Final Project: Introduction, Literature Review, and Methods Section

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PSY302 Research Methods

Argosy University Online

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In this assignment you will update the methods section for your research paper and add your introduction and literature review.

The introduction and literature review should address your research question: why it is important, and how prior research does or does not support your hypothesis, as well as providing a background on what we know about this topic.

Please refer to the material on the components of a research paper provided in Module 1 as you work on this document. (This paper is attached below)

Your methods section, in addition to covering the subheadings of participants, instruments, and procedure, must include a fourth subheading called ethical issues and note any ethical issues that need to be considered, as well as how they would be handled.

Be sure to include a title/cover page and a reference page formatted in APA style.

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Running head: MEDIA INFLUENCES ON BODY IMAGE Hollywood’s Influences on Body Image Farris Matthews Argosy University Research Methods PSY 362 Dr. Marsha Harbin November 7, 2018 1 MEDIA INFLUENCES ON BODY IMAGE 2 Abstract This paper explores five published articles that report on results from research conducted on the effects of media on body image. The idea of the perfect body affects both men and women, young and old. Beauty is defined in many ways, but the original concept of it being skin deep has changed. Often the definition of beauty is a narrow thing that includes only a select group of people. The media consists of tv, movies, magazines, billboards, Facebook, Instagram, and the internet. It tells people how to dress, how to speak, how to think, how to be, what to buy, what to watch, what to eat, what to listen to and what to wear. The media is a powerful and persuasive sociocultural influence, and it actualizes everyone. This paper examines studies conducted to show the correlations between media and how it affects body imaging. Keywords: Body Image, Media, Eating Disorders MEDIA INFLUENCES ON BODY IMAGE 3 MEDIA INFLUENCES ON BODY IMAGE 4 References Dohnt, H. K., & Tiggemann, M. (2006). Body Image Concerns in Young Girls: The Role of Peers and Media Prior to Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 135-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9020-7 Peer and media influences have been identified as essential conveyors of socio-cultural ideals in adolescent and preadolescent samples. This study aims to explore peer and media influences in the body image concerns and dieting awareness of younger girls, aged 5–8 years. A sample of 128 girls was recruited from the first four years of formal schooling. Both peer and media influences emerged as significant predictors of body image and dieting awareness. Specifically, girls who watched more music video television shows had greater dieting awareness, while those who watched more children’s television had lower dieting awareness. This study employed a cross-sectional design, and thus definitive causal conclusions cannot be drawn. For this, longitudinal studies which trace peer and media influences over time are required. The results yield that peers and media appear to be significant sources of influence on young girls’ desire for thinness, satisfaction with appearance, and dieting awareness. Haas, C. J., Pawlow, L. A., Pettibone, J., & Segrist, D. J. (2012). AN INTERVENTION FOR THE NEGATIVE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY ESTEEM. College Student Journal, 46(2), 405-418. This research aimed to test whether exposing college students to some common myths about female images in the media may be part of the solution to fostering a healthier body image. This study has several limitations that may affect the data presented such as the participants are predominantly Caucasian, so it would also be beneficial to assess whether other ethnicities respond differently to the truth about images shown in the media. The baseline measure was taken at the beginning of the spring semester; participants could have perhaps been influenced by a decrease in physical conditioning due to the previous holiday season. The increase of physical condition over time may be related to the fact that spring break was scheduled for a couple of weeks after the last measure was taken. Participants may have been working out and toning their bodies for the break. Even though no changes over time were anticipated for the control group, the factor of the physical condition of both groups significantly increased over both time periods without any effect of the condition. Lawrie, Z., Sullivan, A., Davies, W., & Hill, R. (2006). Media Influence on the Body Image of Children and Adolescents. Eating Disorders, 14(5), 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10640260600952506 This study was conducted to examine the media messages about body image in children and adolescents. Children are bombarded with constant exposure to the media in many different modes. These include television, magazines, radio, newspaper, movies and, more recently, the internet. To conduct this study, 925 students, from 9 to up to 14 years MEDIA INFLUENCES ON BODY IMAGE 5 of age, completed “The Sociocultural Influences Questionnaire." The questionnaire is composed of three examine the media’s influence to be slimmer, increase weight, or increase muscle size. While the girls and boys exhibited different levels of agreement with each media influence, both genders disagreed that media messages were implying they should gain weight. This is in agreement with the belief that the media perpetuates the idea of thinness and there is a negative stigma associated with being overweight. The questionnaire