CXU Week 3 Advanced Qualitative Reasoning And Analysis

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Description

Discussion: Literature Search, Part II

In this Discussion, you will conduct a literature review of your topic area, focusing on a research study that uses one of the qualitative approaches covered this week.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Review the reading materials about the different approaches in this week’s Learning Resources.

Conduct your own literature search to find a published study that represents one of the Week 3 approaches. Remember, you may have to broaden your search terms to find an appropriate study.

Review the following resources before proceeding with your own article review

Write a 3-paragraph Discussion post in which you respond to the following:

Summarize the characteristics of the approach of the research article you chose during your literature search.

Summarize the research article, including the citation and sufficient information for your classmates and Instructor to locate the article.

Present a short critique of that article based on the “R8360 Guidelines for Reading and Evaluating Qualitative Research Articles” document.

CXU_WK3_Wksp:

Revisit your topic as a research problem which you began with and add to or refine your research problem and purpose statement process. Add other comments that summarize the development of your research ideas.

CXU_WK3_Ass:

Assignment: Qualitative Research Approaches Matrix, Part II

In order for you to select the qualitative research approach that best fits your research question, you will need to develop a deeper familiarity with the approaches available to you. This week’s Assignment is the second of a two-part activity designed to broaden and deepen your base of knowledge of qualitative research approaches.

In Week 2, you began completing a Qualitative Research Approaches Matrix Template with four qualitative research approaches. For this week’s Assignment, you will add to that matrix by including four more research approaches.

To prepare for this Assignment:

Review this week’s readings, focusing on the differences among the following four qualitative research approaches:

Social constructionism and narrative inquiry

Systems theory

Ethnography/autoethnography

Interactive and participatory qualitative applications

Locate the Qualitative Research Approaches Matrix Template you completed from last week’s Assignment submission.

Complete the Qualitative Research Approaches Matrix Template for the four approaches highlighted this week. Some of the cells have been pre-populated with sample entries or with prompts to help you focus your comparisons.

CXU_Wk3_Jour:

For this week’s Journal entry, consider and respond to all three of the following prompts:

Progress: What has been happening in the course since the previous entry?

Problems: What obstacles/challenges have you faced with regard to the course and with regard to developing your research question and approach for your Final Project?

Plans: Look toward the next week. What challenges are you considering to resolve? Consider how your idea for your research project is evolving.

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Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Qualitative Research Methods Matrix
Approach
Basic Qualitative
Inquiry

Disciplinary Roots
Philosophy, history
constructionism,
phenomenology

Focus of Central Research
Question
• How can the experience of
[an event, circumstance,
program, a context] be
described or explored?
• What is the meaning of [a
process, program, or
event] to the target
individual(s) of interest?

Submit in Week 2



Qualitative Case
Study

Philosophy,
Constructivism





Grounded Theory
and Realism

Philosophy, sociology,
symbolic
interactionism, critical
realism




What “practical”
knowledge can be
learned?
How can a phenomenon
be explored using various
data sources?
How can different aspects
of a phenomenon be
understood and revealed?
How can episodic events
be examined in a definable
framework?
How can a theory be
developed from
observations
Do the different categories
suggest a theoretical
explanation?

Unique Terminology
Use of the words
“describe,” “explore,”
“experience,” and
“meaning” in title
and research
questions

Primary Data
Sources
Interviews

Sampling Issues
Choice is a function
of the question

Analysis Plan
Guidelines
Content analysis
is a good choice
as it is generic
and exploratory

References
Elo et al., 2014

Merriam, 2009
Saldana, 2016
Worthington,
2013

Common use of the
words “how,” “why,”
and “analyze” in
research questions
and titles

Interviews, archives,
observations,
physical artifacts,
and documents of
the case

Purposeful sampling
method is utilized.
The samples that fit
the needs of a study
are selected

Detailed analysis,
Identification of
themes

Grand Canyon
University, n.d.
Baxter & Jack,
2008
Patton, 2014

Emergence of theory,
inductive, theoretical
sampling, constant
comparison, open
coding, axial coding,
saturation, memo
writing

Interviews

Theoretical
sampling is applied
in the grounded
theory approach

Open, selective,
and axial coding
are used to
group data into
categories.
Implications of
categories
described.

Patton, 2014
Grand Canyon
University, n.d.

