Introduction: Enzymes are protein complexes, generated by an organism, with the primary function of acting as a positive catalyst. As a catalyst they increase the rate of reaction without being consumed or produced. In the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide, the enzyme Catalase works as a catalyst to increase the reaction rate 107-fold in comparison to the un-catalyzed reaction. The pharmaceutical field is known for using enzyme kinetics, as it permits new and improved drugs to be created for market consumption. Further, enzyme kinetics are beneficial in understanding the body's metabolism of a drug, as it is dependent to the rate of a drug's release to the blood stream. One of the most widely known models of enzyme kinetics is Michaelis-Menten kinetics, named after the German biochemist Leonor Michaelis and Canadian physician Maud Menten. The equation demonstrates the rate of enzymatic reactions through relation of the reaction rate to the concentration of its substrate and uses a constant that measures the efficiency that an enzyme can convert a substrate to a product. The model best resembles a single substrate reaction, as its parameters can vary dependent on the enzyme. Although Michaelis-Menten kinetics is best known for its use in biochemistry, it can also be used in measuring the clearance of blood alcohol, richness of species pools, and the photosynthesisirradiance relationship. Safety: In this lab, alkaline phosphatase and PNPP are used and can be dangerous if absorbed through the skin, inhaled, or gets in contact with the eye. PNPP is an irritant and can be extremely dangerous if digested. Alkaline phosphatase is also a known irritant, but only slightly hazardous. Both can be combustible at high temperatures and a dry chemical powder should be used to put out a small fire. An explosion can occur if mixed with oxidizers. Precautionary measures should be taken against electrostatic discharges, such as tightly sealing both phosphates in a dry container and placed in a cool, well-ventilated area. The materials should be placed away from heat and any sources of ignition. Splash goggles, a lab coat and goggles should be worn when handling either phosphates and using an approved dust respirator is encouraged if PNPP is being handled in a poorly ventilated area. Water is also used, and can pose a slipping hazard if spilled. The equipment being used should familiarized prior to the experiment to avoid any systematic errors. GENESYS™ 10 Series Spectrophotometers Operator’s Manual Figure 1 GENESYS 10 spectrophotometer Key c A/C power connector d RS232C port e Analog/BNC connector Figure 2a Back panel of the GENESYS 10 Vis and GENESYS 10 UV spectrophotometer Key c A/C power connector d Parallel port e RS232C port Figure 2b Back panel of the GENESYS 10 UVvscanning spectrophotometer GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Key Figure 3 c Paper roll holder d Icon for paper direction e Paper entry slot f Finger tab Installing the paper roll holders for the internal printer (335988) Key Figure 4 Keypad of the GENESYS 10 spectrophotometer Thermo Electron Corporation c Cell position keys [for 6-Position Cell Holder] d Function keys Figure 5 Installing the Single-Position Cell Holder (335916) Key Figure 6 c Captive screw on lamp door d Removing door from hinge e Hinge f Connecting wires to printer Installing the printer (335988) GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Key c Captive screw on lamp door Figure 7 d Thumbscrew e Lamp assembly f Tab on cable connector g Aligning the lamp assembly Replacing the tungsten lamp in GENESYS 10Vis spectrophtometer Figure 8 Removing the cover of the fuse compartment Figure 9 Removing the fuse holder Figure 10 Removing and replacing the fuses Thermo Electron Corporation Declaration of Conformity (For instruments manufactured after July 1, 2001) Model: Catalog Nos.: GENESYS™ 10 Series 335900, 335900A, 335900P, 335900AP, 335901, 335901A, 335901P, 335901AP 335902, 335902A, 335902P, 335902AP, 335903, 335903A, 335903P, 335903AP 335906, 335906P, 335907, 335907P Model: Catalog Nos.: BioMate™ 3 335904, 335904P, 335905, 335905P Model: Catalog Nos.: GENESYS™ 6 335908, 335908P North American Plug (NEMA 5-15) European Plug (CEE 7/7 Schuko) United Kingdom Plug (BS 1363/A) Numbers above Add a –02 suffix Add a –04 suffix Thermo Electron Scientific Instrument Corporation certifies that the GENESYS 10, GENESYS 6, and BioMate 3 Spectrophotometers have been tested according to the instrumentation standards listed in this section in compliance with IEC directives and other regulatory requirements. The equipment under test (EUT) consisted of a sample instrument and applicable accessories, which are manufactured by Thermo Electron Scientific Instrument Corporation. The EUT was configured to ensure that both the worst case condition, and that all of the accessories were tested. This equipment has been tested for use in non-residential environments. IEC Directives 89/336/EEC 73/23/EEC Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive Low Voltage Directive Electromagnetic Compatibility Test Standards IEC 61326-1 1998, Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control, and Laboratory use - EMC Requirements. Class A Limits IEC 61000-4-2 1999, Electrostatic Discharge Immunity Test (Test level: 4KV Air Discharge and 4 KV Contact Discharge) IEC 61000-4-3 1998, Radiated, Radio Frequency, Electromagnetic Field Immunity Test (Test level: 3V/m) IEC 61000-4-4 1995, Electrical Fast Transient/Burst Immunity Test (Test level: 1KV on the supply lines) IEC 61000-4-5 1995, Surge Immunity Test (Test level: 0.5KV line to line and 1KV line to earth on the supply lines) IEC 61000-4-6 1996, Immunity to Conducted Disturbances, Induced by Radio-Frequency Fields (Test level: 3V on the supply lines) IEC 61000-4-11 1994, Voltage Dips, Short Interruptions, and Voltage Variations Test Level: 1 cycle/100% CISPR 16-2 1999, Specification for Radio Disturbance and Immunity Measuring Apparatus and Methods– Methods of Measurement of Disturbances and Immunity Safety Test Standards IEC 61010-1 1990 + A1 1992 +A2 1995. Safety requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory use. CSA C22.2 No. 1010.1, plus Am 2 IEC 61010-1 1997, Safety requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory use; Part 1: General Requirements Test level: Installation Category II, Pollution Degree 2 Authorized signature: _______________________________________ ___ Brenda Wilcox Vice President, Molecular Spectroscopy Date: ____27May03____ The information in this publication is provided for reference only. All information contained in this publication is believed to be correct and complete. Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corporation shall not be liable for errors contained herein nor for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance or use of this material. All product specifications, as well as the information contained in this publication, are subject to change without notice. This publication may contain or reference information and products protected by copyrights or patents and does not convey any license under our patent rights, nor the rights of others. We do not assume any liability arising out of any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties. We make no warranty of any kind with regard to this material including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Copyright © 2003 by Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corporation, Madison, WI 53711. Printed in the United States of America. All world rights reserved. No part of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced in any way including, but not limited to, photocopy, photograph, magnetic, or other record, without the prior written permission of Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corporation. For technical assistance, please contact: THERMO ELECTRON CORPORATION (North America, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Africa, India and Latin America) 5225 Verona Road, Madison, Wisconsin, 53711-4495 USA Telephone: (800) 642-6538 or (608) 276-6373 Fax: (608) 273-5045 E-Mail: careplan.techsupport@thermo.com THERMO ELECTRON CORPORATION (Europe) Mercers Row, Cambridge CB5 8HY, UK Telephone: Int +44 (0) 1223 446655 Fax: Int +44 (0) 1223 446644 E-Mail: careplan.techsupport@thermo.com SPECTRONIC is a registered trademark and GENESYS is a trademark of Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corporation. Item No.: 335902-10001, Rev. E 06/03 Component No.: 335902-10063, Rev. E 06/03 i GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual GENERAL SAFETY NOTES USED IN THIS MANUAL This symbol alerts you to important information about using the instrument. Be sure to read and follow the associated instructions carefully. This symbol alerts you to potential electrical hazards. Be sure that only qualified personnel perform the related procedures. This symbol alerts you to hot surfaces. Be sure to read and follow the associated instructions carefully. NEW PRODUCT WARRANTY Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corporation instrumentation and related accessories are warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the date of delivery. This warranty is provided only if the warranty registration card is returned to Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corporation within fifteen (15) days after delivery. This warranty covers parts (except those specified below) and labor, and applies only to equipment which has been installed and operated in accordance with the operator's reference guide and which has been serviced only by authorized Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corporation dealers or service personnel. This warranty does not apply to equipment and accessories that have been modified or tampered with in any way, misused, or damaged by accident, neglect, or conditions beyond Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corporation's control. This warranty does not apply to lamps, glassware, and similar expendable components. However, such parts and components may be warranted by their manufacturer. Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corporation is not responsible under this warranty for loss in operating performance due to environmental conditions. THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL WARRANTIES EXPRESSED, IMPLIED, OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY OR OTHERWISE, and states Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corporation's entire and exclusive liability and the Customer's exclusive remedy for any claim in connection with the sale or furnishing of services, goods, or parts, their design, suitability for use, installation, or operations. Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corporation will in no event be liable for any direct, indirect, special, or consequential damages, whatsoever, including loss of goodwill, whether grounded in tort (including negligence), strict liability or contract, and Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corporation's liability under no circumstances will exceed the contract price for the goods and/or services for which liability is claimed. Thermo Electron Corporation ii SOFTWARE PASSWORD This password allows you to enter the security section of the software used on your spectrophotometer. Through the security section, you can "lock" test setups (test parameters) so that they may not be altered. The password also allows you to remove the security so that you may edit the test parameters. Please refer to the appropriate section in this Operator's Manual for more information on locking a test. PASSWORD: 4 3 6 3 7 9 7 iii GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Thermo Electron Corporation iv Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 - Setting Up the Instrument Instrument description......................................................................................................................1-1 Setting up the instrument.................................................................................................................1-1 Analog connections....................................................................................................................1-1 Setting utility parameters ...........................................................................................................1-2 Selecting the language ..............................................................................................................1-2 Setting the date and time ..........................................................................................................1-2 Selecting standby settings.........................................................................................................1-2 Setting baseline expiration time ................................................................................................1-3 Setting the screen contrast........................................................................................................1-3 Loading paper in the internal printer.........................................................................................1-3 Setting the utility parameters for the printer .............................................................................1-3 Selecting and positioning glassware...............................................................................................1-3 Correcting for cell variability.............................................................................................................1-4 Z-dimensions ....................................................................................................................................1-4 CHAPTER 2 - Using the Instrument General information..........................................................................................................................2-1 Specifying names for tests ........................................................................................................2-1 Specifying concentration units...................................................................................................2-1 Using the SmartStart feature.....................................................................................................2-2 Running the cell correction program.........................................................................................2-2 Taking measurements ...............................................................................................................2-4 Scanning tests............................................................................................................................2-5 Basic Absorbance/%T measurements............................................................................................2-5 Setting the wavelength ..............................................................................................................2-6 Measuring a blank......................................................................................................................2-6 Measuring unknowns.................................................................................................................2-6 Basic Concentration measurements...............................................................................................2-6 Setting the wavelength & mode................................................................................................2-6 Measuring a blank......................................................................................................................2-6 Measuring a standard................................................................................................................2-6 Entering a factor.........................................................................................................................2-7 Measuring unknowns.................................................................................................................2-7 Advanced A/%T/C - Absorbance & %Transmittance measurements ..........................................2-8 Recalling a test...........................................................................................................................2-8 Setting up test parameters ........................................................................................................2-8 Taking measurements ...............................................................................................................2-9 Advanced A/%T/C - Concentration measurements.......................................................................2-9 Recalling a test...........................................................................................................................2-9 Setting up test parameters ........................................................................................................2-9 Measuring a standard..............................................................................................................2-10 Entering a factor.......................................................................................................................2-10 Measuring unknowns...............................................................................................................2-11 Standard Curve...............................................................................................................................2-11 Recalling a standard curve......................................................................................................2-11 Setting the parameters for a standard curve..........................................................................2-11 Measuring the standards for a standard curve ......................................................................2-12 v GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Table of Contents Measuring unknowns...............................................................................................................2-13 Editing a standard curve..........................................................................................................2-13 Absorbance Ratio...........................................................................................................................2-14 Recalling a test.........................................................................................................................2-15 Setting up test parameters ......................................................................................................2-15 Measuring unknowns...............................................................................................................2-15 Absorbance Difference ..................................................................................................................2-16 Recalling a test.........................................................................................................................2-16 Setting up test parameters ......................................................................................................2-16 Measuring unknowns...............................................................................................................2-16 Kinetics............................................................................................................................................2-17 Recalling a test.........................................................................................................................2-17 Setting up test parameters ......................................................................................................2-17 Measuring unknowns...............................................................................................................2-18 Rescaling & recalculating kinetics results ..............................................................................2-18 Rescaling & recalculating tabular kinetics results..................................................................2-19 Survey Scan/Scanning ..................................................................................................................2-20 Recalling a test.........................................................................................................................2-20 Setting up test parameters ......................................................................................................2-20 Collecting a baseline scan.......................................................................................................2-20 Scanning an unknown.............................................................................................................2-21 Viewing & manipulating scan data..........................................................................................2-21 3-Point Net......................................................................................................................................2-23 Recalling a test.........................................................................................................................2-23 Setting up test parameters ......................................................................................................2-24 Taking measurements .............................................................................................................2-24 Multiple Wavelengths.....................................................................................................................2-24 Recalling a test.........................................................................................................................2-25 Setting up test parameters ......................................................................................................2-25 Taking measurements .............................................................................................................2-25 CHAPTER 3 - Using the Performance Validation Program Overview ...........................................................................................................................................3-1 Accessing the Performance Validation tests ..................................................................................3-1 Troubleshooting checklist.................................................................................................................3-1 Wavelength Accuracy - Internal.......................................................................................................3-1 Wavelength Accuracy - Standards ..................................................................................................3-2 Adding wavelengths...................................................................................................................3-2 Deleting wavelengths.................................................................................................................3-3 Photometric Accuracy ......................................................................................................................3-3 Selecting the mode ....................................................................................................................3-3 Adding standards .......................................................................................................................3-3 Deleting standards .....................................................................................................................3-4 Running the test.........................................................................................................................3-4 Noise Measurement.........................................................................................................................3-4 Stray Light .........................................................................................................................................3-5 Running the test.........................................................................................................................3-5 Internal Printer Test ..........................................................................................................................3-5 Thermo Electron Corporation vi Table of Contents RS232C Test ....................................................................................................................................3-6 Analog Output