Operations and Project Management

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you have to preper (event project plan) by using MS Word & MS Project. docx file is having the task and requirements for the assignment.

pttx file In-class review.

The event project plan will be about HM award ceremony. https://www.egovaward.om/en-us/theaward

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Project Management What is a Project ? A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to produce a unique product or service. Why do Projects fail ? • • • • • Project objectives not clear Unrealistic planning Impossible schedule commitments Lack of Resources Conflicting stakeholder interests* Projects fail at the beginning, not the end. BEING FEATURE CREEP... Examples of Project Degree of Project Difficulty Figure: Project difficulty is determined by 3 factors - scale, complexity and uncertainty Successful Project • Customer Requirements satisfied/exceeded. • Completed within allocated timeframe. • Completed within allocated budget. • Acceptance by the customer. Triple Constraint Triangle Project Management Terminologies CERTIFICATION AND METHODOLOGY ➤ ➤ PMI-PMP is: Project Management Institute - Project Management Professional ➤ More detailed; explains more concepts and processes and in details. ➤ More versatile; and covers more concepts and ideas. ➤ Discusses almost every aspect of project management. ➤ Uses professional and advanced terminology ➤ Uses charts and visualization extensively. ➤ More known and used internationally. PRINCE2 is: PRojects IN Controlled Environments ➤ Less detailed, gives you general idea. ➤ Uses easy terminologies and simple concepts ➤ Gives you strict directions (especially in Roles and Responsibilities charts) ➤ Doesn't use charts and flow diagram as much as used by PMI ➤ Less known and used mainly in Europe. ACCORDING TO THE PMBOK GUIDE : A project is any temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result. This definition gives rise to some important concepts : A project is temporary. A project produces unique, quantifiable results. A project requires a progressive elaboration. 4 Phases of PM (The 4Ds) Project Deliverables 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Activity List Gantt Chart Network Diagram Critical Path Method (CPM) Analysis Budget (Cost) Quality Plan Risk Log/Risk Register Examples of Projects REPORT WRITING 1. Research Content 2. Read Books / Reports 3. Plan logical flow 4. Present Introduction 5. Write review of literature 6. Carry out relevant discussions 7. Analyze the content 8. Draw insights 9. Present Conclusion NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 1. Idea generation 2. Idea screening 3. Concept testing 4. Business analysis 5. Product development 6. Test marketing 7. Commercialization 8. Review of market performance Sample Project A. Research for Content (Books/Journals and Reports) B. Plan logical flow as per the format C. Present Introduction D. Provide Review of literature E. Carry out relevant discussions F. Analyze the content G. Draw insights from the report H. Present Conclusion I. List the Sources J. Proofread the Report Writing an Academic report PART A ➤ Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) ➤ Activity List ➤ Gantt Chart ➤ Network Diagram ➤ Critical Path Method (CPM) PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Associated costs & Work Package For Illustration Purpose WBS AND SCOPE ➤ Work breakdown structure of a project shows the hierarchy of the project work and deliverables in a project. Therefore, there are lots of benefits of using WBS in Project Management. ➤ WBS provides the project team members an understanding of where their pieces fit into the overall project management plan ➤ WBS Project Management facilitates communication and cooperation between and among the project team and other stakeholders. ➤ WBS Project Management provides a basis for estimating staff, cost and time. Based on the size WBS helps create Work Package and Assigned to the responsible Person PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2. Activity List Activity List For Illustration Purpose IN CLASS ACTIVITY ➤ Identifier ➤ Activity or Task ➤ Duration (Assign Start Date and End Date) ➤ Dependency Helps define Predecessors tasks. ROLE OF WBS AND ACTIVITY LIST ➤ To begin, you create the WBS before you develop the project schedule or activity list. ➤ The WBS belongs to the project scope management knowledge area while the activity list belongs to the time management knowledge area. ➤ The WBS has to do with the project’s WHAT, while the schedule deals with the project’s HOW and WHEN. Buchik (2015) Example : WBS - The components/work packages being delivered (RESEARCH, WRITING & ANALYSIS) Activity List - Sequential steps to write reports PROJECT MANAGEMENT 3. Gantt Chart DURATION FOR THE TASK • Assign Duration & Resources • Pictorial Representation • Make proactive changes • Add Subtasks Use of Project Management Application/Software Gantt Chart For Illustration Purpose PROJECT MANAGEMENT 4. Network Diagram Network Diagram For Illustration Purpose SIGNIFICANCE ➤ ➤ A network diagram is a graphical representation of the project and is composed of a series of connected arrows and boxes/nodes to describe the inter-relationship between the activities involved in the project. ➤ Nodes ➤ Dependencies ➤ Predecessor’s activity Identify Path(s) PROJECT MANAGEMENT 5. Critical Path Method (CPM) Analysis