Pharmaceutical Problems Summary Assignment

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Find 7 different sources about pharmaceutical problems and for 7 different summaries for each source. APA style include References. Single spaced. 10 to 15%. Article needs to be credible source. Each summary needs to be one to two paragraph long.

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 Summary Assignment 

  

Assignment Objectives:  

· to begin to consider an issue affecting your intended professional field,  

· to summarize an article clearly, completely and concisely, and 

· to use these summaries in your final report. 

  

Assignment Description: 

Over the course of the semester you will be required to locate eight articles about an
issue (of your choice) affecting your professional field. Each article needs to be at least 1000 - 1500 words long, but longer articles are fine.  Articles can come from any credible source, e.g. the surface web or from databases accessed through the CSUN library, as long as they are current (generally no earlier than 2010).  Articles should examine the issue from a variety of perspectives. 

  

Although a summary is between 10 to 15 % of the length of the original source, your summaries should be one to two paragraphs.    

  

Each summary should include a Works Cited/Reference (depending upon your field of
study).  

  

   

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Summary Assignment Assignment Objectives: • to begin to consider an issue affecting your intended professional field, • to summarize an article clearly, completely and concisely, and • to use these summaries in your final report. Assignment Description: Over the course of the semester you will be required to locate eight articles about an issue (of your choice) affecting your professional field. Each article needs to be at least 1000 - 1500 words long, but longer articles are fine. Articles can come from any credible source, e.g. the surface web or from databases accessed through the CSUN library, as long as they are current (generally no earlier than 2010). Articles should examine the issue from a variety of perspectives. Although a summary is between 10 to 15 % of the length of the original source, your summaries should be one to two paragraphs. Each summary should include a Works Cited/Reference (depending upon your field of study). Adopted from Professor Amber Norwood
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Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Running head: PHARMACEUTICAL PROBLEMS

Pharmaceutical Problems
Student Name
Institution Affiliation

1

PHARMACEUTICAL PROBLEMS

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Pharmaceutical Problems
The pharmaceutical industry is faced with some challenges. The pharmaceutical industry
plays a crucial role in the provision of health, employment, and research across the world. The
issues surrounding the industry are complex and involve a variety of areas such as research and
development, commercial, political, and geographical. First and foremost, in research and
development, the partnership between biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry has come
up as a significant issue. The many events previously have made it difficult to develop new
products in the pharmaceutical industry and also the cost of producing a new product has escalated
at a high rate. These factors limit the potential of making good drugs from the combination of
biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. Where there is adequate treatment, getting access to
that treatment could prove difficult due to the high cost of medicine that both the individual and
society are unable to raise. The misappropriation in the allocation of resources depending on the
level of income has also affected the pharmaceutical industry. The income-expenditure does not
provide a good indicator of access in treatment but research conducted showed 16% of the
population living in high-income countries showed a 78% spending on medicines. The increase in
the funding of medicine in high-income countries has proved a challenge. The aging population
and communicable diseases increase the pressure on the budget allocation. The high priced
medicines to treat include those diseases that initially didn’t have treatment have also posed as a
major challenge. Though a relieving factor to those patients who could not access the treatment
before, the policymakers and payers have concerns of the escalating prices. Mostly, these are
medicines areas in the field of oncology and rare diseases. The primary affected high-priced
treatment is hepatitis C. The lack of policy makers to take measures like scanning and planning
and post-launch activities have contributed to the current challenges experienced by the in-patient
and out-patient. Furthely, the reduced collaboration between different actors in the sector such as
the regulatory authorities and public bodies for pricing and reimbursement has worsened the
situation. The current policies have failed to address the issue on pricing adequately. The advanced
innovated medicine has also limited access by patients due to high prices. The continued recorded
shortages of medicines even in high come countries are other attributing factors to the existing
pricing policies. The policy tend to favor the launching of medicine in high income countries with
higher price levels and delay the launch in low priced countries. While instruments have been put
in place to allow faster access by the patient to access new medicine, with inadequate data on their
effectiveness, they at times lead to in transparency due to their confidential content. Value-based
pricing as a way to corporate pricing and reimbursement policy only exists in a few countries
which continue to affect the countries that have adopted the policy. For example, health-based
technology and tools are limited in a few countries. The issue surrounding the effectiveness of
biotech technology in the provision of biosimilar medicine and generic is yet to be exploited.
Additionally, the cost of bringing new drugs to the market has increased over the years.
The recent estimates have suggested the cost required to develop an idea to full commercialization
is over $2 billion. The pharmaceutical companies are spending more on research while the number
of drugs produced from their R&D to the market place has been on the decline. The manufacturing
cost is a significant determiner in medicine pricing. Thus, the prices increase depending on the
manufacturing and R&D cost. Subsequently, the regulation by Food and Drug Administration also
directly impacts the cost of medicines leading to increased prices, as the procedure entails
registration and they ought to comply with the current manufacturing practices. The manufacturing
companies find it difficult to reduce the manufacturing cost without having to sacrifice quality