Test...........................................................................................................................3-6 CHAPTER 4 - Connecting & Using Accessories General information..........................................................................................................................4-1 Cell holders & cell holder accessories ............................................................................................4-1 Changing cell holders ................................................................................................................4-2 Internal printer...................................................................................................................................4-3 Installing the internal printer.......................................................................................................4-3 Loading paper in the internal printer.........................................................................................4-3 External printers................................................................................................................................4-3 External computers ..........................................................................................................................4-3 CHAPTER 5 - Performing Maintenance Procedures Routine care .....................................................................................................................................5-1 Cleaning............................................................................................................................................5-1 Cleaning and maintenance of cells...........................................................................................5-1 Cleaning the windows of the sample compartment.................................................................5-2 Changing the fuse ............................................................................................................................5-2 Replacing the tungsten lamp...........................................................................................................5-2 Replacement parts ...........................................................................................................................5-3 Appendix A - Specifications Appendix B - Parameters Appendix C - Calculations Index vii GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Table of Contents Thermo Electron Corporation viii Setting Up the Instrument Instrument description 3. Remove any obstructions or materials that could hinder the flow of air under, behind and around the instrument. The spectrophotometer, shown in Figure 1, is an easy-to-use, UV-Visible spectrophotometer designed for quantitative measurements in: • 4. Connect the female end of the power cord into the connector labeled A/C power on the back panel of the instrument (see Figure 2). Industrial quality control and research laboratories, including food and beverage, chemical and pharmaceutical applications • Academic research and teaching laboratories • Environmental laboratories, including water and wastewater applications • Life science laboratories, for working on proteins and nucleic acid research • Unique optical system that ensures accuracy and precision • Automatic wavelength calibration on power-up to ensure that the instrument is operating properly • Built-in applications software for concentration, standard curve, absorbance ratio, absorbance difference, survey scanning, kinetics, multi-wavelength analysis and three-point net absorbance Built-in procedures that allow you to validate the performance of your instrument • Power cord • Operator's Manual - GENESYS 10 spectrophotometer • a) Logo b) Initializing c) Calibrating filter wheel d) Finding zero order f) 1. Carefully unpack the shipping carton and verify that you have received all the items listed below. GENESYS 10 spectrophotometer 8. Turn on the instrument by pressing the power switch to ON (1=ON, 0=OFF). The power-on sequence will appear on the display and the instrument will go through its self-diagnostics. The instrument performs these diagnostics in the sequence shown: e) Finding energy peak Setting up the instrument • 6. Ensure that the sample compartment does not contain any samples, and that the sample compartment door is closed. 7. Snap the paper roll holders (if needed) into place as shown in Figure 3. They will fit flush with the top of the instrument. Your spectrophotometer offers: • 5. Plug the other end of the power cord into a grounded outlet with the appropriate voltage. Calibrating grating 9. For the GENESYS 10 Vis unit only: When the power-on sequence is completed, allow the lamp to warm up for 30 minutes before taking any readings. The xenon lamp of the GENESYS 10 UV unit does not require a warm-up time. Analog connections The Survey Scan/Scanning and Kinetics tests can supply analog output to some models in the GENESYS 10 Series. Refer to the sections describing those tests for more information about setting up the scale parameters. Dust cover 2. Place the instrument on a flat, even surface that is: • As far as possible from any strong electric or magnetic fields and from any electrical device that may generate high-frequency fields • Free of dust, corrosive gases and strong vibrations 1-1 To connect an analog recorder, use the BNC connector supplied with your recorder. See Figure 2a for the location of the connector on the back panel of your instrument. GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Setting Up the Instrument Setting utility parameters To set the date: You should set up some of the utility parameters after the instrument is first powered up. These parameters include the date and time, standby setting, language, screen contrast settings and parameters needed to set up the printer. • Press the arrow keys to highlight Set Date and press ENTER. • Press Set Day, type the date, then press ENTER. • Press Set Month, highlight the correct month, then press ENTER. • Press Set Year, type the year, then press ENTER. • When the date is correct, press ESC to save the settings and return to the Utility screen. You can set up the other utility parameters, or change the utility settings, at any time except when an entry screen is displayed or when the instrument is carrying out a task (such as setting the blank). • Press the UTILITY key. The Utility screen appears on the display. From this screen, you can set the date and time, select the standby settings, select the language, reset the lamp hours, select the contrast settings and select the parameters for a printer. Selecting the language To select the time format: You can set up the spectrophotometer to display the time in either am/pm format or in 24-hour format. • The instrument supports English, Spanish, French, German and Italian as the language options. • • To change the display format for the time, press the arrow keys to highlight Time Format and press ENTER until the format that you want to use (AM/PM or 24 hour) appears. With the Utility screen displayed, press the arrow keys to highlight Language and press ENTER. To set the time: • Press the arrow keys to highlight Set Time and press ENTER. Press the arrow keys to highlight the language you want to select and press ENTER. • To set the hour, press Set Hour, type in the hour and press ENTER. • To set the minutes, press Set Minute, type in the minute and press ENTER. • To select between AM and PM, press Set AM/PM until the appropriate setting appears. Note: Any changes you make are saved automatically (even during power down) by battery backup. Selecting standby settings Setting the date and time To access the date and time settings: • With the Utility screen displayed, press the arrow keys to highlight Date/Time Setup and press ENTER. The screen displays the three date/time options that you can modify - date, time format and time. Thermo Electron Corporation To prolong xenon lamp life, your GENESYS spectrophotometer has been pre-set at the factory to automatically go into standby mode after 15 minutes. Since the tungsten lamp of the GENESYS Vis spectrophotometer requires a 30minute warm-up, your GENESYS 10 Vis spectrophotometer has been pre-set at the factory to “Standby Mode OFF”. To change Standby Mode time in either model: • 1-2 With the Utility screen displayed, press the arrow keys to highlight Standby and press ENTER. Setting Up the Instrument • Press the arrow keys to highlight the length of time you want the instrument will wait before entering standby mode and press ENTER. continue advancing the paper until the paper comes out of the paper exit slot. • Setting baseline expiration time Pull out on the finger tabs on the paper roll holders and secure the roll of paper onto the paper roll holder. If you will be performing scans on your samples, you can set a time limit for a collected baseline. Setting the utility parameters for the printer To set the baseline expiration time: If you wish to use a printer you can output to: • • Internal printer. • External RS232 printer. • Parallel port to an HP PCL formatted printer (only available on the GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only - catalog numbers 335906 and 335907). • With the Utility screen displayed, press the arrow keys to highlight Baseline Expiration (hr:min) and press ENTER. Enter the desired time into the Entry baseline expiration time field. Press ENTER. Setting the screen contrast To make it easier to read the display, you can adjust the screen contrast on the spectrophotometer. • With the Utility screen displayed, press the arrow keys to highlight Screen Contrast and press ENTER. • Press the arrow keys to adjust the screen contrast. • When the screen contrast is correct, press ESC. To ensure that the spectrophotometer can output information correctly to the printer, you need to select the appropriate device. • Press the UTILITY key. The Utility screen appears on the display. • Press the arrow keys to highlight Printer and press ENTER. • Select the printer that you want to use and press ENTER until On appears. • Press ESC to save the settings and return to the Utility screen. Setting up the internal printer To set up the printer properly, you need to load the paper and set the utility parameters for the printer. Before setting up the parameters for the printer, be sure that the printer is installed. If you have ordered the internal printer as a separate item, you will need to install it. Refer to the section Connecting & using accessories for instructions on installing the printer. Loading paper in the internal printer Note: • Cut the paper so the edge is even. Note: • • Make sure that the paper roll holders are in place as shown in Figure 3. When installed correctly, they will fit flush with the top of the instrument. Arrows on the paper roll holders indicate the direction of the paper feed (see Figure 3). Selecting and positioning glassware Feed the paper straight into the paper entry slot. The printer grabs the end of the paper and pulls it in. In Basic Absorbance/%Transmittance (%T), when the paper stops, press ENTER to 1-3 The wavelength range for different types of cells varies depending on the manufacturer: • Glass - From 320 to 360nm, up to 1100nm. • Quartz - From 190 to 230nm, up to 1100nm. GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Setting Up the Instrument • Disposable - Refer to manufacturer's specifications and ensure that you work within the recommended range. Test tubes vs. cuvettes • • Square cuvettes that are carefully matched (see “Correcting for cell variability” below) yield very precise results. Matched test tubes, when properly handled, can show as little as 1-2% deviation between readings. Z-dimensions The figure below illustrates the position of the light beam in the spectrophotometer. The specifications for the sample compartment, including the dimensions of the beam are: • • • The pathlength of test tubes is not as well defined as in square cuvettes. However, constructing a standard curve eliminates the need for great accuracy in knowing the pathlength, provided that the same pathlength cell is used for all blanks, standards and samples. Other guidelines • Be sure to position cuvettes and test tubes so that the clear sides face the light beam. This means that one clear side should face the front of the instrument and the other clear side should face the back of the instrument. Note: • Test tubes should always be placed in the instrument in exactly the same orientation in the light beam. A fiducial mark on the test tube helps you orient the test tubes consistently and correctly. When using small aperture cells: • Always use masked cells. • Use the same cell (or cuvette) for your blank and your samples. Correcting for cell variability Due to variability in cell manufacture, each cell may have slightly different absorbance and reflection characteristics. Although it would be ideal to use exactly the same cell for every reading, it is usually inconvenient to clean cells between readings. The GENESYS 10 UVscanning model uses an automated program to correct for cell variability, allowing you to use up to six unmatched cuvettes. Nearly any cell can be used with a high degree of accuracy if you have run the cell correction program on those cells. Thermo Electron Corporation Z-dimension 1-4 Square cuvettes/Test tubes Beam size 8.5mm 2mm (wide) x 7mm (high) Using the Instrument eneral information Editing and Loading Saved Tests When you save a test, it is stored in the Utility Test Directory. Within this directory, these tests can be loaded, deleted or locked/unlocked. To load, delete or lock/unlock tests: 1. Press the UTILITY key on the keyboard. The Utility screen appears. 