5
Social Interaction
in Everyday Life
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part .
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1 Explain the importance of social interaction
and its relationship to social structure
2 Describe and illustrate status set, ascribed
and achieved statuses, master status, and
status inconsistency
3 Explain how and why social roles differ, and
how people cope with role conflict and role
strain
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH5
2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
4 Compare and illustrate symbolic interaction,
social exchange, and feminist explanations
of social interaction
5 Describe and illustrate nonverbal
communication, its importance, and crosscultural variations
6 Summarize the benefits and costs of online
interaction
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH5
3
LO - 1
Social Interaction and Social Structure
• Social interaction: Process of acting or
reacting to one’s environment
• Components
- Verbal and nonverbal communication
- People’s response based on their personal
interests
- Social interaction affects one’s behavior
- Elements of social structure
• Social structure: Organized pattern of
behavior that governs relationships
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SOC5 | CH5
4
LO - 2
Status
• Social position occupied by a person in a
society
• Determines social identity
• Status set: Collection of social statuses
occupied by an individual at a given time
• Changes throughout the course of one’s life
• Relational - Connected to other statuses
• Influences behavior and relationships
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SOC5 | CH5
5
LO - 2
Figure 5.1
Is This Your Status Set?
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SOC5 | CH5
6
LO - 2
Status (continued)
• Ascribed status: Social position that a
person is born into
• Achieved status: Social position attained by
personal effort or assumed voluntarily
• Master status: Overrides other statuses
• Forms an important part of one’s social identity
• Status inconsistency: Arises from occupying
social positions that are ranked differently
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SOC5 | CH5
7
LO - 2
Status: Application
• Identify whether the following are ascribed
or achieved
•
•
•
•
•
Latino
Bartender
Father
Nurse
Adolescent
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SOC5 | CH5
8
LO - 3
Role
• Behavior expected of a person in a
particular status
• Includes formal and informal behaviors
• Role performance: Actual behavior of a
person who occupies a status
• Role set: Different roles attached to a single
status
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SOC5 | CH5
9
LO - 3
Figure 5.2
Role Set of a College Student
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SOC5 | CH5
10
LO - 3
Role: Application
• Describe the role for each of these statuses
•
•
•
•
Attorney
Son
Waiter
Mother
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SOC5 | CH5
11
LO - 3
Role Conflict and Strain
• Role conflict: Difficulties in playing two or
more roles
• Role strain: Arises from conflicting
demands within a single status
• Ways to minimize role conflict and
Strain
• Compromise, prioritize, and
compartmentalize
• Avoid taking up additional roles
• Exit a role or status
© Glenda/Shutterstock.com
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SOC5 | CH5
12
LO - 3
Table 5.1
Why Do People Experience Role
Conflict and Role Strain?
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SOC5 | CH5
13
LO - 3
Role: Application
• Is it role conflict or strain?
• A man finds it difficult to be a politician because
he does not like public speaking
• A mom cannot take time off from work to go to
her daughter’s soccer match
• A friend asks a student for assistance in cheating
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SOC5 | CH5
14
LO - 4
Explaining Social Interaction: Symbolic
Interaction
• Self-fulfilling prophecy: Defining
something as real and acting on it,
making it a reality
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
Thinkstock Images/Stockbyte/Getty Images
• People taking each other and the context
into account
• Social construction of reality evolves
through direct and indirect interaction
• One’s perception of reality
shapes his/her behavior
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Explaining Social Interaction: Symbolic
Interaction (continued)
LO - 4
• Ethnomethodology: Study of how people
construct and learn to share definitions of
reality that make daily interactions possible
• People make sense of every day life by observing
conversations and grasping interaction rules
• Dramaturgical analysis: Examines social
interaction as if it is occurring on a stage
• Social interaction involves impression
management
- People display front stage and back stage
behavior
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH5
16
LO - 4
Explaining Social Interaction: Application
• How might ethnomethodologists question
the assumptions of the following?
• A restaurant
• A supermarket
• A family dinner
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SOC5 | CH5
17
LO - 4
Explaining Social Interaction: Social Exchange
Theory and Feminist Theories
• Social exchange theory: Individuals try to
maximize rewards and minimize costs
through interactions
• Involves striking a balance between giving and
taking
• Feminist theories
• Women are comfortable with expressing their
feelings
• Women’s speech tends to be supportive and
tentative
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SOC5 | CH5
18
Explaining Social Interaction: Application
LO - 4
(continued)
• What are the potential costs and benefits of
these interactions?
