Virtual Reality

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Humanities

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Virtual Reality

What is virtual reality? The simplest explanation is that it is an alternative reality that humans create through technology. One of the most basic ways to create a virtual reality is through writing, a technology that allows us to communicate and store information and ideas outside of our heads. Fiction writing can create artificial realities out of an author’s imagination; while nonfiction can allow us to explore times and places that we may never get to experience in reality. Not everyone will get to go to every place in the world, but through books, photographs, and other recordings, we can explore them virtually. We cannot (yet) travel through time, but we can read about the past and the future.

With the advent of the Internet and advanced graphics technology, humans have recently created virtual realities within cyberspace (itself a virtual reality) that allows us to interact with other people in a constructed space through computers, without ever having to leave our own homes. So what are some of these technologies and “virtual realities” that we are creating?

For this Assignment you will analyze the artifact you selected in Week 2 in the context of your own virtual reality. (ARTIFACT WAS THE MONA LISA). In Week 2 you selected the artifact based on your preference. What does your preference say about the type of reality you choose to reveal to others? Did you play it safe with the assignment? Did you have a separate image or song or story that you might have selected if you were not concerned about how it would be received by your Instructor or fellow students? Virtual reality involves editing reality to fit a narrative or purpose.

To prepare for the Assignment:

  • Return to your Week 2 Assignment and review the artifact you selected.
  • View each artifact posted by your classmates.
  • Read the Bennett and Bower articles in the Week 2 Learning Resources.
  • Review the Reading Images document from the Week 2 Learning Resources.
  • Review the results of the Self-Assessments taken this week.
  • In organizing your writing, consider:
    • What the artifact you selected says about you. Did you share a video of the music or the lyrics? Did you show a photograph or a painting?
    • If online environments bring in many different perspectives, what did your artifact bring to the discussion?
    • As you review the artifacts that your classmates selected, do you see any theme?
    • Consider your artifact in the context of the overall collection of artifacts in your class. What is the “class story” as revealed in the artifacts? What type of virtual reality could be constructed if you viewed the artifacts as a deliberate collection?

Assignment Instructions:

By Day 7

Submit a 1- to 2-page essay (about 600-700 words) that responds to the following questions:

  • What types of perspectives did your fellow classmates display in the artifacts they selected?
  • How do the artifacts displayed together reveal ways of knowing, thinking, and expressing?
  • What surprised you about the other artifacts that your classmates selected?
  • Would your artifact be complimentary with another student artifact? If yes, describe why, if no, describe why not.
  • Does your artifact reveal your perspective of who you are as a student and a learner?