Critical Path Analysis Forward Pass and Backward Pass For Illustration Purpose Activity Name or Symbol Earliest Start Latest Start © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall A ES EF LS LF 2 Earliest Finish Latest Finish Activity Duration CRITICAL PATH Activity Table Critical Path Critical Path Method (CPM Analysis) In Class Activity FORWARD PASS & BACKWARD PASS Hands on Practice CPM – Please draw network diagram and do forward & Backward pass ACTIVITY LIST Example – Network diagram Example – Critical Path Method WHAT IS CRITICAL PATH ? ➤ A critical path is a sequence of interdependent activities or tasks that must be finished before the project can be finished. ➤ It is the longest path from project start to finish. ➤ At the same time, the longest path is the path that shows the minimal time in which a project can be completed. ➤ If there is a delay in one activity of the path, the whole project will be delayed accordingly. Recommended Reading Significance of Critical Path & Gantt Chart Available on BREO Advantages Network Diagrams: • Makes maximum use of the four M’s – Man , Machine, Money and Material. • Optimizes and increases efficiency of stakeholders and tasks designated to each. • Reduces the overall project duration by managing parallel tasks. • Since it controls all activities of a project as a whole, the success of a project can be guaranteed. • Drawing up network diagrams help in identifying all possible tasks that can be undertaken in a project. Gantt Charts: • Easy to decipher and understand • Provides clarity of a project’s status • Easy to use as a briefing tool in a meeting covering a whole set of activities. • One chart can illustrate many activities. • One of the easiest ways of reporting and documenting a project’s progress. • It is a tool that can be used across all streams of work. Project Management Tools Project Management Terminologies • Activity List • The activity list is an itemized documentation of scheduled activities in a Project • Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) • WBS helps to reduce complex activities to a collection of tasks and present work packages. • Gantt Chart • It is a pictorial format that can help you work out with essential aspects of projects. (Task, Duration, Resources including Budget) • Milestones • Project milestones are the important point in a project that track the progress of a project. • Network Diagram • It provides understanding of which activities or tasks must be completed in order to begin others. • Critical Path Method (CPM) • Critical path method is a technique used to complete projects on time by focusing on key tasks. PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOLS CPM/PERT • CPM was the discovery of M.R.Walker of E.I.Du Pont de Nemours & Co. and J.E.Kelly of Remington Rand, circa 1957. The computation was designed for the UNIVAC-I computer. The first test was made in 1958, when CPM was applied to the construction of a new chemical plant. In March 1959, the method was applied to a maintenance shut-down at the Du Pont works in Louisville, Kentucky. Unproductive time was reduced from 125 to 93 hours. • • (Critical Path Method) PERT was devised in 1958 for the POLARIS missile program by the Program Evaluation Branch of the Special Projects office of the U.S.Navy, helped by the Lockheed Missile Systems division and the Consultant firm of Booz-Allen & Hamilton. The calculations were so arranged so that they could be carried out on the IBM Naval Ordinance Research Computer (NORC) at Dahlgren, Virginia. • (Programme Evaluation Review Technique) ➤ Relevant Terminologies ➤ Communication ➤ Budget ➤ Risk Log/Risk Register ➤ Quality Plan PART B Relevant Project Management Terminologies PROJECT MANAGEMENT A) Project Slack/Float Related Terminologies FLOAT or SLACK Float or Slack is the amount of time that a task in a project network can be delayed without causing a delay to subsequent tasks. SIGNIFICANCE ‘Float’ (or Slack) is a project resource. It should be used carefully to cover the risks or other unforeseen issues on the project. PROJECT MANAGEMENT B) Fast Tracking FAST TRACKING TASK SPECIFIC This involves performing tasks in parallel that are otherwise performed in sequence. PROJECT SPECIFIC 1. Change the Scope 2. Reduce Quality 3. Outsource* EXAMPLE OF FAST TRACKING Fast Tracking – As per PMBOK® Guide Sixth Edition PROJECT MANAGEMENT C) Project Crashing PROJECT CRASHING ➤ Project 'Crashing' is a technique in which resources are added to the project for the least cost possible. ➤ Cost and schedule tradeoffs are analyzed to determine how to obtain the greatest amount of compression for the least incremental cost. PROJECT CRASHING ➤ Method of shortening the project duration ➤ Crashing is achieved by devoting more resources ➤ OBJECTIVES ➤ To reduce project duration ➤ To minimize cost of crashing PROJECT CRASHING Crashing is the technique to use when fast tracking has not saved enough time on the project sche Project Crashing – As per PMBOK® Guide Sixth Edition How to shorten activity duration (for a price) • Adding staff • Paying for overtime • Hiring outside staff to help or outsourcing whole project activities • Paying to expedite shipping or other services • Upgrading or replacing slower equipment • Spreading work over more shifts Project Management Communication IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT For Illustration Purpose COMMUNICATION AND WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT A. Create alignment and shared understanding across your team, making you more productive, less stressed, and just a little bit happier. C. Bring all your team's communication together, giving everyone a shared workspace where conversations are organized and accessible. E. Builds a searchable archive of your team’s conversations, decisions, and work — made more useful with machine learning — putting knowledge in everyone’s hands. Streamlines your workflows ! COMMUNICATION, FILE AND WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT FEATURES • Slack • Information Management • Unified Communication • Channels / Widgets (Add-on Utilities) Project Management 6. Budget BUDGET Note: Given format is for reference only and can be modified/used based on project requirement. Project Management 7. Risk Register Risk – Initial Thoughts Think of a risk to your project. What determines the severity of a risk? How serious a risk is it? Risk Management Cont. • Identify the Risks – How? Capture in a Risk Register » Info from previous projects – Lessons learnt » Experience » Brainstorming » Organisation’s environment » External Factors/Organisations/Relationships • Assess – how serious? • Plan Responses – Assign Risk Owner, Cost approved, Mitigate • Monitor and Control » Update Risk Register regularly » Close risks which have disappeared » Escalate serious risks Risk Probability/Impact Map I M P A C T Highly Significant 5 H H H H H Major 4 H H H H H Moderate Minor Insignificant 3 2 1 M L M H L H M M H M Medium Risk control action to be taken as a matter of routine Low risk - No control action required, but will need to be monitored L L L L L 1 2 3 4 5 Rare Unlikely Possible Probable Almost Certain PROBABILITY High Risk - control action must be a priority Risk Log RISK LOG Project: Status / Version: Author: Date: Distribution: Managed Response Ref. Date Raised Risk Description Probability (P) Impact (I) Risk Rating Action / Countermeasure Responsibility Review Date 1 01/07/13 Risk 1 1 1 Low 01/09/2013 2 01/07/13 Risk 2 2 2 Low 02/09/2013 3 01/07/13 Risk 3 3 3 High 03/09/2013 4 01/07/13 Risk 4 4 4 High 04/09/2013 5 01/07/13 Risk 5 5 5 High 05/09/2013 6 01/07/13 Risk 6 1 5 High 06/09/2013 7 01/07/13 Risk 7 2 4 High 07/09/2013 8 01/07/13 Risk 8 3 3 High 08/09/2013 9 01/07/13 Risk 9 4 2 Medium 09/09/2013 10 01/07/13 Risk 10 5 1 Low 10/09/2013 Status / Review Comments Risk Mitigation • Prevention – Take preventative action to avoid risk e.g. - alternative action • Reduction – Reduce the risk, eg by adding resources/manpower • Acceptance – Accept risk eg if low probability • Contingency – Backup plan for if risk occurs • Transfer – Subcontract work and risk RISK REGISTER - PRINCE2 TEMPLATE Project Management 8. Quality in Project Management Quality – Initial Thoughts Identify a quality product you own or would like. How was the quality of the product checked and when? Why do you associate this product with quality? Project Quality Management • Quality Plan (Quality Criteria) • Quality Assurance • Quality Control Quality Plan (Quality Criterion) A list of measurable definitions of the attributes required for products to be acceptable to the stakeholder(s). Example Quality Criteria » » » » » » » » Major functions Development costs Reliability Security Accuracy Performance Ease of use Appearance Quality Assurance • Brainstorming • Benchmarking • Six Sigma (6σ) Approach • Total Quality Management (TQM) • ISO Quality Standards Quality Control • Reviews • Inspections • Tests/Performance Tests • Audits Recommended Reading available on BREO Quality Plan A log of the quality events planned and undertaken, e.g. reviews, inspections, testing, and audits. As the project progresses and records of quality activities are received, the Quality Register is updated to reflect the actual results from the quality activities. Quality Product Activity ID Id Product Quality Method Producer Reviewer Approver Target Review Date Actual Review Date Result Target Actual Approval Approval Date Date 1 1 Web Page Inspection … … Project Board … … 2 1 Web Page Performance Test … … Project Board … … … … 3 1 Web Page Bug Test … … Project Board … … … … 1 Web Page Inspection … … Project Board … … … … 4… 9 Result QUALITY REGISTER - PRINCE2 TEMPLATE Template available on BREO Reading Exercise In Class Quiz SOC-21451380 MAJANSM Resources on BREO ➤ PRINCE2 Download Centre ➤ Templates (Available on BREO) ➤ https://www.prince2.com/uae/downloads ➤ Quality Register ➤ Risk Register ➤ Budget Any Queries ? Thank you. University of Bedfordshire Business School SHR039-6 Operations and Project Management Assignment 2 Briefing (60%) Project Plan Presentation Assessment Title Individual Project Plan Unit Title Project and Operations Management Unit Code SHR039-6 Assessment Weighting (%) 60% Number of Credits 15 Issue Date Submission Deadline Procedure for/where to submit work (including file name format for TurnItIn where applicable) Description of Assessment Task 12pm Noon (Oman time) Sunday 25 of November, 2018 You MUST submit digital copy electronically on BREO Turn-it-in. The following file naming format should be used for submission: Assignment 2_Project Plan_Lead Student Name _Student ID Number You will produce a project plan for a suitable project for your work-place. If there is not much scope of developing a project plan in relation to your work-place, you must agree a project title of your choice and scope with your tutor. The Project Plan will include the use of