• A student and professor
• A first date
• A friendship
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH5
19
LO - 5
Nonverbal Communication
• Messages sent without using words
• Nonverbal messages
Digital Vision/Thinkstock
• Silence
• Visual cues
- Gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact
• Touch
- Perceived differently
between genders and
across cultures
• Personal space
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SOC5 | CH5
20
LO - 5
Personal Space
• Public space - Formal
• Marked by objects
• Private space - Informal
• Reflects individual
interests
• Indicates status and
power
• Determined by cultural
norms and values
George Doyle & Ciaran Griffin/Stockbyte/Getty Images
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SOC5 | CH5
21
LO - 5
Nonverbal Communication: Application
• How might you nonverbally communicate
each of the following?
•
•
•
•
“I’m angry with you!”
“I’m confused.”
“Don’t come any closer.”
“You’re cute!”
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH5
22
LO - 6
Online Interaction
• Social media: Enables users to create,
share, and exchange information and ideas
• Demographic variations
• Internet and smart phone usage depend on
income levels and locality
• Digital divide exists between social classes
• Online activities
• Using social networking sites, accessing
healthcare information, doing banking, learning
about community events, and using navigation
devices
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH5
23
LO - 6
Benefits of Online Interaction
• Video games encourage children to build,
explore, collaborate, and improve hand-eye
coordination and problem solving skills
• Increased frequency of interaction between
parents and children
• Facilitates communication between married
and committed adults
• Helps maintain and revive dormant
relationships
• Helps find opportunities online
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH5
24
LO - 6
Disadvantages of Online Interaction
• Cyberbullying and stalking
• Privacy issues
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
Sylvie Bouchard/Shutterstock.com
• Negative impact on quality and quantity of
parent-child interaction
• Causes distraction between couples
• Romance scams
• Constant compulsion to connect
online exists
• Online harassment and
humiliation
SOC5 | CH5
25
Chapter Review
• What is social structure and social
interaction?
• What are the parts of social structure?
• What is social construction of reality?
• How do different perspectives explain
interaction?
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SOC5 | CH5
26
Chapter Review (continued)
• State the importance of nonverbal
communication.
• How does online communication shape
one’s interactions?
• What are the benefits and costs of online
interaction?
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH5
27
KEY TERMS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Social interaction
Social structure
Status
Status set
Ascribed status
Achieved status
Master status
Status inconsistency
Role
Role performance
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Role set
Role conflict
Role strain
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Ethnomethodology
Dramaturgical analysis
Social exchange theory
Nonverbal
communication
• Social media
• Social networking site
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SOC5 | CH5
28
SUMMARY
• Social structure is an organized pattern of
behavior that governs human relationships
• Building blocks of social structure - Status and
role
• Micro-level perspectives of social
interaction - Symbolic interaction, social
exchange theory, and feminist theories
• Nonverbal messages - Silence, visual cues,
touch, and personal space
• People interact online through social media
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SOC5 | CH5
29
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SOC5 | CH5
30
6
Groups,
Organizations,
and Institutions
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1 Compare and illustrate the different types of
social groups, explain why people conform
to group pressure, and the impact of social
networks
2 Describe and illustrate three types of formal
organizations, the strengths and
shortcomings of bureaucracies, and explain
how informal groups affect organizations
3 Compare the theoretical explanations of
social groups and organizations, including
their contributions and limitations
4 Explain why social institutions are important
and how they’re interconnected
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH6
2
LO - 1
Social Group
Jdwfoto/Shutterstock.com
• People who share attributes and interact
with one another
• Includes a sense of belonging
• Primary group: People engaging in face-toface interaction over an extended period of
time
• Secondary group: Formal
group temporarily formed
to pursue a specific goal
or activity
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SOC5 | CH6
3
LO - 1
Table 6.1
Characteristics of Primary and
Secondary Groups
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SOC5 | CH6
4
Ideal Types, In-Groups, Out-Groups, and
Reference Groups
LO - 1
• Ideal types: General traits describe a social
phenomenon
• In-groups: People who share a sense of
identity that excludes and devalues
outsiders
• Out-groups: People viewed and treated
negatively as characteristics are seen
different
• Reference group: People who shape our
behavior, values, and attitudes
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH6
5
LO - 1
Social Groups: Application
• Identify each as a primary or secondary
group
•
•
•
•
A single mom and her child
Your sociology class
A married couple
The McDonald’s Corporation
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SOC5 | CH6
6
LO - 1
Group Size and Structure
• Dyads: Group with two members
• Triads: Group with three members
• Types of group leadership
• Authoritarian: Giving orders, assigning tasks,