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Week 3 Notes and Readings Last week, we saw how virtual worlds are created through technology in an attempt to create warm and safe places for humans to thrive. This week, we will look at how we create “virtual realities” though stories and through social structures. One of the impacts of these virtual realities is that they will shape our actual reality, including our selfconcept and even our ability to act in reality. In fact, you will see that our true reality is a combination of both our physical and virtual realities. Many of our virtual worlds don’t appear to be technological at all. We create virtual worlds through storytelling and through social roles. As you move through your day, think about the different roles you play. These might include both parent and child, employee and boss, friend and rival. Your workplace and your home sometimes seem like they are entirely different worlds. We often hear arguments about the difference between the “real world” and what we see on television or what we learn in school or read in books. We are sometimes left wondering “Which of these roles is the real me?” Which world is the ”real world”? Many people accept that reality television is as scripted as other television programming. And remember that Shakespeare’s plays are also fictional stories. Sometimes fictional characters can seem more “real” than real people, but we also know that at other times “truth is stranger than fiction.” How do we decide? In “The Open Window,” Saki shows how stories can shape reality to the point where it can be difficult to separate truth from fiction. As you read the story, think about who decides what is real, and how different versions of reality can shape our behavior. Read: “The Open Window” by Saki (H.H. Munro) Munroe, H. H. “Saki” (1914). The open window in Beasts and Super-Beasts. New York, NY: The John Lane Company. Listen to the audio version of “The Open Window” to see if your understanding, emotions, or perspectives are changed from reading the story. Bennett, Mike (Producer). (2013). The open window by Saki [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdqeKs8y_5s Sometimes, the difference between truth and fiction is not as simple, or humorous, as it is in Saki’s story. Sometimes the difference is between the ways different people understand the norms, rules and expectations of society. These differing views will come into conflict when the reality of one group creates limitations or problems for another. In the 1850s, the women’s rights movement began to challenge the way women were treated and what they were allowed to do. Many of these rules were based on beliefs about what women were capable of and what they deserved. In this speech, activist Sojourner Truth challenged many of these assumptions in order to show the difference between the physical reality of women and the false reality perceived by society. Photo Credit: Library of Congress (1864). Sojourner Truth, three-quarter length portrait, standing wearing spectacles and resting hand on cane [Photograph]. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-119343. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. First, read: “Ain’t I a Woman” by Sojourner Truth Truth, S. (1851). Ain't I a woman? Gifts of Speech. Retrieved fro http://gos.sbc.edu/t/truth.html Then watch a performance of the speech: C-Span (Producer). (2009). Cicely Tyson: Ain't I a woman? [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0YR1eiG0us&list=PLE0D608E9B5D03F54 Of course, we often do hear about stories of other people in worlds that are different from ours, and we depend on technology to make those become real to us. Writers and photographers provide explanations and images to help us understand the reality of people and places far away. One such case involves the story of Omayra Sanchez, a 13-year-old Colombian girl who was trapped in the debris of her home following a volcanic eruption. She lived for three days, giving interviews to reporters and talking with rescue workers who were unable to free her legs and save her. The stories, and especially this photograph by French journalist Frank Fournier, took a situation unimaginable for most people and brought the realities of this tragedy to life. As you read the stories of Ms. Sanchez, consider how difficult it is to understand the nature of any situation in the news without being able to see it through the eyes, ears, and words of those who are actually there. Read: Reuters (1985, Nov. 17). Girl's death ends frantic 3-day fight. Toronto Star, p. A10. Note: Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Also read: Picture power: Tragedy of Omayra Sanchez from BBC News. BBC News (2005, September 30). Picture power: Tragedy of Omayra Sanchez. Retrieved March 23, 2014, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4231020.stm Running head: THEORIES AND RESEARCH METHODS Theories and Research Methods Salma Ibrahim Walden University 1 THEORIES AND RESEARCH METHODS 2 Introduction The application of theories is an integral part of clinical psychology. Since clinical psychologists are required to provide psychological assessments and psychotherapy, they have to apply theories in their sessions. The theories are significant in the therapeutic process since they provide a framework that allows the psychologists to understand and interpret their clients’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Once the professionals interpret their clients' situation, they are then able to establish the diagnosis and treatment approach that best suits them. There are two major theories used in the clinical