As the world grows more interconnected, psychologists may experience an increase in the number of clients with diverse backgrounds. As a result, psychologists may benefit from considering a client's culture and common perceptions of that culture for psychological disorders and diagnosis. For your future role in the field, consider how a client's cultural perceptions of a disorder may influence the diagnosis of a disorder, specifically in cases of substance use. For this Discussion, consider how cultural perceptions of substance use may influence client diagnosis. Also consider the criteria for substance related disorders. With these thoughts in mind: Post by Day 4 an explanation of how client culture may influence client perceptions of substance use. Then explain how you might use this information to determine if a client meets the criteria for a substance related disorder. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Paris, J. (2015). The intelligent clinician’s guide to the DSM-5 (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Chapter 12, Substance Use, Eating, and Sexual Disorders Burrow-Sanchez, J. J. (2006). Understanding adolescent substance abuse: Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications. Journal of Counseling & Development, 84(3), 283–290. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Escobar, J. I., & Vega, W. A. (2006). Cultural issues and psychiatric diagnosis: Providing a general background for considering substance use diagnoses. Addiction, 101(Suppl), 40–47. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Gloria, A. M., & Peregoy, J. J. (1996). Counseling Latino alcohol and other substance users/abusers: Cultural considerations for counselors. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 13(2), 119–126. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Helwig, A. A., & Holicky, R. (1994). Substance abuse in persons with disabilities: Treatment considerations. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72(3), 227–233. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Schinke, S. P., Orlandi, M. A., Botvin, G. J., Gilchrist, L. D., Trimble, J. E., & Locklear, V. S. (1988). Preventing substance abuse among American-Indian adolescents: A bicultural competence skills approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35(1), 87–90. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Laureate Education. (Producer). (2012). Psychopathology: Substance-related and addictive disorders. [Video file]. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.edu Baker, T. B., Breslau, N., Covey, L., & Shiffman, S. (2012). DSM criteria for tobacco use disorder and tobacco withdrawal: a critique and proposed revisions for DSM-5. Addiction, 107(2), 263–275. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Doughty, J. D., & Hunt, B. (1999). Counseling clients with dual disorders: Information for rehabilitation counselors. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 30(3), 3–10. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Jones, K., Gill, C., & Ray, S. (2012). Review of the Proposed DSM-5 Substance Use Disorder. Journal Of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 33(2), 115–123. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Slutske, W., Ellingson, J., Richmond-Rakerd, L., Zhu, G., & Martin, N. (2013). Shared genetic vulnerability for disordered gambling and alcohol use disorder in men and women: evidence from a national community-based Australian Twin Study. Twin Research And Human Genetics: The Official Journal Of The International Society For Twin Studies, 16(2), 525–534. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

Looking primarily at two essays in Adolph Reed Jr.'s Class Notes--"Token Equality" and "Posing as Politics"--write a MLA-formatted essay that explores what Adolph Reed argues politics should concern itself with. Key to answering this question is understanding Reed's conception of the effective realm(s) in which to contest politics and effective ways to contest them.On pg. 168 of the book (in "Posing as Politics") Reed writes, "This dismissal of state-centered politics is a signal weakness of the left." What does Reed mean by this? In what ways does the critique he puts forward in this essay grapple with the notion of what is and is not effective politics? In what ways does he deconstruct faulty and ineffective modes of doing politics?One of the aspects of his critique of ineffectual politics is Reed's discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of "identity politics." How do identity politics politics blunt the edge of radical critiques and structural analyses of society? There are parts of other essay besides "Token Equality" and "Posing as Politics" that address questions and ideas in this prompt, so feel free to draw from them. Specifically, "Ethnic Studies and Pluralist Politics" offer insights you may find useful.*Your essay should be at least four pages.*Your essay should have at least 6-7 quotes from Class Notes*Please make sure your essay has an original title (this was something many of you didn't do for the first essay.)