GEGO lab 1,2,3,4 due 24 hours

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LAB 1 ANSWER QUESTIONS TO BOTH PARTS A AND B LAB 1A MAP PROJECTIONS Latitude and Longitude: Every location on earth has a set of distinct points. Because the coordinates are in numbers, people can communicate about location no matter what language they might speak. The two numbers are a location's latitude number and its longitude number ("Lat/Long"). Latitude Horizontal mapping lines on Earth are lines of latitude. They are known as "parallels" of latitude, because they run parallel to the equator. One simple way to visualize this might be to think about having imaginary horizontal "hula hoops" around the earth, with the biggest hoop around the equator, and then progressively smaller ones stacked above and below it to reach the North and South Poles. Longitude Vertical mapping lines on Earth are lines of longitude, known as "meridians". One simple way to visualize this might be to think about having hula hoops cut in half, vertically positioned with one end at the North Pole and the other at the South Pole. Longitude Visualize a peeled orange, with its vertically pieces positioned with one end at the North Pole and the other at the South Pole. Longitude lines are a numerical way to show/measure how far a location is east or west of the Prime Meridian. This Prime Meridian line runs vertically, north and south, right over the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich England, from the North Pole to the South Pole. The Prime Meridian is numbered 0 degrees longitude. To measure longitude east or west of the Prime Meridian, there are 180 vertical longitude lines east of the Prime Meridian and 180 vertical longitude lines west of the Prime Meridian, so longitude locations are given as number of degrees east or number of degrees west. The 180 degree line is a single vertical line called the International Date Line, and it is directly opposite of the Prime Meridian. LAB 1A 10 POINTS MAP PROJECTIONS QUESTIONS 1. From the Internet or a reference book you may have describe and name ONE type of map projections ? ( 1 pt ) A. 2. Map scales Examples A. On a map with a scale of 1:24,000, a measured distance of one inch represents an actual distance of 2000 ft. 1” x 24,000 = 24,000” 24,000”/12 = 2000 ft. B. On a map with a scale of 1:250,000, a measured distance of 4.5 inches represents an actual distance of 17.8 miles. ( 63,360 inches = 1 mile) 4.5” x 250,00” = 1,125,000” 1,125,000”/ 63,360 = 17.8 miles What is the fractional scale of a map if 10” = 5 mi. & each mile = 63,360 in. 1 mi = 63,360 “ so then 5 mi = __________ inches So 10” or 5 mi = __________ inches So 1”=___________ Scale = 1:_________ ( 1 pt ) 3. FOR THE FOLLOWING USE THE INTERACTIVE MAP from the Weather Tools Section under Assignments Find the following cities: ( 1 pt for each City ) LAT A. B. C. D. LONG OMAHA NEW YORK MIAMI NEW ORLEANS List one city in the Northern hemisphere West and one city East of the Prime Meridian ( 1 pt each) LAT LONG CITY A. B. List one city in the Southern hemisphere West and one city East of the Prime Meridian. ( 1 pt each) LAT A. B. LONG CITY LAB 1B 10 POINTS CIRCLE OF ILLUMINATION and THE TILT OF THE EARTH THE EARTH Earth is considered a geoid, not a perfect sphere ( oblate spheroid ). Recent measurements show that following the last ice age the redistribution of water from melting glaciers has caused the Earth’s equatorial girth to expand slightly. Variations in seasons ( winter ) also causes slight crust compression which slightly changes the Earth’s shape as well CIRCLE OF ILLUMINATION Interactive Program http://www.worldtime.com/cgi-bin/wt.cgi?cnt=1327253&ID=211450cc4d THE TILT OF THE EARTH Interactive Program http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::800::600::/sites/dl/free/0072482621/78778/Seasons_Nav.sw f::Seasons%20Interactive Dimensions Surface area 500 million sq km ( 193 million sq mi. ) Diameter N to S 12,714 km (7900 mi ) E to W 12,756 km (7926 mi. ) Circumference Polar circumference 40,008 km (24,860 mi. ) Equatorial circumference 40,075 km ( 24,902 mi.) Astronomical factors: Magnetosphere: Earth’s outer defense against the charged particles of the solar wind. A magnetic field surrounds the Earth, generated by a dynamo – like motion