Lonnie Johnson Individual Project 11/22/2018 Natural disasters are disasters that are not induced by man as they occur naturally. Technological disasters are disasters that result from human activities. These disasters include the degradation of the environment and pollution among others. Natural disasters can be caused by different elements in nature which include geophysical factors like tsunamis, hydrological events like floods, events resulting from climatic conditions including drought as well as activities based on biological events including epidemics among others. The three main humanmade hazards affecting the city of New York are terrorism, cyber-security threats as well as accidents including fire accidents. The natural risks affecting the city include earthquakes, tornadoes and high winds. Cyber-security attacks are caused by hackers who try to infiltrate different organizations especially financial organizations. Recently, the attacks were directed to university professors as the attackers were looking to access information and sell the data acquired. Terrorist attacks are often caused by different terrorist organizations with the leading organization being Al-Qaeda. Fire accidents occur in various industrial and residential areas. The hazard is usually caused by the rise in temperatures in the city as well as the negligence of employees and homeowners. Earthquakes are caused by tectonic forces which cause a shift in the earth surface. Tornadoes and high winds accompany other natural disasters including thunderstorms and hurricanes. Earthquakes are a rare occurrence in New York. The last earthquake in the city occurred in 2001. To date, the city has not experienced any other earthquake although research indicates that the city has a likelihood of experiencing five to six earthquakes within a span of a hundred years. Tornadoes are a frequent occurrence in the city. In 2010, the city experienced a tornado in the Bronx, 2006 there was a tornado in Westchester while in 2007 there was a tornado in Brooklyn. In 2018, there was a small tornado in Brooklyn. High winds are also quite frequent in the city as the city was affected by high winds early this year (Ramroth, 2007). The natural disasters tend to lead to the destruction of property. The 2001 earthquake led to the shift of the fault lines. More so, property worth millions was destroyed. The high wind and tornadoes cause the displacements of individuals who have to flee the tornado-afflicted areas for safety. Cyber attacks are also quite frequent especially with the increase in the number of hackers. The main effect of cyber attacks s the destruction of property and loss of life. The last terrorist attack in the city was on December 11th, 2017. Before the December incident, there was an attack in October and March of the same year. Every year, there are several terrorist attacks in the city. The occurrence leads to the loss of lives as most of the terrorists are suicide bombers. Fire accidents in the city are also quite frequent. Fires often result from accidents, and on October 7th, 2018, there was a fire incident after a Limo accident. The main effect of the occurrence is the destruction of property worth millions as well as the loss of lives (Ramroth, 2007). The city mitigates the loss by educating citizens on the steps that should be undertaken in case of the occurrence of the disasters. The city prepares for the incident through partnering with the national weather service to monitor the existence of the natural threats. The response tactics involve setting up different departments in the NYPD that deals with the human-made threats as well as increasing the equipment available to emergency responders including fire departments and EMT services among others. The city also accesses the effect of the disaster and partner with different NGOs to help the victims of natural disasters. The recovery functions include various search and rescue operations carried out by police officers and fire departments. In conclusion, New York has been able to adopt different necessary techniques that help the city deal with many emergencies. References Ramroth, W. (2007). Planning for disaster: How natural and manmade disasters shape the built environment. Kaplan Publishing. Rose, A. (2007). Economic resilience to natural and man-made disasters: Multidisciplinary origins and contextual dimensions. Environmental Hazards, 7(4), 383-398.
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