and making all major decisions
• Democratic: Encouraging group discussion and
including group members in decision-making
• Laissez-faire: Offering minimum or no guidance
and allowing members to make their own
decisions
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SOC5 | CH6
7
LO - 1
Studies on Group Conformity
• Solomon Asch’s research
• Demonstrated the effect of groups over an
individual
• Stanley Milgram’s research
• Showed that a majority
of ordinary
people obeyed an
authority figure’s
instructions to inflict
pain on others
© Rich Lindie/Shutterstock.com
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SOC5 | CH6
8
LO - 1
Studies on Group Conformity (continued)
• Zimbardo’s research
• Emphasizes the influence of groups on behavior
• Established the effect of group conformity
• Janis’s research
• Cautioned presidents and other heads of state
to be wary of groupthink
• Focused on high-level decision making
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SOC5 | CH6
9
LO - 1
Social Network
• Links individuals or groups to one another
• Generated by the Internet
• Unites individuals with similar interests
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SOC5 | CH6
10
LO - 2
Formal Organizations
• Secondary groups designed to achieve
specific goals in an efficient manner
• Characteristics
• Statuses and roles are organized around shared
expectations and goals
• Norms governing social relationships specify
rights, duties, and sanctions
• Hierarchy includes leaders or individuals who
are in charge
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SOC5 | CH6
11
LO - 2
Types of Formal Organizations
• Utilitarian - Provides an income or specific
material reward
• Normative - Joined by people with shared
interests to pursue personally rewarding
goals
• Coercive - Characterized by involuntary
membership
• People are forced to join because of punishment
or treatment
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SOC5 | CH6
12
LO - 2
Bureaucracies
• Accomplish goals and tasks in an efficient
and rational method
• Characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
•
Division of labor and specialization
Hierarchy of authority
Explicit written rules and regulations
Impersonality
Qualification-based employment
Separation of work and employment
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SOC5 | CH6
13
LO - 2
Bureaucratic Dysfunctions
PzAxe/Shutterstock.com
• Weak reward systems affect motivation
• Rigid rules discourage creativity and lead to
goal displacement and alienation
• Communication problems waste time and
resources
• Iron law of oligarchy: Tendency to become
dominated by a small
group of people
• Lead to dehumanization
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SOC5 | CH6
14
LO - 2
Hawthorne Studies
• Found informal groups to be vital for
organization’s functioning
• Promote goals by collaborating, being cohesive,
and motivating each other
• Resist an organization’s goals and formal rules
• Concluded that there is a key relationship
between formal and informal organization
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SOC5 | CH6
15
LO - 2
Self-Managing Work Teams
Stockphoto.com/EllenMoran
• Known as post-bureaucratic organizations
• Gather, interpret, and act on the
information
• Take collective responsibility for their
actions
• Focus on their goals and are
committed to the organization
and its success
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SOC5 | CH6
16
LO - 2
Performance Reviews
• Calibration - Managers of various divisions
ensure that their review processes are
similar to each other in criteria and scoring
• Based on facts and measurable tasks
• Reduce the occurrence of a leader’s biases and
inconsistent scoring
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SOC5 | CH6
17
Sociological Perspectives on Social Groups
and Organizations
Functionalism
Conflict theory
Feminist theories
Symbolic
interaction
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LO - 3
SOC5 | CH6
18
LO - 3
Functionalist Perspective
• Organizations are composed of interrelated,
mutually dependent parts
• Effective leadership is key in job satisfaction
• Organizations may be dysfunctional
• Critical evaluation
• Helps understand how organizations fulfill
certain functions
• Neglects worker dissatisfaction and alienation
• Benefit of social networks is questionable
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SOC5 | CH6
19
LO - 3
Conflict Theory
• Organizations
• Promote inequality that benefits people at the
top of the hierarchy
• Serve the elite and ignore workers’ needs and
interests
• Critical evaluation
• Assumes that equality leads to organizational
success and productivity
• Rarely credits firms’ supporting gender equality
• Overemphasizes on organizational deficiencies
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH6
20
LO - 3
Feminist Perspective
• Emphasizes that across all social classes,
women lag behind men in leadership roles
• Women experience a glass ceiling
• Glass ceiling: Workplace biases that prevent
women from advancing to leadership positions
• Critical evaluation
AP Images/John Bazemore
• Emphasizes on women in
managerial and professional
positions
• Fails to offer data on how
organizational stereotypes affect men
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SOC5 | CH6
21
LO - 3
Symbolic Interaction
• Individual’s perception of situations shapes
group dynamics and organizations
• Individuals make choices, change rules, and
mold their identities
• People’s outcomes rest on coworkers and
bosses interpretation of the same behavior
• Critical evaluation
• Ignores macro-level factors that exploit workers
and consumers
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SOC5 | CH6
22
LO - 3
Sociological Perspectives: Application
• Which theoretical perspective is most
helpful in understanding this situation?