within our planet. The magnetosphere deflects the solar wind toward both poles, so that only a small portion of it enters the atmosphere Auroras: the solar wind creates auroras in the upper atmosphere when absorbed energy is radiated as light energy of varying colors. (aurora borealis, northern lights), (aurora australis, southern lights) Visible poleward at 65 degrees latitude when the solar wind is active. Thermopause: The region at the top of the atmosphere, approximately 480 km (300 mi) above the Earth’s surface. This outer boundary provides a useful point to assess the arriving solar radiation before it is diminished by passage through the atmosphere. Insolation refers to incoming solar radiation. Solar constant is the average value of solar radiation received at the thermopause when the Earth is at its average distance from the Sun. That value of the solar constant is 1372 watts per square meter ( W/m2) Earth’s elliptical orbit ( or eccentricity ) varies widely during a 100,000 year cycle, stretching out to an extreme ellipse. Eccentricity measures how much the shape of an ellipse deviates from being a perfect circle. The eccentricity of a circle is zero; as the eccentricity of an ellipse increases toward one, the ellipse becomes progressively more elongated. The Earth’s eccentricity varies between ( 0.005 and 0.058 ) the current value is 0.017 and increasing. Precession of the Earth’s Axis. When the center of gravity is not in a vertical line with the point of support, the axis slowly changes its direction. This slow rotation of the axis, called precession, is caused by a gravitational torque on the Earth from the Moon and the Sun. It takes 35,800 years for the axis to precess through 360 degrees. The end result means that our current location of the north star and constellation in our zodiac will slowly cycle through different months with a 1 month change occurring every 2150 years. In the next 12,000 years Vega will be the new North star in the constellation Lyra. Variation of tilt: Earth’s axial tilt varies from 220 to 24.50 which occurs over a 40,000 year period. The present tilt is 23.450. Analysis of tilt. When the tilt gets smaller and that’s the current trend the difference between summer and winter in each hemisphere becomes less pronounced. The contrast makes little difference in the tropics, but at higher latitudes a smaller tilt leads to cooler summers and warmer winters. Cooler summers bring less melting of high-latitude snowfall, and that effect overshadows any reduced snowfall resulting from warmer winters. The end result is the declining tilt tends to favor the onset of ice ages. Ice core records confirms similar patterns in the past. Which means, over the next 16,000 years, we will be heading for a new ice age. Do you know why it is warmer in the summer than it is in the winter? Are you curious about how an Ice Age will form? Factors that impact the temperature are: the Earth's position as it orbits around the Sun; the Earth's tilt; and the Sun's path. The following link will take you to an interactive application where you can observe the affects of temperature variations between summer and winter. Notice that at flatter angles (22 degrees) you will see snow accumulate at 65 degrees North. The greater the angle (24.5 degrees) the summer will melt away the winter snow. Use this interactive program to see how tilt effect the earth http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::800::600::/sites/dl/free/0072482621/78778/Seasons_Nav.sw f::Seasons%20Interactive TIME AND PLACE Latitude is defined as the angular measurement in degrees north and south of the equator. Longitude is defined as the angular measurement, in degrees, east or west of the reference meridian, which is called the prime, or Greenwich, meridian ( 0-180 degrees east and west of 0) Sidereal day is defined as the elapsed time between two successive crossings of the same meridian by a star other then the sun. International Date Line: When one crosses the IDL, traveling westward, the date is advanced into the next day; when one crosses the IDL traveling eastward, one day is subtracted from the present date. Tropical year : Is the time interval from one vernal equinox to the next vernal equinox Sidereal year is the time interval for Earth to