Project Management tools and techniques studied and discussed in the class. You will need to submit the project plan (maximum 2,000 words, apart from the relevant appendices that you are required to illustrate!) with clear indication of your contributions. You should include the following: • • • • • • • Format Project Introduction and Objectives Project team and their roles; Project stages and key deliverables Project time management (Work Breakdown Structure; Activity List; Gantt Chart in MS Project; Network Diagram and Critical Path) Budget (cost) Quality Plan. Risk Log/Register; MS Word & MS Project Resources/Support Available Class discussion to clarify Assignment; In-class review Unit resources on BREO; Assessment Criteria See assessment criteria marking grid for assessment-2, overleaf. Details of how feedback will be provided 2Q and feedback given on-line through Turn-It-In and marked assessment criteria marking grid. Referral Assignment Your referral assignment will require you to produce a project plan based on another project (discussed and confirmed by your tutor). Assessment Criteria Marking Grid –Project plan (50% Weighting) Criterion Project Objectives & Introduction Project team roles Project stages and Key deliverables Weight 10% 5% 15% Time Management - WBS, Activity List & Gantt Chart - Network Diagram and Critical Path Analysis 30% =70% (A) Intro & Project Objectives well expressed and almost SMART Complete and correct WBS/PBS. Intro & Project Objectives clear, precise and SMART Project Objectives/Intro missing or unclear Project Objectives/Intro vague Project Objectives & Intro satisfactory Intro and Project Objectives clear and appropriate No/ illogical PBS/WBS Poor PBS/WBS. Good WBS/PBS, complete, but query on content/logic No/ illogical discussion of the project stages using 4Ds Poor discussion of the project stages using 4Ds. Less than two of the 4 Ds discussed unsatisfactorily. Acceptable WBS/PBS, but incomplete. Correct diagrammatic form. Acceptable discussion of the project stages using 4Ds. At least two of the 4Ds are discussed satisfactorily Good discussion of the project stages using 4Ds. All 4Ds are discussed well Very good discussion of the project stages using 4Ds. All of 4Ds are discussed very well along with their deliverables Outstanding discussion of the project stages using 4Ds. All of 4Ds are discussed excellently along with their deliverables WBS, Activity List/Gantt Chart not produced/very inaccurate. Lack of clarity on main Activities. Significant activities missing on WBS, Activity List & Gantt Chart; MS Project not used; Resources not identified; Some questionable logic on WBS, Activity List. Gantt Chart acceptable but contains mistakes. Network Diagram contains some anomalies; CP largely correct; Activity List satisfactory. Lack of minor resources. Largely correct WBS, Activity list, Gantt Chart; MS Project used. Well considered WBS, Activity List. Gantt Chart correct, resources not shown. Resources identified. Good consideration of WBS, Activity List. Gantt Chart correct, readable and well analysed. All resources identified for each activity. Network Diagram not presented or not represented as activity on node. Network Diagram illogical and critical path (CP) not identified or incorrect. OR Network diagram presented in MS Project format Network Diagram done in Excel, or by hand and shows the activity node values; Network diagram largely correct. CP identified. Network Diagram done in Excel, or by hand and shows the activity node values; Network Diagram good. CP correct. Excellent complete, correct and detailed WBS/PBS. Network Diagram done in Excel, or by hand and shows the activity node values; Network Diagram neat and correct; CP clear & correct. Budget (costing) Risk Register Quality Plan 15% 15% 10% Project budget is not presented or not represented as activity on node. Project budget illogical and not calculated appropriately or incorrect. No/ very limited identification of risks and their management An attempt made at identifying risks, but not at risk management No/ meaningless quality plan Poor description of quality responsibilities, quality criteria and quality methods Project budget contains some anomalies; calculations largely correct; Project budget presented in tabular format Risks identified, initial analysis conducted Project budget is done in Excel, or by hand and shows the cost breakdown values; Project budget largely correct. Risks identified and analysed, attempt made at planning responses. Project budget is done in Excel, or by hand and shows the costing values; Project budget is good and correct. Project budget is done in Excel, or by hand and shows the activity node values; Project budget is neat, appropriate & correct. Risks identified and analysed, detailed responses planned. Risks identified and analysed, detailed responses planned, with proximity of risks. Acceptable list of quality responsibilities, quality criteria and quality methods, though lacking any detail Good specification of quality responsibilities, quality criteria and quality methods Quality responsibilities, quality criteria and quality methods completed with details which are logical & consistent Quality responsibilities, quality criteria and quality methods completed to a high standard, with systems described for tracking and updating
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Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Operations and project management 1