• Denise tries to make work fun for her employees
by hosting birthday parties
• On average women who work full-time earn less
than men who work full-time
• Corporation Z brought in recent Somali
immigrants to work in the factory when the
predominantly Mexican workers went on strike
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SOC5 | CH6
23
LO - 4
Social Institutions
• System that meets society’s basic needs
• Ensure a society’s survival and affect its
members
• Family
• Economy
• Government
• Education
• Religion
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SOC5 | CH6
24
LO - 4
Importance of Social Institutions
Address basic needs or problems
Guide behavior through norms and
values
Contribute to functioning and stability
of society
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SOC5 | CH6
25
LO - 4
Social Institutions are Interconnected
• Medical researchers - State that obesity
causes disease, disability, and death
• Media - Broadcasts results of obesity and
their negative health outcomes
• Educational institutions - Offer healthier
lunches
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SOC5 | CH6
26
LO - 4
Social Institutions are Interconnected (continued)
Caspar Benson/Getty Images
• Families - Shape children’s eating habits and
preferences
• Political system - Has mixed effects on
weight issues
• Economy - Depends on consumers to
survive
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH6
27
LO - 4
Social Institutions: Application
• What needs of a society are met by each of
these institutions?
•
•
•
•
The family
Sports
Education
Science
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH6
28
Chapter Review
• What is a social group?
• How does the size and leadership affect
groups?
• What are the different types of social
groups?
• Discuss the importance of group
conformity.
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH6
29
Chapter Review (continued)
• What is a formal organization?
• How do the different perspectives on
groups and organizations differ?
• What are the social institutions?
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SOC5 | CH6
30
KEY TERMS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Social group
Primary group
Secondary group
Ideal types
In-group
Out-group
Reference group
Dyad
Triad
Authoritarian leader
Democratic leader
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Laissez-faire leader
Groupthink
Social network
Formal organization
Bureaucracy
Goal displacement
Alienation
Iron law of oligarchy
Glass ceiling
Glass escalator
Social institution
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH6
31
SUMMARY
• Social groups have a sense of belonging
• Formal organizations are designed to
achieve specific goals in an efficient manner
• Functionalism, conflict theory, feminist
theory, and symbolic interaction provide:
• Sociological explanation of groups and
organizations
• Social institution is an organized and
established social system
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH6
32
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH6
33
7
Deviance, Crime,
and Social
Control
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1 Differentiate between deviance and crime,
and describe the key characteristics of
deviance
2 After evaluating the two major crime
measures, identify and illustrate the different
types of crime
3 Describe, illustrate, and evaluate
functionalist perspectives on deviance
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH7
2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
4 Describe, illustrate, and evaluate conflict
perspectives on deviance
5 Describe, illustrate, and evaluate feminist
perspectives on deviance
6 Describe, illustrate, and evaluate symbolic
interaction perspectives on deviance
7 Identify and evaluate the criminal justice
system’s social control methods
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH7
3
LO - 1
Deviance and Crime
• Deviance: Violation of social norms
• Characteristics
- Can be a trait, a belief, or a behavior
- Accompanied by social stigmas
- Varies across and within societies
- Varies across situations
- Formal or informal
- Perceptions of deviance change over time
• Crime: Violation of society’s formal laws
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH7
4
LO - 1
Determinants of Deviance
Groups with
authority or power
Public attitudes