2. Using the arrow keys, highlight Stored Tests Directory and press ENTER. A list of all the stored tests appears. You can use this screen to: • Delete the name of a test • Delete a character in the name of a test • Add a character to the name of a test • Accept the name of a test 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the first character you want to use for the name of your test and press Add Character to add the selected character to the name. 3. To load a test, use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the test you want to recall and press ENTER. The test will be loaded and the parameters for the selected test appear on the screen. 3. Continue selecting and adding characters until you have selected all the characters for the name. 4. Press Accept Name to accept the name and return to the previous screen. The name of the test appears at the top of the screen showing the test parameters. 4. To lock or unlock a test, use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the test you want to lock or unlock and press Lock/Unlock. Enter the password (found on page iii of this manual) and press ENTER. The test is either locked or unlocked. Specifying concentration units 5. To delete a test, use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the test you want to delete. Press ENTER. The test is deleted. All programs in the spectrophotometer use the same list of basic units: Specifying names for tests When you save tests, you need to specify the name you want to use for the file. The spectrophotometer does not have a full keypad, so you need to select the characters for the filename from a character list. 1. After setting up the values for the test parameters, press Save Test. The Create Test Name screen appears. 2-1 When you run concentration tests, you need to specify the units you want to use when reporting concentrations. The spectrophotometer includes a set of basic concentration units and you can also enter custom units if you wish. • Concentration • mg/mL • ppm • µg/L • ppb • M/L • g/L • mM/L • mg/L • IU In addition to these units, you can create your own custom unit, using a character list like the one described in Specifying names for tests. Once GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument you create a custom unit, it will appear in the list that you use to select the units. To select the units 1. Highlight the Units parameter on the screen and press ENTER. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the unit you want to select and press ENTER. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the first character you want to use for the name of your custom unit and press Add Character to add the selected character to the name. 3. Continue selecting and adding characters until you have selected all the characters for the name. To create custom units In addition to the basic concentration units, you can create one other custom concentration unit and add it to the list. 1. With the list of basic units displayed, use the arrow keys to highlight [Unit] and press ENTER. OR Press Edit [Unit] on a test set-up screen for a test with units. The character list appears. You can use this screen to: • Delete the name of a unit • Delete a character in the name of a unit • Add a character to the name of a unit • Accept the name of a unit 4. Press Accept Name to accept the name and return to the previous screen. The name of the new custom unit appears on the list of basic units. Using the SmartStart feature (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) The SmartStart feature enables you to select the test methods you use most frequently and have them appear when you start up your instrument. If your laboratory runs only a single test, you can use the SmartStart feature to select it and it will appear each time you start up your instrument. Similarly, if you have a set of tests you run, you can use SmartStart to select them so the list appears when you start up the instrument. Setting up a single-test SmartStart 1. Press the UTILITY key on the keypad to display the Utility screen. 2. Highlight the Stored Tests Directory and press ENTER. A list of all the tests on the instrument appears on the screen. 3. Scroll down through the list until the appropriate test is highlighted. 4. When the appropriate test is highlighted, press Select Test to add the selected test to the SmartStart menu. An arrow sign “>” will indicate the test has been selected Thermo Electron Corporation 2-2 Using the Instrument 5. Press Load Test 6. The parameter screen of the test you selected will be displayed. Note: At this point, you can power down the instrument and then power it back up. When it starts up again, the parameter screen for the selected test will be displayed. sample compartment (see “Selecting and positioning glassware” in the preceding section). Be sure to place the blank cuvette in Cell “B” of the sample compartment. TIP: If one cell has lower absorbance than the others, make it the blank. To run the Cell Correction program: 1. Press the TEST key on the keypad. When the Test Types screen appears, highlight the test you want to run and press ENTER. Setting up a multiple-test SmartStart 1. Press the UTILITY key on the keypad to display the Utility screen. 2. Highlight the Stored Tests Directory and press ENTER. A list of all the tests on the instrument appears on the screen. 3. Scroll down through the list until the first appropriate test is highlighted. 4. Press Select Tests to add the selected test to the SmartStart menu. 5. Continue scrolling through the list and adding tests until you’ve made all the appropriate selections. 6. Press ESC until you return to the Tests screen. Note: At this point, you can power down the instrument and then power it back up. When it starts up again, the list of tests you’ve selected will be displayed. 2. Highlight Cell Correction and press ENTER. Running the cell correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) Note: The Cell Correction program is not active in the Main (Basic Absorbance/%T/Basic Concentration) screen. Note: The Cell Correction feature is active only when the 6-Position Sample Holder is set to either Auto 6 or Auto 3. The feature is not active when the cell holder is set to 1Cell Platform or Manual 6, nor when the Single Cell Holder is installed. Every test setup screen provides access to the cell correction program. Before running the cell correction program: • Clean the inside and outside of all the cells to be matched. • Fill the cells with distilled water (or other blank solution), and place them in the 2-3 The Cell Correction function is now activated, as indicated by the word On across from Cell Correction on the test setup screen. GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument the procedures which follow, and then the Cell Correction program. The Cell Correction program will measure the other cells against the blank and will record, store and date the measurements. From these measurements the Cell Correction program establishes the required correction factors, which then are automatically applied during all subsequent tests (if Cell Correction is activated). Specifying wavelengths for Discrete nms mode: Note: When Cell Correction is activated, additional parameter lines are added to the screen above the Cell Correction line. If the Cell Correction line is no longer visible on the screen, highlight More parameters... and press ENTER. 1. Highlight Sample Positioner and press ENTER to set this parameter to either Auto 3 (when using three cell holders) or Auto 6 (when using six cell holders). 2. Highlight Number of Matched Cuvettes and press ENTER. Then use the keypad to specify the number of cells you are matching. Press ENTER. 3. Highlight Set Up Correction and press ENTER. The Cell Correction screen appears. 4. Highlight Correction Mode and press ENTER to set the mode to either: • Scan - Cell Correction is run on a blank and one sample cell for the range of wavelengths you specify in Scanning mode. • Discrete nms - The Cell Correction program is run on a blank and up to five sample cells for up to 31 user-specified, discrete wavelengths. 3. Press Set nms to select the wavelengths for which the Cell Correction program will be run. A list of wavelengths appears. 5. If you selected Scan mode in the preceding step, press Run Corr. to start the Cell Correction program. If you selected Discrete nms mode, first specify the wavelengths using Thermo Electron Corporation 2-4 Using the Instrument Note: Cells should be matched at all analytical wavelengths because matching at one wavelength does not guarantee matching at others. 4. Use the arrow keys to highlight the position where you want to enter the first wavelength. • 5. Press Add nm. 6. Enter the value for the wavelength and press ENTER. 7. Continue until you have entered all the wavelengths. After all the wavelengths have been entered, press Run Corr. to start the Cell Correction program. The Cell Correction program will measure the other cells against the blank and will record, store and date the measurements. From these measurements the Cell Correction program establishes the required correction factors, which then are automatically applied during all subsequent tests (if Cell Correction is activated). Taking measurements The spectrophotometer lets you use different cell holders and cell holder accessories to take measurements. When you set up your test parameters, you will select the type of measurement you want to use and indicate how many samples you have. You can choose from the following options: • • • cell position buttons on the keypad do not function when you select Single Cell Platform even if you have a 6-Position Cell Holder installed in the sample compartment. Auto 6 - You can take one blank measurement and up to five sample measurements without changing the samples in the cell holder. The instrument automatically measures the blank (in the blank position), then automatically advances the cell holder to the appropriate position for the next measurement. This option is available only with the 6-Position Cell Holder. Auto 3 - You can take up to three measurements without changing the samples in the cell holder. The instrument automatically measures the blank (in the blank position), then automatically advances the cell holder to the appropriate position for the next measurement. This option is available only with the 6-Position Cell Holder. Single Cell Platform - You place the blank in the cell holder, measure it, place a sample in the cell holder, then measure your sample. This process is completely manual. In fact, the 2-5 Manual 6 - You can take up to six measurements without changing the samples in the cell holder, using the cell position buttons on the keypad to advance the cell holder to the appropriate position for the next measurement. You place the