PHARMACEUTICAL PROBLEMS

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which is an integral aspect in offering consumer product. In turn; this makes it difficult for the
manufacturing companies to reduce their prices. The continued scrutiny of product value and the
pressure increase discounts and rebates for less costly biosimilar has led to market competition.
Many people have raised concerns on the cancer therapies that fail to extend survival questioning
their quality and effectiveness. While there has been new identified promising and more effective
methods through innovation that would help improve these conditions, the fear of high prices is
still an issue which will hinder access to such services by many. The inadequate strategies to help
reduce the diverse effects brought about by innovation and high prices has only helped to stimulate
the situation. Many have also argued the lack of disclosure by the pharmaceutical companies on
the necessary information about different treatments has facilitated the issues surrounding this
sector.
Consequently, ethical issues have also brought challenges in the pharmaceutical industry.
The conflict of interest between the physicians and the pharmaceutical has led to continued
regulatory activities. For example, the pharmaceutical research and manufacturers of America
adopted a code of conduct. A body within the federal law dealing with fraud and abuse has been
put in place to punish those pharmaceutical companies and those involved in marketing. The
increased awareness on the influence the pharmaceutical marketing has on patient care has become
troubling. The control by federal government on the public expenditure has only strained the
relationship between the physicians and the pharmaceutical companies. The increased drug
liabilities impact patients thinking, physician practices, clinical research, and medical
communication. Previews have shown the perception of ethical issues in pharmaceutical industry
receive negative scrutiny. Some of the issues highlighted are drug safety, pricing, Information
disclosure, and importation, clinical study design, marketing restrictions, animal testing, drug
counterfeits, vaccines and pharmaceutical fraud. Pharmaceutical companies receive high level of
hostility as they are a central point to healthcare delivery. The other composition of health care
delivery includes the payers, policymakers, providers like the doctors, hospitals who have been
identified in ethical transgression. The industry provides a significant impact not only
economically but also due to its effect on the well-being of people of all ages and economic levels.
Drug safety, therefore, dominates over other issues. The concern of side effects brought about by
drug intakes thus dominates the newspapers. The issue of unsafe drug consumption has significant
ethical consequences as it shows deception, absence of integrity, conflict of interest, lack of ethical
responsibility to the patient in the provision of effective products. The pricing factor also raises
concerns about proper management regarding R&D and public thinking of wasteful advertising
(Ding et al.2016).Hence, the ethical concern on prices is essential. Information disclosure that
supports approval the sale of new drugs. Patent exclusivity and prohibition of actions that could
lead to the additional before patent expiration by the pharmaceutical companies constituting
restricted patient access to drugs. The restricted importation measures for example, in America
limits the chances the patients could have to access medical care at a lower rate. Pediatric
medicines often have high level of sensitivity and are prone to ethical issues. The pharmaceutical
companies have to employ transparency in the way they carry out generic research and the effects
the research has to eliminate fears of misuse of generic information. When a drug is developed it
has to be marketed and prescribed. The underlying issue is the price and interaction the company
can have with the government to determine the levels of reimbursement coverage. The sales and
marketing practiced provide a foundation for ethical transgressions such as offering gifts,
incentives to physicians, and the promotion of drug benefits. DTC advertisement raises potential
concerns due to its increased ability of misleading the patients. The problem of counterfeit drugs

