BONUS ASSIGNMENT: The Life and Death of a Star Video Questions (20 points) Visit: https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1mc1us Complete the following based upon the video: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. There are ______ billion stars in our galaxy. The key component of most stars is the element _____________. In nebulas ____________ causes the gas and dust to clump (coalesce) together. Nebulas start out very ________, hundreds of degrees _________ ___________. Eventually these gases reach ______ million degrees and a protostar forms. When the gases reach _________ million degrees ____________ begins. 6. During fusions ____________________ atoms fuse together and form ______________ atoms. 7. Stars are enormous, hot ball of superheated _____, and exhibit a delicate balance of two intense forces. The force of ________________ pulling inward on the gases and ________________ pushing outward. 8. A star is formed when _______________ begins. 9. A star burning hydrogen is in its ________________ ____________________ phase. 10. Red stars are ___________, while blue stars are ____________. 11. Small, cools stars are called __________ ______________ and are the most common type of star. 12. In the night sky we see the less common ___________________ stars. 13. Large, blue main sequence stars can be _____ times the mass of the sun and __________________ times more luminous. 14. The most significant property of a star that drives its “life history” is its ___________________. 15. More massive stars live much _______________ lives than less massive stars. 16. More massive stars have more fuel than low mass stars but burn it much more _________________. 17. The sun will take ______ billion years to use up its fuel, but a star ten times as massive will burn its fuel in _____________ million years. 18. The lowest mass stars (red dwarfs) could last ______________________ of years. 19. When the core of star like the sun runs out of hydrogen it begins burning _________ into carbon. 20. When helium burning occurs the outer layers of the star begin to __________________. 21. The outer shells of gas will be ejected in successive bursts. Eventually these gases will form a shell of gas illuminated by the central star. This is called a __________________ nebula. 22. Gravity attempts to crush the core but __________________ create enough pressure as they repel each other to keep gravity from completely crushing the core. The pressure is called __________________ degeneracy pressure. 23. The cooling remnant of the star/ core is called a ________________ dwarf. These have about _____________________ times the mass of the Earth crushed into a volume the size of the Earth. One teaspoon of material weighs several __________________. This is the final stage in a sun-like star. 24. Some describe white dwarfs as _____________ stars – spending energy they produced while fusing lighter into heavier elements. 19:45 25. Although our sun is a “cosmic loner” more than half of stars travel through life with _______________________________________. 26. White dwarf stars that are binaries they can _______________________________________ of its companion by siphoning off a stream of __________________________________. 27. If the mass of the white dwarf accumulates and reaches a mass about 40% greater than our Sun (1.4 solar masses) the white dwarf will become unstable and a thermonuclear runaway will occur and the star will explode in what is called a ________________________________. 28. These supernovas are quite rare, occuring only about ____________ per century in each galaxy. 29. Describe how Alex Filippenko’s team searches for Supernovas: 30. Type 2 supernovas signal the dramatic deaths of ________________________________ stars. 31. Unlike less massive stars, when more massive stars exhaust their hydrogen they have the gravitational energy (raw power) to fuse other (heavier) elements. The _______________ of each reaction become __________________ for the next. 32. Late in a massive star’s life it resembles an ___________________ with an outer layer of the original fuel _______________________ surrounding layer after layer of _________________________________________________. 33. Eventually the massive star builds up a core of ______________________, but the fusion of this element into heavier elements ___________________________ it does not ____________________________ energy. The core eventually becomes unstable and ________________________. In about half a second the core originally the size of the ____________________ is crushed to a size of about _______________ miles across. For a moment the core rebounds and smashes into the outer layers of the star setting off one of the most massive explosions in the universe since the big bang – a Type 2 Supernova. 34. All of the iron around us came from ____________________________________. In fact all of the elements heavier than iron came either directly or indirectly from ____________________ __________________________ and they were ______________________ into the cosmos by these gigantic explosions. 35. As material from these explosions spread out through the universe it became the stuff of planets, ______________, _____________________, and even life! 36. If you could trace your ancestry back to its origins you would find an _____________________ ________________ in your family tree. We are essentially made of ______________________ ________________________-. 37. The elements in your body larger than hydrogen and helium came from ___________________ _____________________________- stars. The ____________________ in your bones, the ___________________ that you breath, the ____________________ in your red blood cells, the _______________________ in most of your cells were created in ____________ through _____________________________ reactions and then ejected by _______________________ _________________________________. 38. While Type 2 Supernovae shower our universe with heavy elements the core of the massive star remains _________________. Destroying it remains ________________________ job. 39. What is electron degeneracy pressure? 40. Gravity overcomes electron degeneracy pressure by combining _________________ and ____________________________ making ____________________________ which collapse down to a smaller stable object called a ________________________________. These can be as small as _________________ miles across. 41. One teaspoon of neutron star material would weigh ____________________________ tons. 42. Neutron stars are crazy objects. If a 150 pound person (on Earth) could stand on a neutron star they would weigh about ____________________________________ tons and would be squashed flat against the neutron star due to the intense force! They also ______________ extremely fast up to __________________________ times per second. 43. Neutron stars have extremely strong magnetic fields which trap electrons along the axis of the magnetic field. The electrons accelerate along the magnetic field and give off _____________. This is a well-focused beam of ___________________ like a ___________________ house. Neutrons stars that direct a beam of light at us are called ________________________. 44. Some stars are so massive, perhaps _________________ to forty times the mass of the Sun that not even neutrons can hold up against the weight of their collapse. Gravity will crush them down into an object of infinite density known as a _____________________________. 45. A black hole formed from these collapsed massive stars create a region of space where gravity is _____________________________. Not even the fastest thing we know of, _____________________, can escape. You should be done by 33 minutes into the video. 46. Scientists have theorized that there are supernovas caused by even more massive stars that create even more powerful explosions. These explosions are so violent that they leave behind ______________________________________________. 47. In the Fall of 2006 astronomers observed the largest stellar explosion ever witnessed! It occurred ____________________ million light years away and blew the star apart. The energy was _____________ times more energy than a normal massive star explosion. This indicated that the star that created Supernova 2006gy must have been _____________ to____________ times the mass of the Sun which is about as massive as a star can get! 48. Astronomers are using SN2006gy to learn about the __________________ stars of our universe which they believe were very massive and probably exploded in much the same way, littering the young universe with many of the heavy elements that we have today. These heavy elements increased the likelihood that the next generation of stars would have planets and these planets would have the ingredients for __________________ itself! You should be done around the 35:30 minute mark in the video…
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