Submit in Week 3

Phenomenology
and Heuristic
Inquiry

Philosophy,
phenomenology

Social
Constructivism
and Narrative
Inquiry

Philosophy,
Sociology,
Constructivism

Systems Theory

Biology,
Game theory,
Psychology,
Mathematics

Ethnography and
Autoethnography

Anthropology

What is the meaning,
structure, and essence of the
lived experience of this
phenomenon for this person
or group of people?
What is my experience of this
phenomenon and the essential
experience of others who also
experience this phenomenon
intensely?
What is the nature of the
phenomenon?
• What knowledge has been
gained from interaction
with a group?
• What story can be
narrated from collected
data?
• What meaning arises from
the data?
• How and why does this
system as a whole function
as it does?
• What are the system’s
boundaries and
interrelationships, and
how do these affect
perspectives about how
and why the system
functions as it does?
• What is going on?
• What do people in a
society, culture, or
community do?

Key terms include
“lived experience,”
“essence,” “essence
to shared
experience,”
“describe,”
“interpret,” and
“understand

Mainly Interviews
and at times
observations

Purposeful sampling
is used to gain data
regarding a
phenomenon from
rich sources

Experiences
studied and
described,
meaning and
context
examined,
themes sought
after and
classified

Patton, 2014
Grand Canyon
University, n.d.

Key terms include
Interviews and
“context,”
analysis of
“meaning,” “story,”
documents
“explore,” “describe,”
“why,” and “how.”

Select individuals
who have directly
experienced the
phenomenon of
interest

Themes are
developed.
Stories are also
developed and
historical content
is also reviewed

Grand Canyon
University, n.d.
Kukla, 2013

Common terms used
in the approach
include “system,”
“sub-systems,”
“function,”
“boundaries,”
“interrelationship”,
and “environment.”

Interviews and
analysis of
documents

Choice is a function
of the question

The functions of
an entire system
and its
components are
analyzed.
Interrelationships
and boundaries
are identified.

Luhmann,
Baecker, &
Gilgen, 2013
Baxter & Jack,
2008
Patton, 2014

Unique terminologies
include “describe,”
“interpret,” “social
group,” “ethnic,”

Interviews,
observations, and
immersing oneself
into the target

Sampling has to be
done secretly to
avoid intruding the
lives of the people

Analysis involves
the description
and
interpretation of

Grand Canyon
University, n.d.
Baxter & Jack,
2008

Interactive and
Participatory
Qualitative
Applications

Organization life,
Action research



How do people in a
society, community, or
culture interact?

“cultural.”

culture as an active
participant.



How can we learn from
practical problem-solving?
How can learned
knowledge support
application?
How can we build capacity
through reliance on
processes?

Action research, coresearcher,
participantresearcher, learning
organization,
dialogue,
appreciative inquiry

Interviews and
observations




being studied. Those
who are available
and willing to
participate are
studied.
Choice is a function
of the question

Highlight indicates example response.
Modified from Patton, M.Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications

collected data.
Development of
themes is also
done.

Patton, 2014

Analysis involves
the description
and
interpretation of
collected data.
Insights that
could help
improve
application are
identified.

Patton, 2014


Running head: CXU_WK3_JOUR

1

Journal entry

Institution Affiliation

Date

CXU_WK3_JOUR

2
Progress

Since the previous entry, I have been learning more about qualitative research
approaches. The reason for delving deeper into qualitative approaches is to gain knowledge and
understanding that will aid me in selecting the approach that best fits my research problem. I
have been learning about the approaches from the recommended reading materials. I have also
been learning about the use of qualitative approaches through the review of literature that is
relevant to my research problem. I have reviewed several articles that touch on the issue of racial
nativism and immigration and identified the approaches that were preferred by the different
researchers. Since the previous entry, I have also been thinking about how to access a sample
that will provide rich data for analysis. I have to obtain a study group that has encountered racist
nativists to inquire about their experience regarding the protection that they get from the racial
nativist groups.
Problems
I have faced two critical issues concerning the course and the selection of the approach
for my final study. One problem is that some of the course materials are difficult to understand.
It is taking me quite some time to gain a good understanding of the different qualitative research
approaches that are available and how to utilize the same when conducting a study. A second
problem is the difficulty in finding research articles that are relevant to my research topic. Few
studies have been conducted on my specific area of interest, and I have to do a lot of research to
access the few materials available. I need to access several studies in my particular area of
interest to identify the qualitative research approach that scholars in the area prefer to use. Such
an understanding will help me in the selection of the best approach.

