Pre-writing Assignment: The Health of Germany and the State’s Mothers Country 1: Germany Population: 82.79 Million Health Care System: Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung (universal multi-payer) with optional private additional healthcare Overview: Germany is a prominent 1st world country located in Europe and is a part of the European Union. It ranks 12th worldwide in education and 1st in energy. In 2017 they had a high in poverty at 20%. For their maternal facts, Germany has a MMR of 6 out of 100,000 deaths, and a birth rate of 8.6 out of 1,000. The mean age of mothers at their first birth is 29.4, and their total fertility rate is 1.46. These numbers show that Germany’s women are advanced in their overall healthcare for women, and that women are having fewer children at later ages in life- a sign of many life options for women within the country. The fertility rate means that Germany from births alone cannot even maintain their population and must rely on immigration to keep their size. Country 2: United States of America Population: 325.7 Million Health Care System: No universal healthcare, only private Overview: The United States of America is the only first world nation to not use a universal healthcare system, instead only having private options. It ranks 17 th in education, 8th in energy, and as of 2017 had a poverty rate of 12.3%. Its worldwide health ranking is 27th as of 2018. As for maternal data; the MMR is 14 out of 100,000, with a birth rate of 12.4. The mean age of a woman at the time of her first child is 26.4, and the total fertility rate is 1.87. The United States cannot sustain its population from birthing alone, and in order to keep from a population collapse must have immigration. Topic Focus: Maternal health Thesis Statement: As two considerably powerful and key player nations of the world, the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America both stand as international role models. Germany with its universal healthcare and the United States being the only first world nation without universal healthcare pose two varying options for maternal health. The differences between the healthcare systems is most obvious with pricing, quality, and after birth care for mothers. Annotated Bibliography: Sources (with annotation): • • • • • • • • Central Intelligence Agency. (2016). The World Factbook. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency. Listings of countries facts and statistics for both US and other countries. Numbers come from either our government or other government/health/regulatory agencies and lists as many facts on the country that are not under any security clearance that the government has. United Nations Statistics Division. (2018). Population and Vital Statistics Report, LXX, 7-23. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographicsocial/products/vitstats/sets/Series_A_2018.pdf (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. The numbers come from either UN studies or from the countries themselves. The purpose is to focus on the overall statistics of the world, a neutral document only relaying numbers. World Health Organization. (2015). Germany: WHO Statistical Profile [Data file]. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/gho/countries/deu.pdf (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. The world health organization aims to better the world and its overall health. This data only focuses on health and strictly for Germany Munira Z. Gunja et al. (December 19, 2018). What Is the Status of Women’s Health and Health Care in the U.S. Compared to Ten Other Countries? Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.26099/wy8a-7w13 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. From DOI, like the WHO focuses on health and giving all access to healthcare and increasing healthy lifestyles in the world. More focused on the meaning of the numbers than the numbers themselves. Sources (no annotation): • • Der Spiegel NPR Country 1: United States Population: 325.7 million Healthcare System: Not a universally accessible system. Both publicly and privatelyfunded. Overview: The United States is a federal constitutional republic consisting of 50 states. The United States is ranked number one in the power category by the US News & World Report (the United States Ranks Among the World's Best Countries). The current unemployment rate in the United States is 4% (Bureau of Labor Statistics), while the employment rate sits at a average of 60.70% (Trading Economics). The United States public education system is ranked 27th in the world (Buisness Insider). Country 2: England Population: 54.79 Healthcare System: mainly provided by the NHS or National Health Service, that provides healthcare to all permanent residents of the United Kingdom. Overview: England is the largest part of the UK, as well as an island of Great Britain. England’s Unemployment rate is at an all-time low of 4.2%, while the employment rate is at an all-time high at 75.6% (NPR). Along with this high employment rate, the cost of living has slowly declined, helping to boost economic growth. The England school system is falling behind leading countries, new global rankings have revealed concerns from academic leaders over “government failings” in education (Independent UK). Topic Focus: Maternal Health Thesis: After reviewing both the United States and England’s healthcare system, it is evident that because England’s healthcare is mainly covered by the government, maternal health and infant mortality will be better. Annotated Bibliography: US News & World Report • Ben Harder, et. al (2016). Civic, Overview of the United States • • • United States Ranks Among the World's Best Countries. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/united-states (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Academic Journal Article Annotation: Overview of The United States by Ben Harder talks about what makes the united states one of the top nations in the world, as well as compaing other nations. At the momeny, the United States is ranked the eighth nation in the world based on the GDP per capita (59,792), as well as information regarding the Healthcare status of the United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics et. al (2015) • How the Government Measures Unemployment. (2015, October 08). Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/cps/cps_htgm.htm (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Academic Journal Article Annotation: This article was used to generate the unemployment rate in the United States, against the rest of the world. By showing the unemployment rate, it shows a percentage of the population that may not be able to afford healthcare in the United States • • Trading Economics • • • Charts representing Unemployment vs employment rate over time Website United States Employment Rate. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/employment-rate (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Buisness Insider • • • • Bendix, A. et. al 2018. Commission on the US depreciation in healthcare over time Acedemic Journal Bendix, A. (2018, September 27). The US was once a leader for healthcare and education - now it ranks 27th in the world. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/us-ranks-27th-for-healthcare-and-education2018-9 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Annotation: This article outlines the decline in the United States healthcare and school system over the past three decades. According to the article, there has been little help in donations large enough to improve healthcare or education, and the solution to this problem is allocating more and more government money in order to come to a solution. NPR • • • • Frayer, L. (2018) Overburdened UK hospitals, News Article Frayer, L. (2018, March 07). U.K. Hospitals Are Overburdened, But The British Love Their Universal Health Care. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/03/07/591128836/u-k-hospitals-areoverburdened-but-the-british-love-their-universal-health-care (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Annotation: In this article, Frayer talks about how all of the British citizens love universal health care but are blind to the fact that hospitals are overcrowded, and may not be preforming at max efficiency. This is due to the universal healthcare that citizens who may not pay taxes are able to get free healthcare with ease. Independent U.K • • Rachael Pells. (2016). The UK falls in education global ranking News Article Rachael Pells Education Correspondent @rachaelpells. (2016, December 06). UK falls further down global school rankings table. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/pisa-oecdrankings-uk-schools-falling-behind-leading-countries-global-international-singaporea7458751.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Pre-writing Assignment: Role Of Modern Technologies in Pediatric Healthcare Country 1: United States Population: 328.1 million Healthcare System: Hybrid - public and private healthcare Overview: The United States registered one of the smallest economic growth in 5 years in 2016 (Financial Times, 2016). The US economy is projected to grow rapidly upward when compared with other eastern countries (Financial Times, 2016). Country 2: Russia Population: 144.5 million Healthcare System: Public healthcare Overview: Russia is the largest in the territory of all countries. Russian economy ranks 6th among countries around the world in terms of GDP and PPP. At the moment, the Russian economy mainly depends on gas, oil, mining (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2017). During the USSR and the end of the Second World War, the economy was one of the most prosperous among all countries of the world, but after 1980 the situation changed for the worst in the Russian economy (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2017). Topic focus: Pediatric health Thesis statement: Nowadays, pediatric health is very important, because the health of children determines the health of the nation in the future, so it is very important that we develop in our world in the direction of children's health by creating new technologies, which should aim to eliminate all potential defects during pregnancy. But, isn't that possible to do this with the technologies we have right now? If not, how soon may we see such changes in pediatric health care with the help of new technologies? Annotated bibliography: Source 1 ( no annotation ) • • Parr, A., Pharm,D.. (2004). Development of ARV FDC for Pediatric Use.World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/3by5/en/9Parr.ppt (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Database Source 2 ( no annotation ) • • Kotelchuck, M.. (2014). Ensuring Access to a Continuum of Safe and High Quality, Patient Centered Care: Birth to Pediatric Care and Early Intervention..Retrieved from https://www.