blank in the blank position and your samples in the other cell positions. Regardless of where the cell holder is positioned, when you press Measure Blank the cell holder automatically goes to the blank position and measures the blank. However, you can use the cell position buttons to select a different position for the measurement. This option is available only with the 6-Position Cell Holder . Note: When you have the 6-Position Cell Holder installed, the instrument always considers the material in the B position as a blank. This means that even after measuring your blank the first time, you can place unknowns only in positions 1 through 5. The two automatic measurements (Auto 6 and Auto 3) are available only for instruments with the 6-Position Cell Holder. However, if you have one of these models, you can also choose to take measurements manually. Each test section later in this chapter includes specific instructions on how to take measurements automatically and manually. Saving tests When you power-down the instrument, the current test is maintained by battery back-up. This means that when you turn the instrument on again, the cell holder alignment and values for all parameters will be the same as they were when the instrument was last used. When you load a test that has been saved, the values for all parameters stored with that test will replace the current values for the test parameters. As you create customized tests and collect data, you will be saving tests for later use. The spectrophotometer uses test files to contain the values for all the parameters needed to run a test, including the alignment of the cell holder and the other parameters for the accessories installed. Once you select the values for the parameters, you GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument can assign a test name and save the test. You can then restore the test and run it without having to set up the parameters again. Basic Absorbance/%T measurements The Absorbance/%Transmittance (%T) program takes measurements and displays them as either absorbance or %T. For each measurement taken, the absorbance (or %T) appear on the screen, along with the type of measurement, the date and time, the wavelength and the cell position used for the measurement. All the steps for taking measurements in the two modes are the same - the only difference will be the units used to display the results. When you use the Basic Absorbance/%T program, you can perform these tasks: • Set the wavelength • Measure a blank • Measure unknowns If you want to work with %T instead of absorbance, simply press Change Mode until you see the %T mode. You can switch from one mode to another whenever you see the Change Mode function key. 2. Enter the wavelength where you want the measurements taken, then press Set nm again. Measuring a blank 1. Place the blank in the cell holder. If your instrument has a 6-Position Cell Holder, be sure to place the blank in the B position. 2. If you want to enter an absorbance or transmittance value for the blank, press a number key and enter the value in the Entry field. 3. Press Measure Blank to measure the blank. When the instrument is finished measuring the blank, the message disappears. Measuring unknowns 1. If your instrument is equipped with the 6-Position Cell Holder, place the unknown you want to measure in one of the cell positions and press the corresponding cell position button on the keypad to move the cell holder to the measuring position. The absorbance (ABS) or %transmittance (%T) measurement appears on the display. If your instrument is equipped with the Single Cell Holder Platform, remove the blank and place the unknown in the cell holder. The absorbance or %transmittance measurement appears on the display. Setting the wavelength 1. Press Set nm or any number key to set the wavelength. Basic Concentration measurements Measuring concentration is similar to measuring absorbance or %T and you use the Change Mode function key to switch to concentration measurements. The spectrophotometer allows you to measure concentration using either a factor or a standard to convert absorbance readings to concentration units. Thermo Electron Corporation 2-6 Using the Instrument • When you use a factor, you need to specify the factor and the concentration units. • When you use a standard, you need to specify the concentration of the standard and measure its absorbance. When you use the Basic Concentration program, you can perform these tasks: • Set the wavelength • Measure a blank • Measure a standard OR enter a factor • Measure unknowns The steps for taking measurements in the two modes are similar - the only difference will be whether you measure a standard or enter a factor. Setting the wavelength & mode 1. Press Set nm or any number key to set the wavelength. 2. Enter the wavelength where you want the measurements taken, then press Set nm again. 3. Press Change Mode until the appropriate measurement mode (Concentration with Standard or Concentration with Factor) appears. 2. If your instrument is equipped with the 6-Position Cell Holder, place the standard in one of the cell positions and press the corresponding cell position key on the keypad. If your instrument is equipped with the Single Cell Holder Platform, remove the blank and place the standard in the cell holder. 3. Press Units/Standard to set the units and measure the standard. 4. Enter Conc, use the number keys to enter the concentration value of the standard and then press ENTER. 5. Press Select Units, use the arrow keys to highlight the entry in the Units field and then press ENTER to select the units for the concentration. Measuring a blank 1. Place the blank in the cell holder. If your instrument has a 6-Position Cell Holder, be sure to place the blank in the B position. 2. If you want to enter a concentration for the blank, press a number key and enter the concentration in the Entry field. 3. Press Measure Blank to measure the blank. When the instrument is finished measuring the absorbance of the blank, the message disappears. Measuring a standard 1. If necessary, press Change Mode to switch to the Concentration with Standard mode. 6. Press Measure Standard to measure the standard. When the instrument is finished measuring the absorbance of the standard, it displays the absorbance and calculated factor. 2-7 GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument Entering a factor button on the keypad to move the cell holder to the measuring position. The measurement appears on the display. 1. If necessary, press Change Mode to switch to the Concentration with Factor mode. If your instrument is equipped with the Single Cell Holder Platform, remove the blank and place the unknown in the cell holder. The measurement appears on the display. 2. Press Units/Factor to set the factor and select the units. Advanced A/%T/C - Absorbance & %Transmittance measurements When you use the Advanced A/%T/C program for absorbance or %transmittance measurements, you can perform these tasks: 3. Use the arrow keys to highlight the entry in the Factor field and press Enter Factor to enter the factor. 4. Use the number keys to enter the factor. 5. Press Enter Factor to accept the factor and return to the screen displaying the factor and units. The factor you just entered appears on the display. • Select the measurement mode you want to use (Absorbance or %Transmittance) • Run Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Recall a test OR set up your test parameters • Measure a blank • Measure unknowns To get started, press the TEST key on the keypad. When the Test Types screen appears, highlight Advanced A/%T/C and press ENTER. Recalling a test 6. Press ESC to return to the Concentration with Factor screen. Measuring unknowns 1. If your instrument is equipped with the 6-Position Cell Holder, place the unknown you want to measure in one of the cell positions and press the corresponding cell position Thermo Electron Corporation 1. With the Advanced A/%T/C screen displayed, press Stored Tests. A list of stored tests appears. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the test you want to recall and press ENTER. The parameters for the selected test appear on the screen. 2-8 Using the Instrument From this screen, you can: unknowns and displays the sample measurements on the screen. • Set up test parameters • Run Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) Taking measurements manually (using Manual 6 or Single Cell Platform) • Save a test • View the list of stored tests • Measure a blank and unknowns 1. With the Advanced A/%T/C screen displayed and the parameters set, press Measure Sample. The Advanced A/%T/C measurement screen appears, prompting you to place your samples in the cell holder. Setting up test parameters 1. With the Advanced A/%T/C screen displayed, use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the parameter you want to set. Some parameters appear only if you select one of the concentration modes, while others appear regardless of the measurement mode you select. A complete list of the parameters are located in Appendix B. 2. When the parameters are set, you can press Save Test to save the test or Measure Sample to measure a blank or unknowns. 2. Place the blank and unknowns in the cell holder. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, be sure to place the blank in the B position. You can place up to five samples in the cell holder. 3. Press Measure Blank to measure the blank. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, it automatically moves to the B position to measure the blank. When it completes the measurement, it returns to its previous cell position. 4. Press Measure Sample to measure the unknowns. The sample measurement appears on the screen. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, press the cell position buttons on the keypad to reposition the cell holder and measure the rest of the unknowns manually. Taking measurements Advanced A/%T/C - Concentration measurements When you use the Advanced A/%T/C program for concentration measurements, you can perform these tasks: Taking measurements automatically (using Auto 6 or Auto 3) 1. With the Advanced A/%T/C screen displayed and the parameters set, press Run Sample. The Advanced A/%T/C measurement screen appears. 2. Place the blank and the unknowns in the correct cell positions. • Select the measurement mode you want to use (concentration with one standard or concentration with a factor) • Recall a test OR set up your test parameters • Measure a standard OR enter a factor (only if you select either concentration with one standard or concentration with a factor) • Measure a blank and unknowns To get started, press the TEST key on the keypad. When the Test Types screen appears, highlight Advanced A/%T/C and press ENTER. 3. Press Measure Sample to measure the unknowns. The instrument automatically measures the blank first, then measures the 2-9 GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument Recalling a test 1. With the Advanced A/%T/C screen displayed, press Stored Tests. A list of stored tests appears. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the test you want to recall and press ENTER. The parameters for the selected test appear on the screen. Setting up test parameters 1. With the Advanced A/%T/C screen displayed, use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the parameter you want to set. Some parameters appear only if you select one of the concentration modes, while others appear regardless of the measurement mode you select. A complete list of the parameters are located in Appendix B. 2. Use the number keys to enter the concentration value of the standard and press ENTER. 3 Press Measure Standard. 4. Place the blank and standard in the correct cell positions. 5. Press ENTER to measure the blank and the standard. The instrument automatically measures the blank first, then measures the unknowns and displays the absorbance and calculated factor. Measuring a standard manually (using Manual 6 or Single Cell Platform) 2. When the parameters are set, you can press Save Test to save the test or Run Test or Run Standard to measure a standard. Measuring a standard Measuring a standard automatically (using Auto 6 or Auto 3) 1. With the Advanced A/%T/C screen displayed and the Measurement Mode set to Conc/Std, press Run Standard. The Measure Standard screen appears. 