and behavior
Laws
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SOC5 | CH7
5
LO - 2
Measuring Crime
• Sources of crime statistics
ESLINE/Shutterstock.com
• FBI’s Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
- Consists of crimes reported to the police and
arrests made each year
• The Department of Justice’s National Crime
Victimization Survey (NCVS)
- Victimization survey: Interviews
people about being crime victims
- Includes both reported and
unreported crimes
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SOC5 | CH7
6
LO - 2
Types of Deviance: Noncriminal
Suicide
Alcoholism
Mental illness
Lying
Adult
pornography
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SOC5 | CH7
7
LO - 2
Types of Deviance: Criminal
Street crimes
• Includes violent and property crimes
Hate crimes
• Caused by the bias against race, religion, ethnicity, sexual
orientation, gender, or disability
White-collar crimes
• Committed by high-status people as part of their occupations
Corporate (organizational) crimes
• Committed by executives to benefit themselves and their
companies
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SOC5 | CH7
8
LO - 2
Types of Deviance: Criminal (continued)
Cybercrimes (computer crimes)
• Illegal activities that are conducted online
Organized crimes
• Acts of people and groups that supply illegal goods and services
for profit
Victimless (public order) crimes
• Acts that violate laws but those involved do not consider
themselves as victims
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SOC5 | CH7
9
LO - 2
Figure 7.1
U.S Crime Rates have Decreased
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SOC5 | CH7
10
LO - 3
Functionalist Perspective on Deviance
• Normal part of society
• Dysfunctional deviance
• Creates tension and insecurity, and is expensive
• Erodes trust in personal and formal relationships
• Decreases confidence in institutions
• Functional deviance
• Affirms cultural norms and values
• Provides temporary safety valves and creates
social unity
• Bolsters the economy and triggers social change
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SOC5 | CH7
11
Functionalist Perspective on Deviance
LO - 3
(continued 1)
• Durkheim’s concept of anomie
• Anomie: Condition in which people are unsure
how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or
confusing social norms
• Strain theory
- Proposes that deviant
behavior is exhibited
when goals and the means
of achieving those goals
are in conflict
John Lund/Blend Images/Getty Images
• Merton’s strain theory
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SOC5 | CH7
12
LO - 3
Table 7.3
Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance
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SOC5 | CH7
13
LO - 3
Functionalist Perspective on Deviance
(continued 2)
• Critical evaluation
• Anomie and strain theory are limited
• Fails to explain why:
- Women’s crime rates are lower than men’s
- Crime rates have declined despite poverty
and unemployment
- People commit crimes that have no
connection with being successful
• Focuses on lower-class deviance and crime
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SOC5 | CH7
14
LO - 3
Functionalism: Application
• What form of adaptation is it?
• A young woman uses someone else’s credit card
to go on vacation
• An adult walks off his job and leaves town
without his family
• A man uses his employer’s equipment and
supplies when starting his own business
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SOC5 | CH7
15
LO - 4
Conflict Perspective on Deviance
• Capitalism
• Encourages crime
- Greed and self-interest perpetuate deviance
• Creates social inequality
Sun Sentinel/Getty Images
• Criminal laws serve the
Interests of the capitalist
ruling class
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SOC5 | CH7
16
LO - 4
Conflict Perspective on Deviance (continued)
• Critical evaluation
• Exaggerates the importance of capitalism in
explaining white collar and corporate crime
• Deemphasizes crimes committed by low-income
groups
• Ignores the fact that some affluent people, don’t
get away with their crimes
• Ignores the ways that crime is functional for the
society
• Focuses on men as victims and offenders
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SOC5 | CH7
17
LO - 4
Conflict Perspective: Application
• What kind of crime is it?