psychology field, and they are the cognitive behavior theory and psychodynamic theory. The cognitive behavior theory The cognitive theory of Aaron Temkin Beck has been of great assistance to the psychologists. The clinical psychologists have been using this model to understand and offer treatment for psychological disorders like depression. Beck, an American psychologist, developed this model in 1967 since he believed that the negative thoughts and schema or beliefs of an individual contributes to dysfunctional behavior (Pawlik & Rosenzweig, 2000). Based on this theory, the negative thoughts usually interfere with the usual cognitive functioning thus impairing the individual’s memory, perceptions, and their ability to solve problems. Therefore, Beck believed that if such individuals are persuaded to have positive and constructive thoughts, then, their psychological would distress decrease. According to Beck, the individuals usually learn how to correct or modify their distorted beliefs about the world, themselves, and the people around them. With this model, psychologists consider using the gentle Socratic questioning to come up with treatment plans. Other than the psychological disorders, the professionals also use this model to treat health problems like premenstrual syndrome and obesity. There have been THEORIES AND RESEARCH METHODS 3 advances in this theory whereby the primary objective of the changes was to address several questions that arise during the treatment of psychological disorders. The new model is known as the Generic Cognitive Model. The additional aspects to the original theory are adaptive and maladaptive functioning, attentional focus, as well as an arrangement of schemas that are relevant to self-evaluations, rules, expectancies, and memories. The psychodynamic theory The psychodynamic theory is also known as the psychoanalytical theory. Sigmund Freud developed this theory in 1917 since he believed that the conscious and subconscious forces usually influence an individual’s behavior. The objective of this theory is helping the patients to revisit their forgotten hurts, frustrations and unfulfilled desires which contribute their dysfunctional conducts. Freud, therefore, came up with several therapeutic techniques like free association, dream analysis, and transference to unveil the psychological forces which influence an individual’s personality (James & Gilliland, n.d.). He further classified an individual’s psyche that is his/her personality, mind, feelings, and thoughts into three elements which are super-ego, ego, and id. The super-ego represents the social conscience; the ego represents the conscious thoughts, and the id represents the subconscious, inner desires (James & Gilliland, n.d.). Based on this theory, emotions and behaviors are usually affected by unconscious motives. Therefore, the past experiences are stored in the unconscious mind, and they influence one's behavior. For instance, if a child has a traumatic upbringing, such an aspect may affect his/her behavior in adulthood. Generally, as much as the psychodynamic theory is applied in clinical psychology, changes are yet to be done. The professionals claim that there is a significant gap that fails to address the principles that should guide clinical psychologists on how to deal with defense mechanisms among the patients. THEORIES AND RESEARCH METHODS 4 A once-popular theory that is no longer accepted Phrenology was a once-famous theory in the 19th century, and it was studied in the field of neuroscience. However, psychologists did not approve it due to having an unrealistic explanation of an individual's character. According to Franz Joseph Gall, the developer of this theory, he argued that the bumps and contours in the head conveyed one's personality. In this sense, if an individual had an intelligence trait or aggression trait, such aspects would be localized in specific parts of the brain. Larger or smaller features implied the kind of personality trait the individual would have. However, in the 20th century, the theory changed to being less popular due to a lot of methodological criticism from the professionals. They argued that there lacked proper scientific support to prove the facts about the bumps and personality trait since Gall only used his friends and family in his study. Gall's approach was also questionable since he relied on offensive stereotypes and this made the model biased, and many believed that it promoted racism. The primary research areas The major research areas for clinical psychologists are psychological disorders and mechanisms, generation of intervention and assessment tools. In these areas, the psychologists need to understand the causes of the disorders and their symptoms. They also have to study the best treatment options or interventions to apply when handling unique cases of their patients. The clinical psychologists also have to identify the most applicable assessment instruments to use that would help them get more information from their patient. They also have to research the behavioral, cognitive, emotional and social processes since it is here that they can understand issues that range from short-term to severe conditions. THEORIES AND RESEARCH METHODS The clinical psychologists primarily use the qualitative research method. The method incorporates the use of observational assessments, focus groups, and interviews in a particular study. The qualitative method guides the research by allowing the investigator to use questions related to the research to understand the perceptions of the participants. Still, the psychologists implement this method in case studies which helps them to