1. With the Advanced A/%T/C screen displayed and the Measurement Mode set to Conc/Std, press Run Standard. The Measure Standard screen appears. 2. Use the number keys to enter the concentration value of the standard and press ENTER. 3. Place the blank and standard in the correct cell positions. Thermo Electron Corporation 2-10 Using the Instrument 4. Press Measure Blank to measure the blank. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, it automatically moves to the B position to measure the blank. When it completes the measurement, it returns to its previous cell position. 5. Press Measure Standard to measure the standard. When the instrument is finished measuring the absorbance of the standard, it displays the absorbance and calculated factor. Entering a factor 1. With the Advanced A/%T/C screen displayed and the Measurement Mode set to Conc/Factor, use the arrow keys to highlight Factor. 6-Position Cell Holder, you can place up to five samples in the cell holder. 3. Press Measure Blank to measure the blank. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, it automatically moves to the B position to measure the blank. When it completes the measurement, it returns to its previous cell position. 4. Press Measure Sample to start the measurement. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, press the cell position buttons on the keypad to reposition the cell holder and measure the rest of the unknowns manually. Standard Curve 2. If you need to change the factor, use the number keys to enter the correct factor. When you use the Standard Curve program, you can perform these tasks: 3. If you need to change the units, use the arrow keys to highlight Units and select the correct units. • Recall a standard curve OR create a standard curve (set up the parameters and then measure the standards for the curve) Measuring unknowns • Measuring unknowns automatically (using Auto 6 or Auto 3) Run the Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Measure unknowns 1. With the Advanced A/%T/C screen displayed and the Measurement Mode set to Conc/Std or Conc/Factor, press Run Test. The Advanced A/%T/C measurement screen appears, prompting you to place your samples in the cell holder. • View the data - select between graphical and tabular displays • Edit a standard curve - change the number of standards, select a different curve fit or delete points from the curve 2. Place the blank and unknowns in the correct cell positions. Press ENTER. The instrument automatically measures the blank first, then measures the unknowns and displays the sample measurements on the screen. To get started, press the TEST key on the keypad. When the Test Types screen appears, highlight Standard Curve and press ENTER. The Standard Curve screen appears. 3. Press Measure Sample to measure additional unknowns. Measuring unknowns manually (using Manual 6 or Single Cell Platform) 1. With the Advanced A/%T/C screen displayed and the Measurement Mode set to Conc/Std or Conc/Factor, press Run Test. The Advanced A/%T/C measurement screen appears. 2. Place the blank and unknown in the correct cell position. If your instrument is equipped with a 2-11 GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument Recalling a standard curve 1. Press Stored Tests to display a list of stored tests. 2. Highlight the standard curve you want to recall. 3. Press ENTER to load the selected standard curve. Setting the parameters for a standard curve 1. Place the standards in the correct cell positions. 2. Set the parameters for measuring the standards. Refer to the list of parameters in Appendix B for a description of each. • Enter the Test Name, Wavelength, Reference Wavelength Correction and Reference Wavelength. • Select the Curve Fit, Units and Sample Positioner. • Set the Number of Standards and Number of Samples. • Enter the low and high limits. • Select the settings for the Statistics and AutoPrint functions. • Run the Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) 3. Enter the concentration value into the Entry concentration field and press ENTER. When you've entered all the concentration values, the Standards screen appears. 4. Press Measure Standards to measure the blank and standards. The instrument automatically measures the blank first, then measures the standards. When the instrument has measured all the standards, the Standards screen appears, showing the absorbance of each standard, along with the slope, intercept and correlation coefficient of the standard curve. Measuring standards manually (using Manual 6 or Single Cell Platform) 1. Place the blank and standards in the correct cell positions. 2. When all the parameters are correct, press Run Standards to set up and run the standards. 3. Enter the concentration value into the Entry concentration field. Press ENTER 4. When you have entered all the concentration values, the Standards screen appears. Measuring the standards for a standard curve Measuring standards automatically (using Auto 6 or Auto 3) 1. Place the blank and standards in the correct cell positions. 2. When all the parameters are correct, press Run Standards to set up and run the standards. 5. Press Measure Blank to measure the blank. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, it automatically moves to the B position to measure the blank. When it completes the measurement, it returns to its previous cell position. 6. Press Measure Standards to measure the standards. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, press the cell position buttons on the keypad to re-position the cell Thermo Electron Corporation 2-12 Using the Instrument holder and measure the rest of the standards manually. When the instrument has measured all the standards, the Standards screen appears, showing the absorbance of each standard, along with the slope, intercept and correlation coefficient of the standard curve. Measuring unknowns manually (using Manual 6 or Single Cell Platform) 1. With the Standards screen displayed, press Run Test. The Samples screen appears. 2. Place the blank and unknowns in the correct cell positions. You can use this screen to: • Edit the standards press (Edit Standards) • Display a graph of the standard curve data (press View Graph) • Save the standard curve (press Save Test) • Measure your samples (press Run Test) Measuring unknowns Measuring unknowns automatically (using Auto 6 or Auto 3) 1. With the Standards screen displayed, press Run Test. The Samples screen appears. 2. Place the blank and unknowns in the correct cell positions. 3. Press ENTER to measure. The instrument automatically measures the blank first, then measures the unknowns. When the instrument has measured all the unknowns, the Standard Curve screen appears, showing the absorbance and concentration of each unknown. 3. Press Measure Blank to measure the blank. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, it automatically moves to the B position to measure the blank. When it completes the measurement, it returns to its previous cell position. 4. Press Measure Samples to measure the unknowns. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, press the cell position buttons on the keypad to re-position the cell holder and measure the rest of the unknowns manually. When the instrument has measured all the unknowns, the Standards screen appears, showing the absorbance and concentration of each unknown. Editing a standard curve You may edit the concentration of any standard on a standard curve. In addition, you may change the number of standards, select a different curve fit or delete points from the curve. If you want to switch between tabular and graphical displays, press View Graph/Tabular. 2-13 GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument To delete a standard 1. With the standard curve displayed on your screen, use the arrow keys to highlight the standard you want to delete. Press Edit Standards. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight Delete Standard. Press ENTER to delete the standard. To clear measurements 1. With the standard curve displayed on your screen, press Edit Standards. To edit the concentration of a standard 1. With the standard curve displayed on your screen, use the arrow keys to highlight the standard you want to edit. Press Edit Standards. 2. With the Edit Concentration highlighted, Press ENTER. 3. Press Edit Conc or a number key. 4. Enter the concentration value in the Entry field. 5. When the concentration value is correct, press ENTER to accept the value. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight Clear Measurements and press ENTER. All the absorbance measurements will be removed from the screen. To reset standards 1. With the standard curve displayed on your screen, press Reset Standards and press ENTER. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight Reset Standards and press ENTER. All the standards and measurements will be removed. To select a different curve fit for a standard curve Note: To add a standard 1. With the standard curve displayed on your screen, press Edit Standards. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight Add Standard. 3. Enter the concentration value of the additional standard in the Entry field. 1. With the standard curve you want to edit displayed as a graph on your screen, press Change Fit. 4. When the concentration value is correct, press ENTER to accept the value. 5. Press Measure Standards to remeasure all the standards. Thermo Electron Corporation To change the curve fit for a standard curve, you must display the standard curve as a graph, not as a table. 2-14 Using the Instrument 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the curve fit you want to use for the standard curve and press ENTER. The instrument applies the selected curve fit to the data and displays the new graph. Absorbance Ratio When you use the Absorbance Ratio program, you can perform these tasks: • Recall a test OR set up your test parameters • Run the Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Measure a blank • Measure unknowns • Measure a blank • Measure unknowns Setting up test parameters 1. With the Absorbance Ratio screen displayed, use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the parameter you want to set. 2. When the parameters are set, you can press Save Test to save the test or Run Test to measure a blank or unknowns. Measuring unknowns Measuring unknowns automatically (using Auto 6 or Auto 3) To get started, press the TEST key on the keypad. When the Test Types screen appears, highlight Absorbance Ratio and press ENTER. Recalling a test 1. Place the blank and unknowns in the correct cell positions. 1. With the Absorbance Ratio screen displayed, press Stored Tests. A list of stored tests appears. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the test you want to recall and press ENTER. The parameters for the selected test appear on the screen. 2. Press ENTER to start the measurement. The instrument automatically measures the blank first, then measures the unknowns and displays the sample measurements on the screen. Measuring unknowns manually (using Manual 6 or Single Cell Platform) 1. With the Absorbance Ratio screen displayed, press Run Test. From this screen, you can: • Set up test parameters • Run the Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Save a test • View the list of stored tests 2-15 GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument 2. Place the blank and unknown in the correct cell position. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, you can place up to five samples in the cell holder. Recalling a test 3. Press Measure Blank to measure the blank. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, it automatically moves to the B position to measure the blank. When it completes the measurement, it returns to its previous cell position. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the test you want to recall and press ENTER. The parameters for the selected test appear on the screen. 1. With the Absorbance Difference screen displayed, press Stored Tests. A list of stored tests appears. From this screen, you can: 4. Press Measure Sample to start the measurement. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, press the cell position buttons on the keypad to re-position the cell holder and measure the rest of the unknowns manually. Absorbance Difference When you use the Absorbance Difference program, you can perform these tasks: • Recall a test OR set up your test parameters • Run the Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Measure a blank • Measure unknowns To get started, press the TEST key on the keypad. When the Test Types screen appears, highlight Absorbance Difference and press ENTER. • Set up test parameters • Set up Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Save a test • View the list of stored tests • Measure a blank • Measure unknowns Setting up test parameters 1. With the Absorbance Difference screen displayed, use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the parameter you want to set. 2. When the parameters are set, you can press Save Test to save the test or Run Test to measure a blank or unknowns. Measuring unknowns Measuring unknowns automatically (using Auto 6 or Auto 3) 1. With the Absorbance Difference screen displayed, press Run Test. 2. Place the blank and unknowns in the correct cell positions. 3. Press ENTER to start the measurement. The Thermo Electron Corporation 2-16 Using the Instrument instrument automatically measures the blank first, then measures the unknowns and displays the sample measurements on the screen. position buttons on the keypad to re-position the cell holder and measure the rest of the unknowns manually. Kinetics When you use the Kinetics program, you can perform these tasks: Measuring unknowns manually (using Manual 6 or Single Cell Platform) 1. With the Absorbance Difference screen displayed, press Run Test. 2. Place the blank and unknown in the correct cell position. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, you can place up to five samples in the cell holder. 3. Press Measure Blank to measure the blank. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, it automatically moves to the B position to measure the blank. When it completes the measurement, it returns to its previous cell position. • Recall a test OR set up your test parameters • Run the Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Measure a blank • Measure an unknown • Recalculate reaction rates • Modify the scale of the plot When you use the Kinetics program, you can choose to work with either graphical data or with tabular data. You can perform the same functions regardless of the type of display you select. However, the location of function keys varies depending on the type of display you choose. Note: The Kinetics program allows you to measure only one unknown at a time. Note: The Kinetics program allows you to collect up to 400 data points per run. When you set up your test parameters, be sure to select the interval time and total run time accordingly. To get started, press the TEST key on the keypad. When the Test Types screen appears, highlight Kinetics and press ENTER. Recalling a test 1. With the Kinetics screen displayed, press Stored Tests. A list of stored tests appears. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the test you want to recall and press ENTER. The parameters for the selected test appear on the screen. 4. Press Measure Sample to start the measurement. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, press the cell 2-17 GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument 3. If you have 1-position cell holder, press Measure Blank to measure the blank, then insert your unknown and press Measure Sample. When the instrument completes the measurement, the kinetics data and rate appear on the screen. From this screen, you can: • Set up test parameters • Run the Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Save a test • View the list of stored tests • Measure a blank • Measure unknowns • Set up your analog recorder Setting up test parameters 1. With the Kinetics screen displayed, use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the parameter you want to set. 2. When the parameters are set, you can press Save Test to save the test or Run Test to measure a blank or an unknown. Measuring unknowns Note: If your instrument is equipped with a 6position cell holder, be sure to place the blank in position B and the unknown in cell position #1. The instrument always uses cell position #1 to scan the unknown. 1. With the Kinetics test parameters displayed on the screen, press Run Test. If you want to switch between tabular and graphical displays, press Graph/Tabular. When you have a graphical display, you can press Edit Graph, then press Cursor to move the cursor line from one position to another on the plot. As the cursor moves the rate and result values indicate the values for the point on the plot where the cursor is located. Rescaling & recalculating graphical kinetics results Within the Kinetics program, you can view and manipulate your results either in graphical form or in tabular form. When your results are displayed on the screen, you can modify the range (start and stop time) and the instrument automatically recalculates the reaction rate. When you are working with graphical kinetics results, you need to press Edit Graph before you can rescale and recalculate. 2. If you have a 6-position cell holder, place the blank in position B and the unknown in position #1. Press Measure Sample to measure the blank and the unknown. When the instrument completes the measurement, the kinetics data and rate appear on the screen. Thermo Electron Corporation 2-18 Using the Instrument To use the Manual Scale function 1. With your kinetics data displayed on the edit screen, press Manual Scale. The manual scale options appear. You can modify the scale of your kinetics data plot in two ways - automatically or manually. When you select Auto Scale, the instrument automatically scales the X- and Y-axes so all the data appears on the plot. When you select Manual Scale, you select specific minimum and maximum values for the Xand Y-axes. Whenever you modify the scale, the instrument also automatically recalculates and displays the new reaction rate and result. When the edit screen appears, you can: • • • Use the Auto Scale function to change the scale, display the new graph and recalculate the results Use the Manual Scale function to change the scale, display the new graph and recalculate the results Use the cursor to select new minimum or maximum values for the X-axis and recalculate the results. 2. Use the number keys to enter the appropriate minimum or maximum value for the X- or Yaxis, then press the appropriate function key (Min Y, Max Y, Min X, Max X) to accept it. The instrument redraws the plot using the minimum and maximum value you have entered and displays the recalculated rate and result. 3. Continue until you have entered all the values you want to change. To use the cursor 1. With your kinetics data displayed on the edit screen, press Cursor. The cursor options appear. To use the Auto Scale function 1. With your kinetics data displayed on the Edit Graph screen, press Auto Scale. The instrument automatically adjusts the minimum and maximum values for the X- and Y-axes so all the data appears on the plot. The instrument also recalculates the results, using all the data, and displays it on the screen. 2. Press Cursor ← or Cursor → to position the cursor line on the appropriate point on the graph. The instrument displays the data for the selected point. 2-19 GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument 3. When the cursor line is in the correct position, press Set Min X or Set Max X to accept the selected point. The instrument redraws the plot using the minimum and maximum value you have selected and displays the recalculated rate and result. Rescaling & recalculating tabular kinetics results When you are working with tabular kinetics results, you need to press Edit Data before you can rescale and recalculate. Survey Scan/Scanning The Survey Scan/Scanning program allows you to scan a wavelength range. The GENESYS 10 UVscanning model supports full range scanning (190-1100nm); GENESYS 10 Vis and UV models can scan a range of up to 100nm only. When you use the Survey Scan or Scanning programs, you can perform these tasks: • Recall a test OR set up your test parameters • Run the Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Collect a baseline scan • Scan an unknown • View scan data • Change the scale of the data plot When the edit screen appears, you can: • Determine 3-point net measurements • Use all the data to recalculate the results • Calculate the area under a curve • Select specific start and end times for the rate calculation and recalculate the results. • Label peaks and valleys After collecting your kinetics data, you can use all the data for the rate calculation or you can select specific start and end times. Whenever you modify the start and end times or select all the data, the instrument automatically recalculates and displays the new reaction rate and result. Note: The Survey Scan/Scanning program allows you to measure only one unknown at a time. Auto 6, Auto 3 and Manual 6 are not available for scanned measurements. Note: If you want to set a baseline expiration time, press UTILITIES, then use the arrow keys to highlight Baseline Expiration. Press ENTER and set the desired time. To get started, press the TEST key on the keypad. When the Test Types screen appears, highlight Survey Scan or Scanning and press ENTER. Recalling a test To use all the data to calculate the reaction rate 1. With your table of kinetics data displayed on the edit screen, press Use all data. The instrument calculates the rate and displays it on the screen. To select specific start and end times for the rate calculation 1. With the Survey Scan/Scanning screen displayed, press Stored Tests. A list of stored tests appears. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the test you want to recall and press ENTER. The parameters for the selected test appear on the screen. From this screen, you can: 1. With your table of kinetics data displayed on the edit screen, use the arrow keys on the →) to the keypad to move the highlight symbol (→ appropriate data point in the table. • 2. Press Start Time or End Time. The instrument displays the recalculated rate and result. Thermo Electron Corporation 2-20 Set up test parameters Using the Instrument • Set up Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Save a test • View the list of stored tests • Collect a baseline • Scan unknowns Setting up test parameters 1. With the Survey Scan/Scanning screen displayed, use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the parameter you want to set. 2. When the parameters are set, you can press Save Test to save the test or Run Test to measure a blank or an unknown. Note: If you want to switch between tabular and graphical displays, press Graph/Tabular. Scanning an unknown Note: If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, be sure to place the unknown in cell position #1. The instrument always uses cell position #1 to scan the unknown. 1. With the Survey Scan test parameters displayed on the screen, press Run Test. 2. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, be sure to place the unknown in cell position #1. Collecting a baseline scan 3. Press Measure Sample to measure the unknown. Note: Note: If you want to switch between tabular and graphical displays, press Graph/Tabular. Note: You may need to use the up and down arrow keys to view all the data for the scan. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, be sure to place the blank in the B position. The instrument always uses the B position to collect the baseline. 1. With the Survey Scan/Scanning test parameters displayed, press Run Test. 2. Place the blank in the B position. 3. Press Measure Blank to collect the baseline. When the instrument is finished measuring the blank, the message disappears. 