University of Bedfordshire Business School
SHR039-6
Operations and Project Management
PROJECT PLAN FOR THE HM AWARDS
NAME:
UNIT: Project and Operations Management
UNIT CODE: SHR039-6
PROFESSOR:

Operations and project management 2

1. INTRODUCTION
HM award is an award held every two years to recognize the best technological projects in the
country depending on the category and either public, private or SME. It was an idea by the
Sultanate of Oman in 2008 when he identified ICT industry as the main channel of growth of the
country. The trophies are made of silver with gold-plated E letter. The Oman e-vision, vision for
the country to grow technologically, is the main idea for the awarding of trophies to the bestdeveloped ICT projects.
Technology is the new drive the world is using to fasten production, increase innovation in the
world and cheap production of goods and services. The world has turned to technology for
cheaper production of goods and services and faster platforms for service delivery. Manual
methods have long been dumped by developed countries and hence the need for adoption,
encourage to use, more creativity and innovation and use of technology in the world. Oman was
not left behind in the adoption of technology in service delivery, private sector, and businesses.
The countries has put in place enough resources for the development of technology in the
country and ensure that the country is growingly using technology for the growth of the
economy. This award then was established to credit the best technological projects in the country
and award their creativity and innovation.
This project plan is for the upcoming HM awards. It discusses the objectives of the award, the
roles each person plays to see out the events, the planning process, allocation of funds, awards
system and who is to be awarded and the time needed for the project to be completed in time for
the wards.
The objectives of the awards are the main reasons the awards were set, why they were set and the
criteria for the awarding. The objectives as discussed below are what the government would
achieve by setting such an award system and the benefits thereof.
The roles set in this project plan are the individual duties and responsibilities of everyone in the
Information Technology Authority, the body responsible for the awards in the country, plays to
see that the awards have been set, the jury has been selected well, the venue has been chosen, the