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/hrsa/advisory-committees/infantmortality/meetings/07092014/kotelchuck.pdf (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Database Source 3 ( with annotation ) • • • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Care Services, et al. (2018). Opportunities for Improving Programs and Services for Children with Disabilities. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518927 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. / Academic Journal Article Annotation: National Center for Biotechnology Information is biomedical database and its mission is to develop new information technologies to aid in the understanding of molecular and genetic processes. "Opportunities for Improving Programs and Services for Children with Disabilities" provides an analysis of health outcomes for school-aged children with disabilities. This report reviews and assesses programs, services, and supports available to these children and their families. This report is crucial for my argument, because it states several programs, which can be very useful in pediatric healthcare in order to provide better quality of service by utilizing modern technologies, and today we can see which of them worked or did not work. Source 4 ( with annotation ) • • • Strayhorn, G., Catalanotto,F.A., Hauser,M., et al. (2004). Preparing Primary Healthcare Providers To Meet America’s Future Healthcare Needs: The Critical Role Of Title VII, Section 747.Health Resources and Services Administration. Retrieved from https://www.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/hrsa/advisory-committees/primarycaredentist/reports/report-2004.pdf (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Academic Journal Article Annotation: Health Resources and Services Administration is an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Its goal is to improve access to health care services for people who are uninsured, isolated or medically vulnerable. The report "Preparing Primary Healthcare Providers To Meet America’s Future Healthcare Needs: The Critical Role Of Title VII, Section 747" describes several training programs for pediatricians, which primarily focus on utilizing modern technologies, in order to provide better services for children. This report supports my argument in different ways, such as it describes distinctive methodologies, which we can easily check if they worked or did not work, and that modern technologies can have significant impact on detection of pregnancy defects. Source 5 ( with annotation ) • • • Varni,J.W., Burwinkle,T.M., and Lane,M.M. (2005). Health-related quality of life measurement in pediatric clinical practice: An appraisal and precept for future research and application.BioMed Central. Retrieved from https://hqlo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7525-3-34 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Academic Journal Article Annotation: BioMed Central has a portfolio of over 300 peer-reviewed journals, sharing discoveries from research communities in science, technology, engineering and medicine. Academic article "Health-related quality of life measurement in pediatric clinical practice: An appraisal and precept for future research and application" describes a new tool of measurement, which is proposed to be used in clinical practice settings to inform treatment decisions, Health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Researchers concluded that there is some support for the benefits of HRQOL measurement in facilitating patient-physician communication, improving patient satisfaction, increasing detection of problems with functioning,etc. This research supports my claim that with usage of modern technologies there is a way to improve general quality of services, which can be applied in areas related to pregnancy and pediatric healthcare. Source 6 ( with annotation ) • • • Kaushal,R., Barker,K.N., Bates,D.W., (2001). How Can Information Technology Improve Patient Safety and Reduce Medication Errors in Children's Health Care?. Jama Network. Retrieved from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/191018 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Academic Journal Article Annotation: JAMA is an international peer-reviewed general medical journal, which goal is to promote the science and art of medicine and the betterment of the public health. The research "How Can Information