2-21 GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument Viewing & manipulating scan data Within the Survey Scan/Scanning program, you can view and manipulate your results either in graphical form or in tabular form. When you are working with graphical scan data, you need to press Edit Graph before you can perform other functions on the scan data. When the edit graph screen appears, you can: • Rescale the graph • Perform mathematical operations on the graph To use the cursor 1. With your scan data displayed on the edit scale screen, press Cursor. The cursor option appears Rescaling graphical scan data You can modify the scale of your scan data plot in two ways - automatically or manually. When you select Auto Scale, the instrument automatically scales the X- and Y-axes so all the data appears on the plot. When you select Manual Scale, you select specific minimum and maximum values for the X- and Y-axes. Whenever you modify the scale, the instrument also automatically recalculates and displays the new data plot. Press Edit Scale to modify the scale. When the edit scale screen appears, you can: • Use the cursor to identify specific points along the X-axis, change the scale and display the new graph • Use the Manual Scale function to change the scale and display the new graph • Use the Auto Scale function to change the scale and display the new graph Thermo Electron Corporation 2. Press Cursor → or Cursor ←.to position the cursor line on the appropriate point on the graph. The instrument displays the data for the selected point. 3. When the cursor line is in the correct position, press Set Min X or Set Max X to accept the selected point. The instrument redraws the plot using the minimum and maximum value you have selected and displays the new graph. To use the Manual Scale function 1. With your scan data displayed on the edit scale screen, press Manual. The manual scale options appear. 2-22 Using the Instrument 2. To set the minimum or maximum value for the X- or Y-axis, press Min Y, Max Y, Min X or Max X. A screen appears prompting you to enter the appropriate value. Determining 3-point net measurements 3. Use the number keys to enter the correct value, then press the appropriate function key (Min Y, Max Y, Min X, Max X) to accept it. The instrument redraws the plot using the minimum and maximum values you have entered. 2. Press 3-Pt Net to enter the 3-point Net Measurement screen. A screen showing the cursor options and three cursor lines (designated for the left, center and right wavelengths) appears. 1. With your scan data displayed on the edit graph screen, press Math. The Math Calculation screen appears. To use the Auto Scale function 1. With your scan data displayed on the edit scale screen, press Auto Scale. The instrument automatically adjusts the minimum and maximum values for the X- and Y-axes so all the data appears on the plot. Performing calculations on the scan data You can modify your graph by performing calculations on the data. From the Edit Graph screen press Math. When the Math screen appears, you can: • Determine 3-point net values • Calculate the area under a curve • Label peaks and valleys 3. Use Cursor → and Cursor ← to position the left cursor line to the desired wavelength value. The instrument calculates the 3-point net absorbance for the selected wavelengths. 4. Continue selecting the other wavelengths by pressing Next Cursor to activate the center and right cursor lines. Select the wavelengths by positioning the cursor with the Cursor ← and Cursor → keys. Repeat until all three wavelengths have been selected. 5. Press Enter Factor to access the set factor box. Enter the desired factor and press ENTER. The instrument calculates the value 2-23 GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument for the 3-point net absorbance for the selected wavelengths, multiplied by the selected factor. 2. Press Peaks & Valleys. The Label Peaks and Valleys window appears. Calculating the area under a curve 1. With your scan data displayed on the Edit Graph screen, press Math. The Math Calculation screen appears. 2. Press Area. The Area Under the Curve Measurement screen appears. 3. Use the arrow keys to select the type of labels you want displayed and press ENTER. The instrument labels the selected items on your scan data plot. Note: 3. Use Cursor → and Cursor ← to position the left cursor line to the desired wavelength value. The instrument calculates the area under the curve for the selected wavelengths. Up to nine peaks or valleys can be calculated and displayed. Viewing & rescaling tabular scan data When you are working with tabular scan data, you need to press Edit Data before you can perform other functions on the scan data. 4. Continue selecting the other wavelengths by pressing Next Cursor to activate the next cursor line. Select the wavelength by positioning the cursor with the Cursor → and Cursor ← keys. 5. Press Set Options to access the set options window. 6. Use the up and down arrows to highlight Factor. Enter the desired factor and press ENTER. 7. Use the up and down arrow to highlight Calculation baseline. Press ENTER to toggle between Zero and Tangent. 8. Press ESC to return to the area under a curve screen. The instrument calculates the area under a curve for the selected wavelengths, factor and calculation method. Labeling peaks and valleys 1. With your scan displayed on the edit graph screen, press Math. The Math Calculation screen appears. Thermo Electron Corporation To use all the scan data 1. With your table of scan data displayed on the edit screen, press Use all data. To select specific start and end wavelengths 1. With your table of scan data displayed on the edit screen, use the arrow keys on the keypad →) to the to move the highlight symbol (→ appropriate data point in the table. 2-24 Using the Instrument 2. Press Start nm or End nm. The instrument highlights the selected data points. Setting up test parameters You can press Graph to display the plot using the highlighted data points. 3-Point Net When you use the 3-Point Net program, you can perform these tasks: • Recall a test OR set up your test parameters • Run the Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Measure a blank • Measure unknowns 1. With the 3-Point Net screen displayed, use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the parameter you want to set. 2. When the parameters are set, you can press Save Test to save the test or Run Test to measure a blank or unknowns. Taking measurements Taking measurements automatically (Auto 6 or Auto 3) 1. With the 3-Point Net screen displayed and the parameters set, press Run Test. The 3-Point Net measurement screen appears. To get started, press the TEST key on the keypad. When the Test Types screen appears, highlight 3-Point Net and press ENTER. 2. Place the blank and the unknowns in the correct cell positions. Recalling a test 1. With the 3-Point Net screen displayed, press Stored Tests. A list of stored tests appears. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the test you want to recall and press ENTER. The parameters for the selected test appear on the screen. From this screen, you can: • Set up test parameters • Run the Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Save a test • View the list of stored tests • Measure a blank • Measure unknowns 2-25 3. Press ENTER to start the measurements. The instrument automatically measures the blank first, then measures the unknowns and displays the sample measurements on the screen. Taking measurements manually (using Manual 6 or Single Cell Platform) 1. With the 3-Point Net screen displayed and the parameters set, press Run Test. The 3-Point Net measurement screen appears. GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument 2. Place the blank and unknowns in the cell holder. If your instrument is equipped with a 6Position Cell Holder, be sure to place the blank in the B position. You can place up to five samples in the cell holder. 3. Press Measure Blank to measure the blank. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, it automatically moves to the B position to measure the blank. When it Recalling a test 1. With the Multiple Wavelengths screen displayed, press Stored Tests. A list of stored tests appears. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the test you want to recall and press ENTER. The parameters for the selected test appear on the screen. From this screen, you can: completes the measurement, it returns to its previous cell position. 4. Press Measure Sample to measure the unknowns. The sample measurement appears on the screen. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, press the cell position buttons on the keypad to reposition the cell holder and measure the rest of the unknowns manually. Multiple Wavelengths When you use the Multiple Wavelengths program, you can perform these tasks: • Recall a test OR set up your test parameters • Run the Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Add or delete wavelengths and factors • Measure a blank • Measure unknowns To get started, press the TEST key on the keypad. When the Test Types screen appears, highlight Multiple Wavelengths and press ENTER. Thermo Electron Corporation • Set up test parameters • Run the Cell Correction program (GENESYS 10 UVscanning model only) • Save a test • View the list of stored tests • Measure a blank • Measure unknowns Setting up test parameters 1. With the Multiple Wavelengths screen displayed, use the arrow keys to highlight the name of the parameter you want to set. *Refer to the procedures below for specific instructions on adding or deleting wavelengths and factors. 2. If you have previously selected the wavelengths you wish to measure, you can press Save Test to save the test or Run Test to measure a blank or unknowns. 3. If you have not selected the wavelengths, you can add wavelengths and factors as shown below. 2-26 Using the Instrument Adding wavelengths & factors Taking measurements Note: Taking measurements automatically (Auto 6 or Auto 3) You can enter factors only when the measurement mode is set to Concentration/Factor. 1. The Multiple Wavelength acquisition can be accessed from either the Set nms screen shown above or from the Multiple Wavelength set up screen. Press Run Test. The Multiple Wavelength measurement screen appears. 1. With the Multiple Wavelengths screen displayed, press Set nms. The wavelength screen appears, listing the wavelengths and factors specified for the measurements. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the position where you want to enter the first wavelength and factor pair. 2. Place the blank and the unknowns in the correct cell positions. 3. Press Add nm. 4. Enter the values for the wavelength and factor and press ENTER. 5. When the values are correct, press Add nm. 6. Continue until you have entered all the wavelengths and factors. Deleting wavelengths & factors 1. With the Multiple Wavelengths screen displayed, use the arrow keys to highlight Set nms. The wavelength screen appears, listing the wavelengths and factors specified for the measurements. Note: If no wavelength values have been entered, the wavelength and factor columns will be empty. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the first wavelength and factor pair you want to delete. 3. Press Delete nm. 2-27 3. Press ENTER to start the measurement. The instrument automatically measures the blank first, then measures the unknowns and displays the sample measurements on the screen. Taking measurements manually (using Manual 6 or Single Cell Platform) 1. With the Multiple Wavelength screen displayed and the parameters set, press Run Test. The Multiple Wavelength measurement screen appears. 2. Place the blank and unknowns in the cell holder. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, be sure to place the blank in the B position. You can place up to five samples in the cell holder. 3. Press Measure Blank to measure the blank. If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, it automatically moves to the B position to measure the blank. When it completes the measurement, it returns to its previous cell position. GENESYS 10 Operator’s Manual Using the Instrument 4. With the list of wavelengths (and factors) displayed, press Measure Samples to measure the unknowns. The instrument measures the absorbance at each wavelength and displays it on the screen. If you have set the measurement mode to Concentration/Factor, the instrument also displays the calculated concentration at each wavelength.If your instrument is equipped with a 6-Position Cell Holder, press the cell position buttons on ...
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