• Amanda overcharges clients and keeps the extra
money
• Ken obtains and uses others’ credit card
numbers
• A manufacturing firm knowingly installs
dangerous equipment in order to save money
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SOC5 | CH7
18
LO - 5
Feminist Perspective on Deviance
• Women as offenders
AP Images/David Longstreath
• Commit fewer violent, property, and other
crimes
• Take less risks and possess an
ethic of care
• Have fewer opportunities to
commit crimes
• Offenses are highest in
places where there are
increased
economic oppression and
poverty
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SOC5 | CH7
19
LO - 5
Feminist Perspective on Deviance (continued 1)
• Explanations for female victimization
• Patriarchy: Hierarchical system in which
cultural, political, and economic structures are
controlled by men
• Cultural effect on gender roles
- Internalization of the belief that female
victimization is normal
• Rape culture: Environment in which sexual
violence is prevalent, pervasive, and
perpetuated by the media and popular culture
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SOC5 | CH7
20
LO - 5
Feminist Perspective on Deviance (continued 2)
• Critical evaluation
• Fails to explain specifically how patriarchy
victimizes women
• Emphasizes on men’s crimes and violence
• Fails to address the simultaneous effects of
gender, social class, and ethnicity
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SOC5 | CH7
21
Symbolic Interaction Perspectives on
Deviance
LO - 6
• Differential associations theory
• People learn deviance through interaction,
specifically with significant others
- Engage in crime when exposed to deviant
values
• Labeling theory: Society’s reaction to
behavior is a major factor in defining
oneself or others as deviant
• Howard Becker’s view - People’s reaction
determine if a behavior is deviant or not
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SOC5 | CH7
22
Symbolic Interaction Perspectives on
Deviance (continued 1)
LO - 6
iStockphoto.com/Darren Mower
• Edwin Lemert’s view
- Primary deviance: Initial act of breaking a rule
- Secondary deviance: Rule-breaking behavior
adopted in response to other’s reactions
• Medicalization of deviance: Diagnosing and
treating a violation of social norms as a medical
disorder
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SOC5 | CH7
23
LO - 6
Symbolic Interaction Perspectives on
Deviance (continued 2)
• Critical evaluation
• Differential association theory
- Fails to explain why:
▸ Impulsive crimes are committed by people from
law-abiding families
▸ Children from disadvantaged communities join
gangs and/or commit crimes
- Ignores the possibility that deviant values can
be unlearned
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SOC5 | CH7
24
Symbolic Interaction Perspectives on
Deviance (continued 3)
LO - 6
• Labeling theory
- Exaggerates the importance of judgements in
changing a person’s self-concept
- Does not explain why:
▸ Crime rates are higher in the Southern parts of the
United States or at particular times of the year
▸ People commit crimes
• Ignore structural factors that create or reinforce
deviance and crime
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SOC5 | CH7
25
LO - 7
Social Control
• Techniques and strategies that regulate
people’s behavior in society
• Control theory
• Proposes that deviant behavior declines when
people have social bonds with others
• Forms of social control
• Formal and informal
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SOC5 | CH7
26
LO - 7
Criminal Justice System
• Group of government agencies that:
• Enforce laws and judge offenders
• Change criminal behavior
• Strategies used to control crime
Andrey Burmakin/Shutterstock.com
• Prevention and intervention
- Undertaken by the police, social service
agencies, and community
outreach programs
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SOC5 | CH7
27
LO - 7
Criminal Justice System (continued)
• Punishments
- Provided in the form of sentencing,
imprisonment, and capital punishment
• Rehabilitation
- Maintains that appropriate treatment can
change offenders into productive, law-abiding
citizens
- Effective if employment is provided after
release
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SOC5 | CH7
28
Chapter Review
• What is deviance?
• What is crime?
• Describe the functionalist perspective on
deviance and crime.
• Describe the conflict perspective on
deviance and crime.
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH7
29
Chapter Review (continued)
• Describe the feminist perspective on
deviance and crime.
• Describe the symbolic interaction
perspective on deviance and crime.
• How do we attempt to control crime?
