Rough Draft Research Paper 8 pages malaria drug resistance in south east Asia

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You will write one eight to ten-page paper (double-spaced, 12-point font) analyzing themes in course materials and connection to outside materials.

I'll attach the abstract but i want a narrow focus on subject of topic. We're specifying looking at malaria in the course, in southeast Asia. Please refer to class readings and topics occisonal throughout.


Course Description

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In this course, we approach science, medicine, conservation, development, and statecraft in Southeast Asia as experiments in world-making. Case studies illuminate theoretical concepts, a country or region, inter-Asian and global connections, and a current topic in global health, environmental sciences, or development. Southeast Asia’s particular histories of colonization, decolonization, environmental change, and biomedical innovation make it a unique and important place to study experiments past, present, and future.

The case study on malaria drug resistance in Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar considers political and geographic histories of borders and anthropological studies of drugs to understand the emergence of resistance and new global health experiments with village-based malaria elimination. The case study on conservation projects in Malaysia and Indonesia explores how species are known through science, and what it is to living together with nonhuman animals

The course provides the opportunity for students studying Khmer, Thai, Burmese, and Vietnamese to connect language learning with historical and contemporary issues in countries where those languages are majority. This could involve emphasizing the importance of local terms for concepts and conditions that do not translate smoothly into English. In coordination with language instructors, you may submit coursework in the language you are studying (or already know, by virtue of being a native speaker). These details need to be agreed upon me before the end of Week Two

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1 Rehana Hassen 10-24-18 ABSTRACT By now, we all know that the seven major Southeastern Asian countries are Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Singapore. Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore are the most common tourists’ attraction sites all over the world due to its beautiful sceneries and relics from the ancient culture and religion of the Southeast countries. In the recent past, however, there has been a major outbreak of malaria in these tourists attractions site of Southeastern Asia. Malaria has always been neglected even though research has shown a lot of susceptibility of the disease across the above-mentioned Southeast Asian countries. In as far as the anthropological study of Malaria is concerned, this research paper, therefore, is going to determine the main origin of the disease and how it is affecting people presently as well as how it can be tackled. Based on the origin and its effects as well as the modes of tackling that will be researched about in this paper, can the disease be really eliminated and by how much? This is the major research question this paper will pursue and answer through research. Secondary sources will be used to find information and data needed to pursue the research question. Moreover, meta-analysis secondary sources will be used to find data across various and multiple studies at once so as to make it easy in reporting any disagreements and also improve estimates as well as increase research power. By using these sources, in as far as anthropology is concerned, this paper determines the origin of malaria, its present effects, and the various ways it was treated in the past and how it is being treated at the moment as well as better ways to tackle with the problem at the future. 2 References Artemether-Quinine Meta-analysis Study Group. (2011). A meta-analysis using individual Patient data of trials comparing artemether with quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95(6), 637-650. Amato, R., Pearson, R. D., Almagro-Garcia, J., Amaratunga, C., Lim, P., Suon, S., & Fairhurst, R. M. (2018). Origins of the current outbreak of multidrug-resistant malaria in Southeast Asia: a retrospective genetic study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 18(3), 337-345. Retrieved on October 25, 2018, from; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5835763/ Bharati, K., & Ganguly, N. K. (2013). Tackling the malaria problem in South-East Asia Region: the need for a change in policy?. The Indian journal of medical research, 137(1), 36. Retrieved on October 25, 2018, from; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3657896/ Dondorp, A. M., Newton, P. N., Mayxay, M., Van Damme, W., Smithuis, F. M., Yeung, S., ... & McGready, R. (2014). Fake antimalarials in Southeast Asia are a major impediment to malaria control: a multinational cross‐sectional survey on the prevalence of fake antimalarials. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 9(12), 1241-1246. International Artemisinin Study Group. (2015). Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria In Southeast Asia: a meta-analysis. The Lancet, 363(9402), 9-17. Trung, H. D., Van Bortel, W., Sochantha, T., Keokenchanh, K., Quang, N. T., Cong, L. D., & Coosemans, M. (2013). Malaria transmission and major malaria vectors in different geographical areas of Southeast Asia. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 9(2), 230-237. 3
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Running head: MALARIA DRUG RESISTANCE IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

Malaria Drug Resistance in South East Asia
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MALARIA DRUG RESISTANCE IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

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Malaria Drug Resistance in South East Asia
Resistance to the world’s best and most effective anti-malarial drugs is widespread across
mainland Southeast Asia, and this has severely threatened the global malaria control and
elimination initiatives. In the recent past, however, there had been a significant outbreak of
malaria in these tourists attractions site of Southeastern Asia. Malaria has always been neglected
even though research has shown a lot of susceptibility of the disease across those mentioned
above Southeast Asian countries. Importantly, scientists are concerned that the resistant parasite
can spread to another part of the world if not they will not be eliminated on time. Due to these
concerns, this paper examines the origin of anti-malarial drugs parasites and the strategies that
can be applied to eliminate the resistance.
Antimalarial drug resistance is not a new challenge. This is because during the periods of
the 1970s and 1980s, Plasmodium falciparum which is a species of parasite that is causing most
rapid and most common severe malarial infections was reported to have developed resistance to
the initially developed malaria medicines such as sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and
chloroquine. As a result, Artemisinin-based combination therapies or ACTs, which was
introduced in the 1990s were the most efficient and effective medicine in the treatment of
malaria. Additionally, which is extracted from Artemisia annual (sweet wormwood plant) was
used together with other antimalarial drugs (Artemether-Quinine Meta-analysis Study Group,
2011).
However, artemisinin usually kills all the malarial parasites and the application of a
combination of several drugs as opposed to using one drug assist in ensuring that other drugs will
kill any parasite that remains before the resistant parasite is spread. However, in South East Asia,

MALARIA DRUG RESISTANCE IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

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some malaria parasite developed resistance to artemisinin-based drugs. Primarily, resistance can
acknowledge when there is a significant delay in the time it takes for the malaria parasite to be
cleared for the infected individual since this shows a decline in the efficacy of the medicine.
Resistance to be first reported in Thailand along the Thailand-Cambodia border in 2008 and it
has continued spreading to another region. To date, it has been identified in four countries
Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, and Myanmar (Amato, Pearson, Almagro-Garcia, Amaratunga,
and Suon, 2018).
Specifically, a recent study in the Lancet infectious diseases established that the first line
resistance to malaria in Southeast Asia started merging several years before it was first identified
and it is linked to an aggressive strain which has spread across the area. According to the experts,
these findings raise important questions on the future efforts of global malaria control as noted
by Amato et al., (2018).
Furthermore, the discovery of a malaria strain which is resistant to artemisinin-based
combination therapy (ACT), which is the most recom...


Anonymous
Just the thing I needed, saved me a lot of time.

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