Operations and project management 3

participating teams have been contacted and given their contribution and every other planning
process.
This project plan includes the network diagram, the gaunt chart, the critical path and the budget
of the project. They explain the activities to be done, at what time, cost and the best route to use
for the project to be completed in less time and less cost as possible.
The ITA is governed by seven board members and offers many government technology projects
and among them is the HM award.

OBJECTIVES
His Majesty in his speech while introducing the idea of the award directed that the main
objective was for the adoption, development, and growth of the government’s technological
system in every department.
However, these awards have many objectives which are:


Digitization in the country. Many organizations in the country including the public had not

embraced the culture of using technology in service delivery or in the production of goods and
services. To improve the situation the government encouraged increased uptake of technology in
the country and introduced the awards to give credit the best ideas in the market.


Increase innovation and creativity. The most creative and innovative project presented to the

jury is awarded. This stimulates innovation and creativity in coming up with the projects.


Acknowledge the creativity behind technology projects. Creativity is boosted through the

competition for the award; the most creative mind is then singled out and acknowledged for the
innovation


Improve the quality of service provision. Using manual methods in the country proved to be

hectic and non-creative. Uptake of technology was to fasten the production of goods and services

Operations and project management 4

in the country, improve their quality and also fasten government services to their citizen through
technology.


Oman’s policies for the growth of social and economic status of the country involve around

technology. The awards ensure the policies have been activated and promoted with each
company willing to be awarded for technology creativity. The economic diversification of Oman
states the role of technology in the country.


Develop a framework, set standards and a benchmark for new technology ideas by others in

the country. By awarding the best, the set the benchmark of where to improve on which is a way
of improving technology, creativity, and innovation.
In this project, we plan for the event of the awarding of the award. The objectives of this project
are:


Ensure success in the awarding of the HM awards



Ensure enough budgets is enough for the setting, planning, implementation and the

completion of the award


Ensure all activities are carried out within the stipulated time and ensure that the shortest time

possible is spent.


Minimize the costs involved and maximize the output



Ensure selection of the best and innovative projects presented



Ensure a smooth planning process, with clear duties to everyone and clear responsibilities are

set to everyone involved in the planning process.

2. PROJECT TEAM AND THEIR ROLES
For the project to be successful, the planning team must be efficient in the planning process.
Each role has to be played carefully by the respective team to ensure the project is effective and
timely. In this project, the main roles are distributed to project manager who is the head of the

Operations and project management 5

project, project team members who plan and do the activities for the seeing out of the project, the
sponsor of the project, external parties, and Jury.
In the table below, it defines each member, role, and responsibility in the project.
Team
Member
Project
Manager (
Projects’
Head)

Specific
role player
The project
manager for
our case is
ITA’s Board
of Directors.

Role
Their key role is for the
completion and success of the
project.
They are the head, control the
team and approve the budget

Responsibilities









Project
Team
Members

Employees
of ITA

Plays a key role in the planning,
allocation of funds, reporting to
the board of directors on the
project and advertising on the
ceremony










Jury

The jury is the deciding factor
on who wins the awards for
certain categories. Their role is
deciding which the best is and
reporting to the board of
directors.







Ensure the awards ceremony has been
successful
Ensure the budget set is enough
Selection of the jury to decide the winning
parties
Development of a plan for the project
Identify the methods and venue for the
ceremony
Inviting guests, cabinet, companies, SMEs
and His Majesty the Sultanate of Oman
Approving the award-winning teams given
to them by the jury.
Recruitment of any extra staff needed for the
project.
Quality control and quality assurance
Playing roles as requested by the board on
the implementation of the projects.
Advertising the applicati...


Anonymous
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