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SOC5 | CH7
30
KEY TERMS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Deviance
Crime
Stigma
Victimization survey
Hate crime
White-collar crime
Corporate crimes
Cybercrime
Organized crime
Victimless crimes
Anomie
Strain theory
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Patriarchy
Rape culture
Differential association
theory
Labeling theory
Primary deviance
Secondary deviance
Medicalization of
deviance
Social control
Control theory
Criminal justice system
Crime control model
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SOC5 | CH7
31
SUMMARY
• Deviance becomes crime when it breaks
rules that have been written into law
• Crime is classified based on its characteristics
• Deviance can be viewed in functionalist,
conflict, feminist, symbolic interactionist
perspectives
• Criminal justice system consists of social
control techniques that help curb crime
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH7
32
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SOC5 | CH7
33
8
Social
Stratification:
United States and
Global
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1 Explain and illustrate social stratification
systems and bases
2 Describe the U.S. class structure and explain
how and why social classes differ
3 Describe poverty and explain why people are
poor
4 Compare the different types of social mobility,
describe recent trends, and explain what factors
affect mobility
5 Describe global stratification, its variations and
consequences and the theoretical models that
explain why inequality is universal
6 Compare and evaluate the theoretical
explanations of social stratification
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SOC5 | CH8
2
LO - 1
Social Stratification
• Society’s ranking of people based on valued
resources
GMB Akash/Panos
• Wealth
• Power
• Prestige
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SOC5 | CH8
3
LO - 1
Closed Stratification Systems
• Movement from one social position to
another is limited by ascribed statuses
• Slavery system: Owning people as property
and having total control over their lives
• Caste system: People’s positions are
ascribed at birth and fixed
• People’s places in the hierarchy are determined
by inherited characteristics
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SOC5 | CH8
4
LO - 1
Open Stratification Systems
• Allows movement up or down as mobility is
influenced by people’s achievement
• Class system: People’s positions are based
on birth and achievement
- Social class: Rank in a society based on
wealth, education, power, prestige, and other
valued resources
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SOC5 | CH8
5
LO - 1
Bases of Stratification: Wealth
• Economic assets that a person or family
owns
• Income: Money a person receives
• Cumulative
• Passed on to the next
generation
• Preserves privilege
iStockphoto.com/Jeremy Richards
• Characteristics
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SOC5 | CH8
6
LO - 1
Figure 8.1
Wealth and Income Distribution
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SOC5 | CH8
7
LO - 1
Bases of Stratification: Prestige and Power
• Prestige: Respect, recognition, or regard
attached to social position
• Characteristics of prestigious occupations
- Require formal education, abstract thought,
and are nonmanual
- Paid efficiently
- Socially important and involve self-expression,
autonomy, and freedom from supervision
• Power: Ability to influence the behavior of
others despite opposition
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SOC5 | CH8
8
LO - 2
Social Class
• Socioeconomic status (SES): Overall ranking
of a person’s position in a society
• Depends on income, education, and occupation
• Differs in values, power, prestige, social
networks, and lifestyles
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SOC5 | CH8
9
LO - 2
Figure 8.3
The American Class Structure
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SOC5 | CH8
10
LO - 2
Social Class: Application
• Identify the class illustrated by each
example
• Maria is a dental technician working in a large
clinic
• Kevin dropped out of high school, works in
agriculture only in the summer, has trouble
making ends meet
• William inherited family wealth, attended
private schools, and became a politician
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SOC5 | CH8
11
LO - 2
Effects of Social Class
Life chances
Extent to which people have
positive experiences and
secure efficient things in life
due to economic resources
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SOC5 | CH8
12
LO - 3
Poverty
Absolute
• Lacking money to afford the basic
necessities of life
Relative
• Failing to maintain an average
standard of living
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SOC5 | CH8
13
LO - 3
Poverty Line
• Minimal income level necessary for basic
subsistence as per the federal government
• Estimated based on annual cost of food that
meets nutritional guidelines
• Criticism - Does not include:
Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com
• Value of noncash benefits, child care, or the
cost-of-living expenses
• Several people above
the poverty line
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SOC5 | CH8
14
LO - 3
Common Characteristics Shared by the Poor
• Age - Poverty rate of older people is lower
than any other age group
• Gender and family structure
• Women’s poverty rates are prevalent
• Feminization of poverty: Disproportionate
number of poor who are women
• Race and ethnicity
• Education
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SOC5 | CH8
15
LO - 3
Explanations for Poverty
• Individual failings
• Culture of poverty - Poor do not succeed
because they are deficient
- Have values, beliefs, and attitudes about life
that differ from others
Stockphoto.com/AvailableLight
• Structural characteristics - Create and
sustain poverty
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SOC5 | CH8
16
LO - 4
Social Mobility
• Movement from one social class to another
• Types
• Intragenerational: Movement up or down the
social class over one’s lifetime
• Intergenerational: Movement up or down the
social class over two or more generations