make one complete revolution around the sun with respect to any particular star other then the sun. Summer solstice the most northern point the sun is from the equator 20 or 21 June Winter solstice the most southern point the sun is from the equator 21 or 22 December Vernal equinox Suns position is directly over the equator 12 hours of light and darkness around the world. March 20 or 21 Autumnal equinox Suns position is directly over the equator 12 hours of light and darkness around the world. September 22 or 23 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON THE NEXT PAGE FOR LAB 1B QUESTIONS FOR LAB 1B 1. What causes the seasons of the earth ? ( 2pt ) 2. How much energy in Watts per meter squared do we in general receive from the Sun ? ( 1pt ) 3. What is the Min Max values for the tilt of the Earth ? ( 2pts ) 4. What did you find when you used the interactive program which allows you to change the tilt of the earth? What happened to the temperature in the summer and winter? ( 4 pts) http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::800::600::/sites/dl/free/0072482621/78778/Seasons _Nav.swf::Seasons%20Interactive 5. Draw a diagram of illumination on the ground for a summer exposure and then for the winter (1 pt ) LAB 2 CALCULATE THE SUNS ROTATION In this Lab you will measure on your computers screen or by printing out this lab the Sun Spot position over a 24 hour period and compute the rotation of the Sun. The background information you have read by now shows many details about the Sun. Have you ever wondered how they calculate the rotation of the Sun? Well, here is a simple but interesting Lab. The answer you calculate will be very close to the actual rotational period of the Sun at its equator. The more accurate you are using the ruler the more accurate the answer for rotation. Use these past photos from Space Weather .com web site. Use these dates to look up the set of sun spot photos you will need if you want. Go to Spaceweather.com ( http://www.spaceweather.com/ ) and put in these dates to the archive section upper right of the web page. 4 July 2005 and 5 July 2005. I have these images also in the lab document if you want to just print them out and work out the measurements DAY 1 SUN SPOT DAY 2 SUN SPOT Using a ruler, find the diameter of the Suns image on the page and the horizontal distance from the limb of the central bright spot in each image. I have marked each one. Now just fill everything in. Now measure and fill in the values ( 2 points each ) Dia Sun = _______ cm Xdistance day1 = ________ cm Xdistance day 2 = _______ cm (Continued on next page) From the diameter, we can calculate the circumference of the sun from the images above. C sun = (𝜋) 𝑥 (𝐷ia Sun in cm) ( π = 3.14 ) C sun = ______ cm ( 3 points) Now take the circumference value of ( C sun ) and divide it by the distance the sun spot has moved in the last 24 hours. ( Refer to Sun pictures Day 1 and 2 ) Spot moved _____ cm /day = ( Xdistance day 1 ) - ( Xdistance day 2 ) So the period of rotation will equal ( 1 pt) C sun / Spot moved = Period of rotation _______ days So what is your value for the rotation of the Sun, how many days? ___________ (5 points ) How much were you off from the actual rotation of the Sun. To make this calculation Take the value you calculated and then divide by the actual value of the Sun’s rotation which is 25.67 days. Then take that answer and multiply by 100, and this will be how close you were to the actual rotation of the Sun. _________ % ( 2 points) . Now just subtract 100 % from your answer and you now find out what percent you off + or - _______ % ( 3 points ) LAB 3 TEMPERATURE HEAT AND LAPSE RATES TEMPERATURE and HEAT: Temperature is a description of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance. Heat refers to energy that transfers from one object to another. The heat energy for example, will flow or transfer from an object with a higher temperature to a lower temperature object. Magnetic.fsu.edu Now let’s look at some of the background for each type of thermometer. Fahrenheit Thermometer and Scale: Developed by the eighteenth century German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit, the Fahrenheit thermometer is the most widely used in the United States by the public, National Weather Service and