PHARMACEUTICAL PROBLEMS

4

has affected the developed and the developing world.Counterfeirt distribution of drugs under a
brand can have serious consequences to that brand and as well ruin its reputation. Animal testing
has meant great opposition from the animal welfare NGOs as they feel the pharmaceutical industry
has to be careful when it comes to the way they handle animal testing procedures. The involvement
of animal testing provides crucial information about a drug before tests can be carried out on
human. The available technologies don’t give adequate information on clinical trials. The vaccines
use to reduce the contraction of things like bird flu has as well raised concerns especially from the
developing countries while administered to patients. The pharmaceutical industry must
demonstrate good behavior to continue selling their products especially in those countries where
drugs are covered by publicly financed health insurance. Pharmaceutical companies have received
accusation on not fully complying to the commitment they make to health care. The codes for
Corporate Social Responsibility need a re-check to ensure the overall business decision making
ethical issued comply with the set regulations. The trust consumers put in companies and brand
come from the behaviors and the perceived ethics. The pharmaceutical industry represents
corporate involvement responsibility toward the patient and an overall responsibility toward
society. The ageing and increasing population hence require appropriate care all their live. The
continued pressing issue surrounding the sector is to ensure the well-being of the patient and to
give the public the same view about their intentions. The United States produce more new drugs
than other countries as it entails many free price controls. Many first discoveries are made in the
United States. Innovation and Patients will get hurt if the emotional appeal for price controls is
needed. The ultimate goal in this sector is to allow patients to live longer, healthier, and productive
lives. Thus, ethical practices are highly recommended for the long-term sustainability of
pharmaceutical industry. The industry has no difference with other companies who conflict on
ethical standards and profits. The industry is a sector where any error brought about by unethical
issues is not tolerated by patients, the media, as well as the stakeholders. The need for strong
governance for the sector is recommended as the industry has a strong impact on the human health
and has the obligation of providing a steady supply of medicine. Transparency acts as a necessity
expected in the pharmaceutical industry in every stage o their operations. Disclosure in form of
corporate governance, political contribution, financial statements, and executive compensation. It
is essential for companies to give such detailed information as these companies are listed in the
trade exchange making it essential for the companies to address the customer’s needs for
information and maximum return in their investments. The pharmaceutical industry is a longstanding sector with a significant impact on the society. It’s thus an industry expected to have high
ethical practices and provide treatment for all and as such it received constant review from all
corners. The sector has also become very competitive. The industry needed to eliminate some
misconducts in the field to reaffirm the society about its real commitment to his provision for
innovative and continuation of therapeutic for the benefit of humanity.
Consequently, the well-being of the pharmaceutical industry is dependent greatly on the
economy. The primary elements that impact the industry is employment because a significant
number of Americans receive health insurance through their employers. However, other economic
aspects such as the number of individuals who are uninsured or underinsured and the recent
government activities also affect the industry. The major concern to any industry is the number of
unemployed individuals. In the first decade of the 20th century, it raised issues in the political
environment in the United States. Unemployment affects the pharmaceutical industry in two major
ways. First, people who do not have jobs basically do not have the funds to buy the pharmaceuticals
they need. Second, many people depend on jobs to provide health insurance. Even when they are

PHARMACEUTICAL PROBLEMS

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hired, many new employees do not receive benefits until they have been employed a set Perhaps
no issue is more related to the pharmaceutical industry than the number of people who are
uninsured and underinsured. With no adequate insurance coverage, many people cannot afford
prescription drugs or will forgo preventive medicine and wait until a problem has become serious
enough to require more intensive, expensive treatment. Those who lack adequate insurance are left
with bills they can't pay, and health care providers are not compensated. This creates the blow back effect of those who can afford medical coverage being charged more to make up for those
who can't. Health Leaders Media estimates that 52 million Americans are uninsured as of 2010. In
addition, CNN Money estimates that as of late 2009, another 25 million Americans have insurance
that does not provide adequate coverage. With economic downturns, high unemployment rates and
growing numbers of people uninsured, many call for the government to intervene. Both the past
and current Presidential Administrations have introduced stimulus packages although the details
remain unclear. President Obama's 2010 stimulus plan allocated $59 billion for health care, $81
billion for the poor and unemployed and another $53 billion for education and training. Although
stimulus funds help the pharmaceutical industry in the short term, economists share different
opinions on the long-term effects on inflation and government involvement. Although there is a
discussion about the direction the US economy is headed, most analysts have the view that though
there is hope of moving in towards a recovery, labor markets will be slow to rebuild.
The effects of Economic Factors on the Pharmaceutical Industry is a consultancy-style
report focused on the key economic issues affecting all pharmaceutical sectors, and the various
strategies companies employ to expand their business in these extremely challenging times
(Fredman et al.2016). Biotechnology companies are more research and development based as
compared to pure-play pharmaceutical companies. The majority of biotechnology companies,
unlike their pharmaceutical counterparts, are in their initial stage of their life cycles, and as such,
they rely on financial markets to fund their R&D and capital investment activities. Pharmaceutical
companies, on the other hand, fund their R&D expenditures through internally generated cash
flows. High inflation comes from central banks increasing interest rates in the country. That factor
leads to increased cost of borrowing for biotechnology manuf...


Anonymous
Excellent! Definitely coming back for more study materials.

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