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SOC5 | CH8
17
LO - 4
Figure 8.5
The Middle Class has Been Shrinking
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SOC5 | CH8
18
LO - 4
Social Mobility: Application
• Identify the type of mobility for the
examples
• Cameron graduated from college, left welfare,
and secured a semiprofessional position
• Cecelia grew up with a mother who worked
cleaning motels, but Cecelia is a doctor
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SOC5 | CH8
19
LO - 4
Factors Affecting Social Mobility
• Structural
• Changes in the economy
• Government policies and programs
• Immigration
•
•
•
•
Education
Gender
Race and ethnicity
Geography
MCT/Tribune News Service/Getty Images
• Demographic
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SOC5 | CH8
20
LO - 4
Factors Affecting Social Mobility (Continued)
• Family background
• Family status
• Parent’s income level
• Socialization - Affects the habits of speech and
lifestyle
• Social connections
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SOC5 | CH8
21
LO - 5
Global Stratification
• Worldwide inequality patterns
• Result from differences in wealth, power, and
prestige
• Varies across regions and is pervasive
• Women and children face maximum
inequality across all nations
• Infant mortality rate: Number of babies under
age 1 who die per 1,000 live births in a year
- Linked with women’s low education level
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SOC5 | CH8
22
LO - 5
Other Consequences of Global Stratification
• Evasion of environmental
and tax laws
• Reduce opportunities for
upward mobility which
harms democracy
REUTERS/Aly Song/Landov
• People suffer from hunger and malnutrition
• Increased levels of sorrow, health problems,
and less chances to avoid poverty
• Facilitates rich people to get political favors
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SOC5 | CH8
23
LO - 5
Theories that Explain Inequality
Modernization theory
• Leaders of low-income countries lack attitudes and values
Dependency theory
• Low-income countries are exploited and dominated by
high-income countries
World-systems theory
• Economic systems of the world help rich countries to stay
rich while poor countries stay poor
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SOC5 | CH8
24
LO - 6
Table 8.1
Sociological Explanations of Social
Stratification
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SOC5 | CH8
25
LO - 6
Functionalist Perspectives
• Davis–Moore thesis: Social stratification
benefits a society
• Stratification and inequality are necessary
to motivate people to work hard and to
succeed
hinellatoPhoto/Shutterstock.com
• Meritocracy: Belief that social
stratification is based on people’s
accomplishments
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SOC5 | CH8
26
Critical Evaluation of Functionalist
Perspectives
LO - 6
• Tumin criticized Davis and Moore for:
• Overlooking the ways that limit upward mobility
• Ignoring the critical role of inheritance
• Failure to explain why:
• Intergenerational upward social mobility is
limited in the United States
• College graduates are finding low-paying jobs
• Racial and ethnic income and wealth gap
persists across all social classes
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SOC5 | CH8
27
LO - 6
Conflict Perspectives
• Social stratification is dysfunctional because
it hurts individuals and societies
• Capitalist societies are reduced to capitalist
class and working class
• Economic struggles are due to government
policies that favor the rich
• Corporate welfare: Subsidies, tax breaks, and
government assistance created for businesses
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SOC5 | CH8
28
LO - 6
Conflict Perspectives (Continued)
• Inequality
• Weakens people’s trust in political and economic
bodies and erodes national solidarity
• Critical evaluation
• Exaggerate the existence and effects of
economic inequality
• Underrate people’s ability to be upwardly mobile
• Ignore that government programs have reduced
poverty
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SOC5 | CH8
29
LO - 6
Sociological Explanations: Application
• Identify the theory
• Inequality ensures that important jobs are filled
by the most talented
• High-income countries set prices for raw
materials and labor
• Children learning habits and attitudes from their
parents
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SOC5 | CH8
30
Chapter Review
•
•
•
•
What is social stratification?
Describe the different stratification systems.
Describe the dimensions of stratification.
Describe the social class structure in
America.
• Describe poverty in the U.S.
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SOC5 | CH8
31
Chapter Review (Continued)
• What is social mobility?
• Describe inequality across societies.
• What are the different sociological
perspectives for poverty and inequality?
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SOC5 | CH8
32
KEY TERMS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Social stratification
Slavery system
Caste system
Class system
Social class
Wealth
Income
Prestige
Power
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Working poor
Underclass
Life chances
Absolute poverty
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Relative poverty
Poverty line
Feminization of poverty
Social mobility
Intragenerational mobility
Intergenerational mobility
Global stratification
Infant mortality rate
Davis–Moore thesis
Meritocracy
Bourgeoisie
Proletariat
Corporate welfare
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH8
33
SUMMARY
• All societies are stratified
• Social class is divided into upper, middle,
working, and lower class
• Poverty is defined through absolute poverty
and relative poverty
• Social mobility is movement from one social
class to another
• Global stratification is the worldwide
inequality patterns that result from
differences in wealth, power, and prestige
Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly acce ssible website, in whole or in part.
SOC5 | CH8
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SOC5 | CH8
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