news media. The Fahrenheit scale includes the freezing point of pure water ( 32o F ) and its boiling point ( 212o F ) . Celsius Thermometer and Scale: Developed by the eighteenth century Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, the Celsius thermometer is widely used throughout the world and is now slowly being established to supersede the Fahrenheit scale in the United States. It has been long used by the scientific community, an accepted component of the International System of measurement (S.I.) which has a decimal scale of 100 units (degrees). The Celsius scale includes the freezing point of pure water (0o F) and its boiling point (100o F). Kelvin Thermometer and Scale: Developed by the nineteenth century British physicist Lord Kelvin, the Kelvin thermometer has been long used by the scientific community. Its scale starts at absolute zero which is the lowest possible temperature. This is the temperature at which molecules have no kinetic energy that can be given up. The scale maintains a 100 degrees range between the freezing and boiling point. There are no negative values on this scale. The Kelvin scale includes the freezing point of pure water (273o F) and its boiling point (373o F). Temperature Scales and Conversions; The following is a series of temperature conversion equations. We will use these equations to practice converting from one temperature scale to another. Fahrenheit Tf = (1.8 x Tc) +32 ( Tc = Celsius ) Celsius Tc = (Tf – 32)/ 1.8 ( Tf = Fahrenheit ) Kelvin Temp Tk = Tc + 273 ( Tc = Celsius ) Example Let’s convert 15 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit and then back to Celsius Plug in the Celsius value to the Fahrenheit formula and we get Tf = (1.8 x 15oC) + 32 Tf = (27) +32 Tf = 59o F Plug in the Fahrenheit value to the Celsius formula and we get Tc = (59o F – 32)/ 1.8 Tc = (27)/ 1.8 Tc = 15o C Convert the following temperatures : 1. 25oC to Kelvin 2. 19oF to Celsius 3. 0o F to Celsius 4. 20o C to Fahrenheit 5. 29oC to Fahrenheit ( 2 Points Each ) _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ GO TO NEXT PAGE Adiabatic Cooling and Warming atmos.umd.edu Whenever air ascends or descends its temperature changes. This is known as the adiabatic process which means without the gain or loss of heat. As air rises and expands, the molecules spread through a greater volume of space. As the molecules spread farther away from each other, their frequency of collision decreases, creating a decrease in temperature. The inverse occurs when air descends in the atmosphere then begins to warm. The temperature of the air in the troposphere decreases with altitude, and the rate of this temperature decrease with height is referred to as the lapse rate. With the available moisture in the atmosphere for any given time, we use the following lapse rates to compute the changes in an air parcel as it ascends or descends. The standard atmospheric lapse rate or normal lapse rate is 6.5 degrees C / km or 3.5 F/ 1000ft. The dry lapse rate (dry air) is 5.5 F/ 1000ft and the moist (moist air) is 3.3 F/ 1000ft. Normal lapse rate is 6.5o C / km or 3.5o F/ 1000ft. Dry lapse rate (dry air) is 5.5o F/ 1000ft Moist lapse rate (moist air) is 3.3o F/ 1000ft. Example: Using the Normal lapse rate. What is the temperature at 5000 ft.? Using a surface temperature of 70o F Normal lapse rate is 6.5o C / km or 3.5 F/ 1000ft. So take 5000 ft. / 1000 ft. (lapse rate per 1000 ft.) = 5 Now take resultant 5 and multiply by 3.5o F (the Normal lapse rate) which = 17o F Since the temperature decreases with height you just subtract the change in temperature (17o F) from the surface temperature of (70o F) which = 53o F So the temperature at 5,000 feet is 53o F What is the temperature at the specified altitude using the following lapse rates: ( 2 Points Each) 1. Using the Normal lapse rate. What is the temperature at 5000 ft.? Using a surface temperature of 80o F (Altitude ft.) / 1000 ft. = ____ Now take resultant and multiply by lapse rate which = ____o F (delta temp) Since the temperature decreases with height you just subtract the change in temperature from the surface temperature which = _____o F 2. Using the Dry lapse rate. What is the temperature at 6000 ft.? Using a surface temperature of 63o F (Altitude ft.) / 1000 ft. = ____ Now