used in this study has been successfully modified and used in children aged between 8 and 11 years even though it was initially for ages 11-16 years old. The questions may have been an issue, especially in the younger age groups because of not understanding the content. Lopez-Guimera, G., Levine, M. P., Sanchez-Carracedo, D., & Fauquet, J. (2010). Influence of Mass Media on Body Image and Eating Disordered Attitudes and Behaviors in Females: A Review of Effects and Processes. Media Psychology, 13, 387-416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2010.525737 This article reviews research on the effects of television and magazines on body image and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in females. Mass media are an essential source, if not the principal source, of information and reinforcement about the nature of the thin beauty ideal, its importance, and how to attain it. There is still a right amount of research remaining, but the evidence is accumulating that repeated exposure to media and to both the direct and indirect (via media’s effects on peers, parents, physicians, etc.) pressure from media to be thin constitute a risk factor for body dissatisfaction. The impact of media depends on some sources, and receiver/ perceiver factors, including, most prominently, ethnicity and as yet poorly understood developmental factors. Social comparison theory is apparently an essential contributor to the understanding of media effects, however, much more research is needed to clarify the role of the Black-White distinction, various ethnicities, and ethnic identity in moderating media effects. Posavac, H. D., Posavac, S. S., & Posavac, E. J. (1998). Exposure to media images of female attractiveness and concern with body weight among young women. Sex Roles, 38, 187201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018729015490 Contrary to recent studies and popular belief, this review suggests that negative effects on weight concern may result from even passive exposure to media images, but that exposure to realistic attractiveness is less likely to cause increased weight concern. The ethnicity of the participants in these studies reflected that of the local population, with over 90% white. The nonwhite participants primarily belonged to one of the following groups; Asian, Pacific Islander, Latino. This study suggests that not all young women are equally affected by media exposure. Specifically, the minority of women who are consistently satisfied with their body shape may not find exposure to media images threatening. Three experiments were conducted to investigate how exposure to media images of female attractiveness may affect women's concern with their weight. The results from the three experiments demonstrate that exposure to media images of female attractiveness is capable of causing increased weight concern among most young women. Running head: MEDIA INFLUENCES ON BODY IMAGE Hollywood’s Influences on Body Image Farris Matthews Argosy University Research Methods PSY 362 Dr. Marsha Harbin November 7, 2018 1 MEDIA INFLUENCES ON BODY IMAGE 2 Abstract This paper explores five published articles that report on results from research conducted on the effects of media on body image. The idea of the perfect body affects both men and women, young and old. Beauty is defined in many ways, but the original concept of it being skin deep has changed. Often the definition of beauty is a narrow thing that includes only a select group of people. The media consists of tv, movies, magazines, billboards, Facebook, Instagram, and the internet. It tells people how to dress, how to speak, how to think, how to be, what to buy, what to watch, what to eat, what to listen to and what to wear. The media is a powerful and persuasive sociocultural influence, and it actualizes everyone. This paper examines studies conducted to show the correlations between media and how it affects body imaging. Keywords: Body Image, Media, Eating Disorders MEDIA INFLUENCES ON BODY IMAGE 3 References Dohnt, H. K., & Tiggemann, M. (2006). Body Image Concerns in Young Girls: The Role of Peers and Media Prior to Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 135-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9020-7 Peer and media influences have been identified as essential conveyors of socio-cultural ideals in adolescent and preadolescent samples. This study aims to explore peer and media influences in the body image concerns and dieting awareness of younger girls, aged 5–8 years. A sample of 128 girls was recruited from the first four years of formal schooling. Both peer and media influences emerged as significant predictors of body image and dieting awareness. Specifically, girls who watched more music video television shows had greater dieting awareness, while those who watched more children’s television had lower dieting awareness. This study employed a cross-sectional design, and thus definitive causal conclusions cannot be drawn. For this, longitudinal studies which trace peer and media influences over time are required. The results yield that peers and media appear to be significant sources of influence on young girls’ desire for thinness, satisfaction with appearance, and dieting awareness. Haas, C. J., Pawlow, L. A., Pettibone, J., & Segrist, D. J. (2012). AN INTERVENTION FOR THE NEGATIVE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY ESTEEM. College Student Journal, 46(2), 405-418. This research aimed to test whether exposing college students to some common myths about female images in the media may be part of the solution to fostering a healthier body image. This study has several limitations that may affect the data presented such as the participants are predominantly Caucasian, so it would also be beneficial to assess whether other ethnicities respond differently to the truth about images shown in the media. The baseline measure was