Literature review

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evgbb_1

Writing

Project 1Fall 2018 F18 PROJ 1001HRM

Description

Our subject in: The Perceived Impact of Employee Turnover and Its Outcome on The Efficiency of The Organizational Performance in (some local company)

but literature review should be focus on two point:

1- What strategy system is used the department for update employee records and files.

2- what suggestions recommendation that can be provide to company regarding employee turnover.

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Literature Review What is a literature review?  It is a key component of most academic papers.  It is an overview of the relevant and important literature in a research area.  It is published information in a particular subject area. What is the purpose of a literature review?  The purpose is to demonstrate your knowledge of the significant literature within your topic and critically evaluate it.  A literature review:  identifies areas of previous research to set your own work  describes how each study relates to the other  identifies gaps in previous research  proposes areas for further research Organizing your LR  Break up your main topic into sub- topics  Obtain  Start topic approval from your supervisor collecting resources for each sub- Example Use of IT Tools for Selection and Recruitment Processes (main topic) Selection Processes Use of IT Tools for Selection and Recruitment Processes Recruitment Processes IT Tools used in Selection and Recruitment Processes Example from Civil Engineering Topic: Sustainable Construction Practices Sustainability in a global context Sustainability in the Middle East Sustainability in Oman Literature Review= Summary + Evaluation For the research papers/ journal articles you read and review You have to:  1. Summarize and  2. Evaluate Summarizing Summarizing involves citing the source and the main details of the study and is usually written in the present tense. The summary should include:  Author(s) names(s) and year (citation)  Objectives of the paper/ study  Methods(if an empirical /experimental paper is being reviewed)  Findings(results)  Conclusions drawn by author Summarising  source and a main idea  present tense Example  According to Fairchild (2011), ___ _ (main idea)  Ho and Neidell's (2009) paper on fluoridation discusses ___ _(main idea) Evaluation  Significance  What  How of the study is the contribution of this paper? could it have been improved? Evaluation  Strengths & weaknesses of the methods  Methods are clear for replication  Can I use the same methodology in a different area?  Unsatisfactory data (if necessary)  Discuss methods of analysis(quantitative, qualitative)  Unexpected findings  Discuss findings-compare and contrast Evaluation (Concluding sentences)  Look for gaps in the literature. What was done and what else can be done (further research)? Language to Indicate Gaps in Research  However, this system/process/idea has its problems.  Nevertheless, few solutions have been found to ...  Despite this, little progress has been made in ...  Nevertheless, the problem remains as to how ... Relationship between in-text citations and the List of References  To ‘cite’ means to refer to a source in the main body of your academic paper  To ‘reference’ means to enter full details of a source in this list that goes on a separate page at the end of your academic paper. Citations:  Integral Integral Non-integral Citing The tragedy of the commons refers to the overuse of common resources without controls or regulations. The tragedy of the commons was described in terms of herders sharing a common parcel of land (Hardin 1968). Although the tragedy of the commons is an old concept, it remains a serious problem in the world. Most of the present environment and natural resource issues can be tied to this concept. According to Dietz, Ostrom & Stern (2007), environmental resources should be governed to protect the commons. Research on both national and international policies (Dietz et aI. 2007) is also necessary to determine the appropriate regulatory policies. Quoting or citing to define Insomnia is defined as inadequate or poor sleep based on the quality of sleep, number of wakings in a night, length of time sleeping, and length of time spent awake during the night (Vincent et aI., 2006). Causes of insomnia can be transient or chronic (Schenck, 2008). Integral Citations  Swales and Feak (2010) discuss…  Smith (2014) claims …  Griffin and Moorhead (2014) investigate…  Al Jadidid and Stern (2009) compare… A printed journal article Padda, J. (2003) ‘Creative Writing in Coventry’. Journal of Writing Studies 3 (2), 44-59 When to write page numbers  If information from a source is summarized, the page number is not given in in-text citations  If the information from a source is paraphrased or quoted, the page number is given in in-text citations Language of the Literature Review  Use reporting verbs to express other authors’ ideas  Do not use first person “I think that…”  Use formal language  Use signal words to link your ideas Using academic language  Use academic language which is formal and grammatically correct.  