concentrate on broad contexts when studying their phenomena. A research article that employs a commonly-used method in clinical psychology The article, “Living from Day to Day – Qualitative Study on Borderline Personality Disorder in Adolescence” is an example of a research study that uses interviews as a qualitative research method (Spodenkiewicz, et al., 2013). The objective of the study based on the article was to assess how identity and self-disturbance images are identifiable elements in borderline personality disorder (BPD) among the adolescence. The researchers carried face-to-face interviews of 50 adolescents with BPD as the experimental group, and 50 adolescents as the control group. The method was applicable in the study since it helped the researchers to learn about the emotional experiences, interpersonal relationships, and the self-image perceptions of the participants. The interviews provided a natural setting thus preventing interference of the phenomena under investigation. They concluded that the present experiences of the adolescents with BPD impacts their well-being. For instance, adolescents with low self-image suffer from distress, and they have a hard time trying to cope with others. Conclusion Overall, the overview of the applicable theories and research method in clinical psychology highlights the relevance of a critical understanding of the psychological disorders being evaluated. Still, it is evident that clinical psychologists have to develop therapeutic 5 THEORIES AND RESEARCH METHODS 6 relationships with their clients so that it can be easy for them to understand their issues and identify ways to help them out. Generally, clinical psychologists are essential people in the health care setting since they collaborate with other health professionals in offering quality patient care. Today we are in an era where the patients have the rights to know about their health. According to the American Psychologist Association (2010), clinical psychologists should give their clients appropriate information about their condition and intervention options so that the patients can make well-informed decisions. THEORIES AND RESEARCH METHODS 7 References American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct: Including 2010 Amendments. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx James, R. K., & Gilliland, B. E. (n.d.). Theories and strategies in counseling and psychotherapy (Fifth Edition). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fd89/84eee9a27b04264327edba65e69b6fd4f16a.pdf Pawlik, K., & Rosenzweig., M. R. (2000). The International Handbook of Psychology. Retrieved from https://sk-sagepub com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/reference/hdbk_intlpsych?fromsearch=true Spodenkiewicz, M., Speranza, M., Taïeb, O., Pham-Scottez, A., Corcos, M., & Révah-Levy, A. (2013). Living from day to day - Qualitative study on borderline personality disorder in adolescence. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 22(4), 282-9. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3825468/ Halsey, Amber Artifact "MAN" Posted by PM Amber Halsey at Saturday, December 8, 2018 5:46:46 https://youtu.be/WfGMYdalClU Published on Dec 21, 2012, Animation created in Flash and After Effects looking at man's relationship with the natural world. Copyright © 2012 www.stevecutts.com COMMENT My life Posted by AM Edward Cole at Saturday, December 8, 2018 10:08:11 The artifact that I chose is rhythm and poetry. Which most people know as rap music. Real rap music tells a story about one's upbringing, about society, about what's going on in the neighborhood on a day by day basis. The reason I chose this genre Is because of my past. You see, I grew up in South Central Los Angeles, CA where gang banging, drug dealing, drug-using, and violence was a way of life. I've been to jail, been to prison, been shot at and shot back. And now I’m here I am trying to get a degree to help my brothers and sisters. To show that those who grew up and crime-infested areas that they can to make it out the ‘hood’. My artifact is about life. My story. a f*** up childhood is why the way I am living in that state to were I don't give a damn My Drunk ass Daddy ain’t no good So I follow the footsteps of the homies of the hood In high school I got mostly A's But it didn’t matter if I got good grades I thought I join the Airforce at 18 but I got kicked out, ending my life long dream Nobody to help nobody who cares and All of the adults just give me cold stairs The penitentiary is where I was headed but I guess that Was be better than being dead so there was no regrets To be continued... COMMENT Crowns of Glory, Mercy and Peace Posted by 1:01:15 AM COMMENT Friday, December 7, 2018 Lekeithia Harmon at Saturday, December 8, 2018 WK3ASSGN+BARNES+A Posted by Aletha Barnes at Friday, December 7, 2018 11:06:32 PM PRAYING HANDS: A SYMBOL OF OBEDIENCE, SUBMISSION, SINCERITY AND REPENTANCE; A PLEADING TO GOD. CALMS A BUSY MIND TO FOCUS ON A HIGHER POWER! • • Attached Files: praying hands.jpg(5.8kb) COMMENT Lissette's Artifact Posted by Lissette Vidal at Friday, December 7, 2018 10:19:53 PM Last Edited:Friday, December 7, 2018 10:21:21 PM I chose the declaration of independence . COMMENT dashonda thomas Posted by Dashonda Thomas at Friday, December 7, 2018 6:22:30 PM • Attached Files: • somali-museum-3rd-anniversary-70.jpeg(44.7kb) COMMENT Last Supper Artifact • • Posted by Attached Files: Artifact.docx(34.4kb) COMMENT Frances Bailey at Friday, December 7, 2018 1:48:58 PM Mala Bead Artifact Posted by AM Kimberly Beck at Friday, December 7, 2018 10:33:05
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