take resultant and multiply by lapse rate which = ____o F (delta temp) Since the temperature decreases with height you just subtract the change in temperature from the surface temperature which = _____o F 3. Using the Moist lapse rate. What is the temperature at 9000 ft.? Using a surface temperature of 80o F (Altitude ft.) / 1000 ft. = ____ Now take resultant and multiply by lapse rate which = ____o F (delta temp) Since the temperature decreases with height you just subtract the change in temperature from the surface temperature which = _____o F 4. Using the Normal lapse rate. What is the temperature at 10,000 ft.? Using a surface temperature of 77o F (Altitude ft.) / 1000 ft. = ____ Now take resultant and multiply by lapse rate which = ____o F (delta temp) Since the temperature decreases with height you just subtract the change in temperature from the surface temperature which = _____o F 5. Using the Moist lapse rate. What is the temperature at 18,000 ft.? Using a surface temperature of 35o F (Altitude ft.) / 1000 ft. = ____ Now take resultant and multiply by lapse rate which = ____o F (delta temp) Since the temperature decreases with height you just subtract the change in temperature from the surface temperature which = _____o F LAB 4 RELATIVE HUMIDITY MIXING RATIO DEW POINT RELATIVE HUMIDITY, MIXING RATIO, DEW POINT: 1000thingsaboutjapan.blogspot.com Relative Humidity Relative humidity is the ratio of the current absolute humidity to the highest possible absolute humidity. A relative humidity of 100 percent means that the air is totally saturated with water vapor and cannot hold any more. It must be 100 percent where the clouds are forming for precipitation to occur, however, the relative humidity near the ground can be much less. The water vapor capacity of air at a given temperature is also referred to the saturation mixing ratio. The water vapor capacity of air depends almost nearly on temperature. As temperature increases, the water vapor capacity also increases. Saturation mixing ratio table (at 1000 mb) Saturation Mixing Ratio Temperature Degrees Celsius (g) per Kilogram of Dry Air 1.7 4.4 7.2 10.0 12.8 15.6 18.3 21.1 23.9 4.3 5.2 6.2 7.6 9.3 11.1 13.2 15.6 18.8 26.7 22.3 Simple approximation for Relative Humidity RH = Relative Humidity 𝑴𝒊𝒙𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝑹𝑯 = ( ) 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑴𝒊𝒙𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 Mixing Ratio The mixing ratio is the weight of water vapor in a specified air parcel (volume) to the weight of dry air in that same volume. Dew Point The dew point temperature is the temperature at which the air can no longer hold all of its water vapor and some of the water vapor will condense into liquid water. The dew point temperature is lower than (or equal to) the air temperature. If the air temperature cools to the dew point, then dew, fog or clouds will begin to form. At this point where the dew point temperature equals the air temperature, the relative humidity is 100%. Dew point can be computed using this simple formula. Simple approximation This formula will be accurate to within about ±1 °C as long as the relative humidity is above 50%. RH = Relative Humidity T = Temperature Td = Dew Point 1. Complete the following table chart. (Round off relative humidity to the nearest percent ) Use the Saturation mixing ratio table and Relative Humidity formula. Saturation mixing ratio table (at 1000 mb) Saturation Mixing Ratio Temperature Degrees Celsius (g) per Kilogram of Dry Air 1.7 4.4 7.2 10.0 12.8 15.6 18.3 21.1 23.9 26.7 4.3 5.2 6.2 7.6 9.3 11.1 13.2 15.6 18.8 22.3 Mixing Ratio (g/kg) Air Temp (o C) 2.8 5.3 2.2 7.2 10.0 12.8 Saturation Ratio (g/kg) Rel Humidity (%) 11.1 7.9 18.3 23.9 ( Each blank 1 point) RH = Relative Humidity 𝑴𝒊𝒙𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝑹𝑯 = ( ) 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑴𝒊𝒙𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 2. Complete the following table using these relative humidity values and calculate for dew point. RH = Relative Humidity T = Temperature Td = Dew Point Air Temp (o C) Rel Humidity (%) 7.2 10.0 12.8 18.3 23.9 10 55 89 23 77 Dew Point (o C) ( Each blank 2 points)
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