In this week, you will explore probability as it relates to an observed occurrence. You also will explore the concept of the sampling distribution as well as confidence intervals of specific data. Finally, you explore the results of data to determine implications for social change. Learning Resources Required Readings Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Leon-Guerrero, A., & Davis, G. (2020). Social statistics for a diverse society (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Chapter 5, “The Normal Distribution” (pp. 151-177) Chapter 6, “Sampling and Sampling Distributions” (pp. 179-209) Chapter 7, “Estimation” (pp. 211-240) Wagner, III, W. E. (2020). Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Chapter 3, “Selecting and Sampling Cases” Chapter 5, “Charts and Graphs” Chapter 11, “Editing Output” Magnusson, K. (n.d.). Welcome to Kristoffer Magnusson’s blog about R, Statistics, Psychology, Open Science, Data Visualization [blog]. Retrieved from http://rpsychologist.com/index.html As you review this web blog, select the Interpreting Confidence Intervals – new d3.js visualization link, once you select the link, follow the instructions to view the interactive for confidence intervals. This interactive will help you to visualize and understand confidence intervals. Note: This is Kristoffer Magnusson’s personal blog and his views may not necessarily reflect the views of Walden University faculty. Walden University Library. (n.d.). Course Guide and Assignment Help for RSCH 8210. Retrieved from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/rsch8210 For help with this week’s research, see this Course Guide and related weekly assignment resources. Datasets Your instructor will post the datasets for the course in the Doc Sharing section and in an Announcement. Your instructor may also recommend using a different dataset from the ones provided here. Optional Resources Rice University, University of Houston Clear Lake, and Tufts University. (n.d.). Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Multimedia Course of Study. Retrieved from http://onlinestatbook.com/2/estimation/ci_sim.html Use this website for your practice as you consider confidence intervals and how the width changes. Also, consider why the width might be important. Skill Builders: Confidence Intervals Sampling Distributions To access these Skill Builders, navigate back to your Blackboard Course Home page, and locate “Skill Builders” in the left navigation pane. From there, click on the relevant Skill Builder link for this week. You are encouraged to click through these and all Skill Builders to gain additional practice with these concepts. Doing so will bolster your knowledge of the concepts you’re learning this week and throughout the course. Discussion: The Importance of Relationships As its name implies, confidence intervals provide a range of values, along with a level of confidence, to serve as an estimate of some unknown population value. Since it is rare to have access to the entire population, you must frequently rely on the confidence interval of the sample to make some inference about the population of interest. Before making accurate inferences to the population, we need to fully understand how the three key components of the interval—variability in the data, sample size, and confidence level—impact the width of the interval. For this Discussion, you will explore the relationship between these components and understand the trade-off between reducing risk in our confidence of estimates and increasing precision. To prepare for this Discussion: Review Chapters 6 and 7 of the Frankfort-Nachmias & Leon-Guerrero text and in Chapter 7, p. 188, consider Hispanic migration and earnings and focus on how different levels of confidence and sample size work together. Review Magnusson’s web blog found in the Learning Resources to further your visualization and understanding of confidence intervals. Use the Course Guide and Assignment Help found in this week’s Learning Resources to search for a quantitative article related to confidence intervals. Using the SPSS software, General Social Survey dataset and choose a quantitative variable that interests you. Using SPSS: Take a random sample of 100. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the variable. Calculate a 90% confidence interval. Take another random sample of 400. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the variable. Calculate a 90% confidence interval. Post your results, the mean of Age to verify the dataset you used, and an explanation of how different levels of confidence and sample size affect the width of the confidence interval. Next, consider the statement, “Confidence intervals are underutilized” and explain what the implications might be of using or not using confidence intervals. Provide examples based on the results of your data. Also, use your research to support your findings.

In this module, you will produce a brief research document about the subject of your data collection and analysis. The resources that you will use are the following databases in order to gather data that you can analyze for your own hypothesis test. Review these websites and their respective databases at this time for familiarity.Access the following websites to see what kinds of data are available:Runway Safety Statistics/FAA (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Aviation Accident Database and Synopses/NTSB (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.FAA Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) (Links to an external site.)Accident and Incident Data/FAA (Links to an external site.)Airline On-time Statistics and Delay Causes/Bureau of Transportation Statistics (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Data and Statistics for Airport Program/FAA (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Airlines and Airports/Bureau of Transportation Statistics (Links to an external site.)General Aviation Statistics/AOPA (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Statistical Databook and Industry Outlook/GAMA (Links to an external site.)Historical Chart Gallery of Market Indexes/Stock Charts (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities/Bureau of Labor Statistics (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Data and Statistics/OSHA (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Data Sources/Health and Safety Executive (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS)/CDC (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Research and Data/NHTSA (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Data and Statistics Gateway/CDC (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Video Steps to Complete the AssignmentView the YouTube video on how to select the appropriate statistical test:Choosing Which Statistical Test to Use – Statistics Help (9:32 YouTube) (Links to an external site.)to assist you to select the correct statistical test. See attached file for tableUtilize these videos to assist you in judging assumptions:Using Stat Crunch to Assess Normality (5:47 YouTube) (Links to an external site.)StatCrunch QQ Plot – Assessing Normality (1:01 YouTube) (Links to an external site.)Working with StatCrunch: One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (8:55 YouTube) (Links to an external site.)Assumption GuidesBe sure to explain how your data meets these assumptions and perform the applicable tests in StatCrunch.Test Assumptions/Emory (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Assumptions/Restrictions for Chi-square Tests on Contingency Tables/Lakehead UniversityPearson’s Product-Moment Correlation using SPSS Statistics/Laerd Statistics (Links to an external site.)Linear regression models/Duke (Links to an external site.)EPS 625 – Intermediate Statistics Mann-Whitney U Test/Teori Online (Links to an external site.)Subchapter 12a. – The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test/Vassar Stats (Links to an external site.)Kruskal–Wallis test/Bio Stat Handbook (Links to an external site.)Research DocumentUsing the decision tree provided in this activity, create a document that presents a synopsis of your problem statement, hypothesis, and statistical test that you will use (this is a mini draft of your final paper (Condom Use and Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases). Explain the type of data you have decided to use and the assumptions of the test (for example parametric vs. non-parametric).