Technology Improve Patient Safety and Reduce Medication Errors in Children's Health Care?" reviews the role of information technology (IT) in decreasing pediatric medication errors in both inpatient and outpatient configurations. Authors concluded that IT have great potential for reducing the frequency of errors. The magnitude of benefits may be even greater in pediatrics than in adult medicine because of the need for weightbased dosing. This research supports my objective that by utilizing modern technologies, such as information technologies, we may achieve success in improving pediatric healthcare services. Pre-writing Assignment: A Tale of Two Healthcare Systems Country 1: China Population: 1,417,803,344(as of January18, 2019) Health Care System: Health caresystem in China consists of both public and private medical institutions and insurance programs. Every citizen receives basic health care services. Overview: China is the most populous country in the world. The unemployment rate of China was 3.82% as of September 2018 (SCMP, 2018). Although China is the world’s fastest- growing economy, it hasto copewith many problems such as pollution, low domestic consumption, corruption. This country ranked near the bottom of global rankings for media freedom (U.S.News, 2018).Today China becomes the world's second largest economy (U.S.News, 2018). Country 2: United States of America Population: 328,056,016(as of January20, 2019) Health Care System: Government funded programs: Medicare and Medicaid. Most U.S. citizens have some type of health insurance. Overview: The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic composed of 50 states and a federal district. This country now reaches the lowest unemployment rate, which is 3.7%, since 1969 (Guilford, 2018). While the America accounts for about 4% of the total world population, its GDP is 24% of the world's total economic output (Raul, 2017). As of 2017, the United States ranked 7thin a global ranking of “best countries” (Taylor, 2017), and 27thfor its level of healthcare and education (Bendix, 2018). This nation is also the most dominant economic and military power on earth. Topic Focus: PediatricHealth Thesis: While the United States is the world’s first largest economy, China’s economy ranks second (U.S.News, 2018). However, in terms of medical, these countries have been experimenting with different forms of health care systems. China these days has the largest number of children in the world although the Chinese citizens are affected by 1-child policy. Meanwhile in the U.S, the fertility rate is dramatically decreasing. It is clear that both nations have been facing many issues in pediatric health care. The aim of this essay is to give an unimpeded view of children’s health care in China and the U.S. in order to compare and find out an effective solution for problems in pediatric health care in both countries. Annotated Bibliography: Source 1 (with annotation): • Sui-Lee Wee; September 2018; China’s Health Care Crisis: Lines Before Dawn, Violence and ‘No Trust’; The New York Times • • News article Wee, S. (2018, September 30). China’s Health Care Crisis: Lines Before Dawn, Violence and ‘No Trust’. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/30/business/china-health-care-doctors.html Annotation: China is facing a health care crisis due to the growing health care needs. Chinese people have to look to private hospitals for treatment because public hospitals and clinics are overcrowded. Moreover, because of the extreme workloads, the doctors and nurses cannot take good care of patients. That is why its citizens don’t trust on the government as well as the public medical institutions. This is a credible source because the author is a correspondent for The New York Times in the Beijing. She also has the degrees related to the topic. Source 2 (with annotation): • • • • Dowell Myers; October 12, 2017; The New Importance of Children in America; Children’s Hospital Association. Report Myers, D. (2017, October 12). The New Importance of Children in America (Rep.). Retrieved https://www.childrenshospitals.org/Research-and-Data/Pediatric-Dataand-Trends/2017/The-New-Importance-of-Children-in-America (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Annotation: The report shows that aging population is increasing these days, while fertility rate is historically low. Hence, the policymakers need to invest more in children’s health and well-being. Source 3 (with annotation): • • • • Mark Wietecha; April 2018;Our First Priority is Providing the Best Care to Kids; Children’s Hospital Association Article Wietecha, M. (2018, April 24). Our First Priority is Providing the Best Care to Kids. Retrieved from https://www.childrenshospitals.org/Newsroom/Childrens-HospitalsToday/Spring-2018/Articles/Our-First-Priority-is-Providing-the-Best-Care-toKids (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Annotation: This article is written to inform the audience about the role of children’s hospital community in improving children’s health care access. As Wietecha states in her article, children’s hospital community’s first priority is to provide the best care to kids and their families. Besides, the community is raising fund through Medicaid and Children’s Health Insurance Program to support their promise. Source 4 (with annotation): • • Jie Chen, Yan Mei Wang, Chen Xue Jie, and Therese Hesketh; October 2018;Ease of access to antibiotics without prescription in Chinese pharmacies: A nationwide cross-sectional study; The Lancet Academic journal article • • Chen, J., Wang, Y. M., Jie, C. X., & Hesketh, T. (2018). Ease of access to antibiotics without prescription in Chinese pharmacies: A nationwide cross-sectional study. The Lancet,392(1), 80th ser. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32709-0 Annotation: In this article, the authors reveal the problem that has a great impact on the whole country. Chinese people now rely heavily on antibiotics because they think this kind of treatment will make they and their kids well fast without considering the side effects. In addition, it is very easy to buy antibiotics in pharmacies in China because the pharmacists would be willing to sell antibiotics without prescription. This article is a credible source because it was an academic journal article and it was written by more than one author. Source 5 (no annotation): • • • Aria Bendix; September 2018; The US was once a leader for healthcare and education- now it ranks 27th in the world; Business Insider. News article Bendix, A. (2018, September 27). The US was once a leader for healthcare and education- now it ranks 27th in the world. Business Insider. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/us-ranks-27th-for-healthcare-and-education-20189 Source 6 (no annotation): • • • Heslin, Kevin C., Owens, Pamela L., Simpson, Lisa A., Guevara, James P., McCormick, Marie C.; October 2018; Annual Report on Healthcare for Children: Annual Report on Health Care for Children and Youth in the United States: Focus on 30-Day Unplanned Inpatient Readmissions, 2009 to 2014; Elsevier Inc. Peer- reviewed journal Heslin, K. C., Owens, P. L., Simpson, L. A., Guevara, J. P., & McCormick, M. C. (2018). Annual Report on Healthcare for Children: Annual Report on Health Care for Children and Youth in the United States: Focus on 30-Day Unplanned Inpatient Readmissions, 2009 to 2014. Academic Pediatrics, 18, 857–872. https://doiorg.ezproxy.lib.usf.edu/10.1016/j.acap.2018.06.006 Works Cited Bendix, A. (2018, September 27). The US was once a leader for healthcare and education — now it ranks 27th in the world. Business Insider. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/us-ranks-27th-for-healthcare-and-education-2018-9 Guilford, G.(2018, October 15). The US unemployment rate is at a 48-year low-so why are so many Americans still out of work? Quartz. Retrieved from https://qz.com/1414865/the-us-unemployment-rate-is-at-a-48-year-low-so-why-areso-many-americans-still-out-of-work/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Chen, J., Wang, Y. M., Jie, C. X., & Hesketh, T. (2018). Ease of access to antibiotics without prescription in Chinese pharmacies: A nationwide cross-sectional study. The Lancet,392(1), 80th ser. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32709-0 Heslin, K. C., Owens, P. L., Simpson, L. A., Guevara, J. P., & McCormick, M. C. (2018). Annual Report on Healthcare for Children: Annual Report on Health Care for Children and Youth in the United States: Focus on 30-Day Unplanned Inpatient Readmissions, 2009 to 2014. Academic Pediatrics, 18, 857–872. https://doiorg.ezproxy.lib.usf.edu/10.1016/j.acap.2018.06.006 Myers, D. (2017, October 12). The New Importance of Children in America (Rep.). Retrieved https://www.childrenshospitals.org/Research-and-Data/Pediatric-Data-andTrends/2017/The-New-Importance-of-Children-in-America (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. What is China's unemployment rate? State and private surveys differ. (2018, November 01). South China Morning Post. Retrieved fromhttps://www.scmp.com/economy/chinaeconomy/article/2171176/what-chinas-unemployment-rate-state-survey-says-itsfalling (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Wee, S. (2018, September 30). China’s Health Care Crisis: Lines Before Dawn, Violence and ‘No Trust’. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/30/business/china-health-care-doctors.html Wietecha, M. (2018, April 24). Our First Priority is Providing the Best Care to Kids. Retrieved from https://www.childrenshospitals.org/Newsroom/Childrens-HospitalsToday/Spring-2018/Articles/Our-First-Priority-is-Providing-the-Best-Care-to-Kids (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Raul. (2017, February 22). The Global Economy by GDP. Retrieved from https://howmuch.net/articles/the-global-economy-by-GDP (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Taylor, A. (2017, March 7). In a global ranking of ‘best countries,’ the United States drops to No. 7. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/03/07/in-a-global-rankingof-best-countries-the-united-states-drops-to-no7/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.97762bcdb5a6
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