taken at the beginning of the spring semester; participants could have perhaps been influenced by a decrease in physical conditioning due to the previous holiday season. The increase of physical condition over time may be related to the fact that spring break was scheduled for a couple of weeks after the last measure was taken. Participants may have been working out and toning their bodies for the break. Even though no changes over time were anticipated for the control group, the factor of the physical condition of both groups significantly increased over both time periods without any effect of the condition. Lawrie, Z., Sullivan, A., Davies, W., & Hill, R. (2006). Media Influence on the Body Image of Children and Adolescents. Eating Disorders, 14(5), 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10640260600952506 This study was conducted to examine the media messages about body image in children and adolescents. Children are bombarded with constant exposure to the media in many different modes. These include television, magazines, radio, newspaper, movies and, more recently, the internet. To conduct this study, 925 students, from 9 to up to 14 years MEDIA INFLUENCES ON BODY IMAGE 4 of age, completed “The Sociocultural Influences Questionnaire." The questionnaire is composed of three examine the media’s influence to be slimmer, increase weight, or increase muscle size. While the girls and boys exhibited different levels of agreement with each media influence, both genders disagreed that media messages were implying they should gain weight. This is in agreement with the belief that the media perpetuates the idea of thinness and there is a negative stigma associated with being overweight. The questionnaire used in this study has been successfully modified and used in children aged between 8 and 11 years even though it was initially for ages 11-16 years old. The questions may have been an issue, especially in the younger age groups because of not understanding the content. Lopez-Guimera, G., Levine, M. P., Sanchez-Carracedo, D., & Fauquet, J. (2010). Influence of Mass Media on Body Image and Eating Disordered Attitudes and Behaviors in Females: A Review of Effects and Processes. Media Psychology, 13, 387-416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2010.525737 This article reviews research on the effects of television and magazines on body image and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in females. Mass media are an essential source, if not the principal source, of information and reinforcement about the nature of the thin beauty ideal, its importance, and how to attain it. There is still a right amount of research remaining, but the evidence is accumulating that repeated exposure to media and to both the direct and indirect (via media’s effects on peers, parents, physicians, etc.) pressure from media to be thin constitute a risk factor for body dissatisfaction. The impact of media depends on some sources, and receiver/ perceiver factors, including, most prominently, ethnicity and as yet poorly understood developmental factors. Social comparison theory is apparently an essential contributor to the understanding of media effects, however, much more research is needed to clarify the role of the Black-White distinction, various ethnicities, and ethnic identity in moderating media effects. Posavac, H. D., Posavac, S. S., & Posavac, E. J. (1998). Exposure to media images of female attractiveness and concern with body weight among young women. Sex Roles, 38, 187201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018729015490 Contrary to recent studies and popular belief, this review suggests that negative effects on weight concern may result from even passive exposure to media images, but that exposure to realistic attractiveness is less likely to cause increased weight concern. The ethnicity of the participants in these studies reflected that of the local population, with over 90% white. The nonwhite participants primarily belonged to one of the following groups; Asian, Pacific Islander, Latino. This study suggests that not all young women are equally affected by media exposure. Specifically, the minority of women who are consistently satisfied with their body shape may not find exposure to media images threatening. Three experiments were conducted to investigate how exposure to media images of female attractiveness may affect women's concern with their weight. The results from the three experiments demonstrate that exposure to media images of female attractiveness is capable of causing increased weight concern among most young women.
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Running Head: MEDIA INFLUENCE ON BODY IMAGE

Media Influence on Body Image
Institution Affiliation
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MEDIA INFLUENCE ON BODY IMAGE

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Introduction
In contemporary society, media has had a significant effect on the body image of most
individuals in society. The female population in society is the most affected category of
individuals by media influence. Adverts on media such as the TV, internet, magazines,
billboards, and movies among others influence how female individuals perceive their body
image. It is argued that the majority of the girls struggle to maintain a body image that resembles
that of a model in the media. As such, one would find most of the girls trying to become thinner
because media perpetuates the idea of thinness. Furthermore, media portrays overweight as a bad
thing. Therefore, most of the female population try all ways possible to avoid being overweight.
Literature Review
Various research studies have managed to identify how media influence affects people’s
concern regarding their body image. In their research, (Dohnt and Tiggemann, 2006) discover...


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