WEEK 1 , Option #1: Buying a New CarSuppose you want to buy a new car and are trying to choose between two models:Model A: costs $16,500 and its gas mileage is 25 miles per gallon and its insurance is $250 per year.Model B: costs $24,500 and its gas mileage is 40 miles per gallon and its insurance is $450 per year.If you drive approximately 40,000 miles per year and the gas costs $3 per gallon:Find a formula for the total cost of owning Model A where the number of years you own the car is represented by x.Find a formula for the total cost of owning Model B where the number of years is the independent variable.Find the total cost for each model for the first five years.If you plan to keep the car for 4 years, which model is more economical? What about if you plan to keep it for 6 years?Find the number of years in which the total cost to keep the two cars will be the same.Identify the number of months where neither car holds a cost of ownership advantage.What effect would the cost of gas doubling have on cost of ownership? Graph or show hand calculations.If you can sell either car for 40% of its value at any time, how does the analysis change? Graph or show hand calculations.Requirements:Your paper should be 2-3 pages in length (not counting the title page and references page) and cite and integrate at least one credible outside source. The CSU Global Library (Links to an external site.) is a great place to find resources. Your textbook is a credible resource.Include a title page, introduction, body, conclusion, and a reference page.The introduction should describe or summarize the topic or problem. It might discuss the general applications of the topic or it might introduce the unique terminology associated with the topic.The body of your paper should address the questions posed in the problem. Explain how you approached and answered the question or solved the problem, and, for each question, show all steps involved. Be sure this is in paragraph format, not numbered answers like a homework assignment.The conclusion should summarize your thoughts about what you have determined from your analysis in completing the assignment. Nothing new should be introduced in the conclusion that was not previously discussed in the body paragraphs.Include any tables of data or calculations, calculated values, and/or graphs referenced in the paper. (Note: The minimum required length excludes any tables, graphs, etc.)Document formatting, citations, and style should conform to APA style and examples can be found in the following links:Citing and APA Resources (Links to an external site.): document formatting, citations, and styleNew Sample APA Paper (Links to an external site.): A short summary containing much that you need to know about paper formatting, citations, and referencesCSU Global Writing Center (Links to an external site.): many helpful areas, such as: Writing Center, Writing Tips, Template Examples/Papers Essays, and others=================================================================================================================WEEK 2Option #1: Fencing a Farmer's FieldAs a farmer, suppose you want to fence off a rectangular field that borders a river. You wish to find out the dimensions of the field that occupies the largest area. Select the amount of fencing you have, in feet, and address the following prompts: if you have 1200 feet of fencing.Draw several diagrams to express the situation and calculate the area for each configuration then estimate the dimension of largest possible field.Find the function that models the area in terms of one of its sides.Find the point that maximizes the function you found in above.Calculate the area of the field at the point you calculated and then compare your results with the estimates you made based on your diagram.Requirements:Your paper should be 2-3 pages in length (not counting the title page and references page) and cite and integrate at least one credible outside source. The CSU Global Library (Links to an external site.) is a great place to find resources. Your textbook is a credible resource.Include a title page, introduction, body, conclusion, and a reference page.The introduction should describe or summarize the topic or problem. It might discuss the general applications of the topic or it might introduce the unique terminology associated with the topic.The body of your paper should address the questions posed in the problem. Explain how you approached and answered the question or solved the problem, and, for each question, show all steps involved. Be sure this is in paragraph format, not numbered answers like a homework assignment.The conclusion should summarize your thoughts about what you have determined from your analysis in completing the assignment. Nothing new should be introduced in the conclusion that was not previously discussed in the body paragraphs.Include any tables of data or calculations, calculated values, and/or graphs referenced in the paper. (Note: The minimum required length excludes any tables, graphs, etc.)Document formatting, citations, and style should conform to APA style and examples can be found in the following links:Citing and APA Resources (Links to an external site.): document formatting, citations, and styleNew Sample APA Paper (Links to an external site.): A short summary containing much that you need to know about paper formatting, citations, and referencesCSU Global Writing Center (Links to an external site.): many helpful areas, such as: Writing Center, Writing Tips, Template Examples/Papers Essays, and others