Academic writing uses a mixture of the passive voice (It was found that…) and active voice (Most researchers claim that…)  Do not use slang or words such as 'actually' or 'basically'.  You should avoid using first person (I, me, my, we or our). Sentence Stems Introduction: This report discusses... ...is explored... ...is defined... ... is explained and illustrated with examples... ... is demonstrated... Thesis/ Topic statements The purpose of this report is to examine... Themain goal/ focus of this project is to (e.g. to analyze/ provide an overview/ discuss...) This projectreport discusses/ addresses/ examines/ illustrates that... To conclude: To summarise,... To conclude,... In brief,... To sum up... Citingsources/ supporting arguments, claims, conclusions and generalisations. •-According to .... •-As XXX says/ claims •-XXX demonstrates that thee results show evidence for.... To compare and contrast: In comparison/ both A and B are similar in that... Similarly,.../Inthe same way... However,.../In contrastto... Whereas,.../ A is unlike B with respect to Citing sources/ referring to external sources of knowledge It is/ has been asserted/ believed/ noted that XXX (Anon, 2003). It is often assertedthat XXX... It has been noted that XXX... To add ideas: In addition, ... Moreover,... Furthermore... Firstly/ secondly..., thirdly, ...finally,... Generalization: Overall, Ingeneral, On the whole, In most cases... To give examples: For example,... ... is shown ... Asan example... ... As can be seen in... Such as... For instance... Classification: XXXcan / may be divided / classified into yyy XXX and YYY are categories of ZZZ. There are many types of yyy. Two additional examples of unreal conditional statements (Language features for evaluation)  This article would have been more persuasive if the author had related the findings to previous work on the topic.  It would have been better if the authors had discussed the limitations of the method used. phrase + have participl e expression The images would have been more informative phras e changed The measur ement been would have more accurate complemen in colour if they had been if substa ntial Joule heatin g had occurred if it had been done Past Unreal Conditionals The might resoluti- have on of the gel materia l participl e immediately after the earthquake An example:  This was a well-written review of current information, but the connection between A, B, and C could have received greater coverage.  The paper would have been somewhat more relevant, if the authors had used ______.  The author suggests that journal articles written in languages other than English may have limited impact; however, he fails to recognize that they may be important at the regional level. Function Signal Words (refer handout) Subordinators (introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to a complete sentence) Addition Sentence Connectors (introduce a complete sentence or independent clause) Phrase Linkers (introduce a noun phrase) furthermore in addition moreover in addition to Adversativity Although Even though Despite the fact However Nevertheless Despite In spite of Cause and Effect Because since Therefore As a result Consequently Hence thus Because of Due to As a result of Clarification While whereas In contrast However On the other hand conversely unlike Illustration For example For instance Intensification On the contrary Reporting verbs Neutral stance (position) says, writes, claims, comments, notes, discusses, describes, observes, remarks Proposing a new idea assumes, contends, suggests, asserts, believes, proposes, speculates, examines, establishes, finds, recommends Adds/ emphasizes information points out, emphasizes, adds, agrees, confirms, maintains, persuades, proves, supports, rejects Takes a counterargument argues, challenges, disagrees, warns, contends, speculates, contradicts, objects Some Don’ts  1. Do not put URLs in citations  2. Do not define what an LR is  3. Do not treat the LR as a book review  4. Make sure that you include enough number of sources in your LR (ask your teacher if you are not sure)  5. Tools like Google translators are not allowed for paraphrasing or summarizing texts  6. Make sure you understand MEC regulations on plagiarism References Swales, J.M. & Feak, C.B. (2012) Academic Writing for Graduate Students: Essential Skills and tasks. Michigan: Michigan University Press Centre for Academic Writing (2009) Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Guide, Unpublished booklet, [online] available from http://www.coventry.ac.uk/caw/htm [ Dec 22, 2014]
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