distributed throughout the year. Use a chi-square goodness-of-fit test to determine whether the null hypothesis should be rejected at α = 0.05. Interpret the results.Question 8There are 8 job codes in a large hospital system. The table below indicates the number of grievances filed by members of the union by job code. Are the number of grievances uniformly distributed at α = 0.05? Job Code Grievances 1 19 2 17 3 14 4 18 5 19 6 21 7 18 8 18 Interpret this for hospital leadership.Question 9A research firm was interested in knowing whether income level and location of service for procedures were independent. The following data were provided. Clinic Hospital Private <$30,000 85 16 6 $30,000 to $49,999 102 27 13 $50,000 to $99,999 36 22 15 > $99,999 15 23 25 Use a chi-square test of independence to determine whether income level and service location are independent. Test the null hypothesis the service location is independent of income at α = 0.01.Question 10Is the preferred beverage ordered at lunch independent of the age bracket in a hospital cafeteria? Test the null that is independent at α = 0.05. Coffee/Tea Soft Drink Other 21-34 26 95 18 35-55 41 40 20 >55 24 13 32

For this task, you will read three news articles intended for a general audience reporting the results from correlational studies. For each of the articles, you will answer the following questions and provide justifications for your answers:Provide a brief summary of the topic of the article.Determine which variables are the focus of the research.Describe how the results of the correlational analyses are presented.Does the author of the article present the results as causal? In other words, does the author make statements that one variable causes the other?Can you think of any additional variables that were not included in this study that may be important to consider? Please describe the variables.Based on what you know about correlational research, does it make sense to make lifestyle changes based on the research presented in this article? Please explain your answer.Did the news article accurately represent the research conducted? Please explain your answer.Length:4-5 pages not including title and reference pageYour paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course by providing new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards.Resource Links:https://www.everydayhealth.com/columns/jared-bunch...https://senseaboutscienceusa.org/causation-vs-corr...https://healthland.time.com/2011/03/24/why-going-t...https://www.huffpost.com/entry/can-of-soda-diabete...