CXU_WK3_JOUR

3
Plans

One plan that I have for next week is to take some good time in rereading about the
different qualitative approaches that are available. Rereading the approaches will help me gain a
deeper understanding of the same. Another plan is to continue reviewing literature that is
relevant to my topic. Review of literature will aid me to gain a deeper understanding of the racial
nativism and immigration phenomenon. Deepening my understanding of my topic of study will
help me make changes if such a need arises and make better choices regarding the approach to
take in investigating the phenomenon of interest. I plan that by the end of the week I will have a
selected qualitative approach to use in researching my topic.


Running head: CXU_WK3_WKSP

1

Research Topic

Institution Affiliation

Date

CXU_WK3_WKSP

2
Research Problem

In week two, I revised my research problem to make it more specific and more
straightforward to research. My week one research problem was broad and, therefore, difficult to
study. My current research problem regards the protection of immigrants from racist nativist
groups. I will set out to understand the experience of Latina/o immigrants in the United States
regarding their protection from racial nativists. I believe that the current research problem is
more specific and well-formulated though I have been contemplating whether it can be refined.
So far, I have not thought of a better way to rephrase the problem. One thing that I have been
thinking hard about since settling on the particular research problem is where to get Latina/o
immigrants who have or still encounter racist nativist groups. Such immigrants would be a rich
source of data for their study.
Research Purpose
The research purpose that I settled on in week two is “to explore the experience of
Latina/o immigrants in the United States regarding their protection from racial nativists.” Since
the research problem has not yet changed, the research purpose will also remain the same for
now. Improvement of the problem in the coming days will result in the changing of the purpose
statement. I find the current purpose statement to be satisfactory, but it can still be improved.
Other Comments
The development of my research ideas has been influenced by the review of the literature
regarding the issue of racist nativism and immigration. Researchers have explored the causes of
the rise of racial nativism and the effects that such a phenomenon has had on nations (Young,
017). The issue of experiences that immigrants have regarding protection from racial nativists

CXU_WK3_WKSP

3

groups has not been focused upon by many scholars, and there is a gap in understanding in that
area. My study aims to aid in breaching that gap. Currently, I am focusing on the best qualitative
research approach to utilize in researching the current problem. Settling on the best approach will
help in further designing the study.

CXU_WK3_WKSP

4
References

Young, J. G. (2017). Making America 1920 again? Nativism and US immigration, past and
present. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 5(1), 217-235.


PLoS MEDICINE

An Ethnographic Study of the Social Context
of Migrant Health in the United States
Seth M. Holmes1,2
1 Department of Anthropology, History, and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America,
2 Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
Funding: This research was funded
by the UCSF Medical Scientist
Training Program, the University of
California Institute for Mexico and
the United States, the UCSF Center
for Reproductive Health Research
and Policy, the UCSF Graduate
Division, and the Mustard Seed
Foundation. The funders had no role
in study design, data collection and
analysis, decision to publish, or
preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: The author
was one of the guest editors of the
social medicine theme issue in which
this article appears; however, he
played no part in the review of this
manuscript. No other competing
interests exist.
Academic Editor: Paramjit Gill,
University of Birmingham, United
Kingdom
Citation: Holmes SM (2006) An
ethnographic study of the social
context of migrant health in the
United States. PLoS Med 3(10): e448.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030448
Received: April 10, 2006
Accepted: September 15, 2006
Published: October 24, 2006
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pmed.0030448
Copyright: Ó 2006 Seth M. Holmes.
This is an open-access article
distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the
original author and source are
credited.

ABSTRACT
Background
Migrant workers in the United States have extremely poor health. This paper aims to identify
ways in which the social context of migrant farm workers affects their health and health care.

Methods and Findings
This qualitative study employs participant observation and interviews on farms and in clinics
throughout 15 months of migration with a group of indigenous Triqui Mexicans in the western
US and Mexico. Study participants include more than 130 farm workers and 30 clinicians. Data
are analyzed utilizing grounded theory, accompanied by theories of structural violence,
symbolic violence, and the clinical gaze. The study reveals that farm working and housing
conditions are organized according to ethnicity and citizenship. This hierarchy determines
health disparities, with undocumented indigenous Mexicans having the worst health. Yet, each
group is understood to deserve its place in the hierarchy, migrant farm workers often being
blamed for their own sicknesses.

Conclusions
Structural racism and anti-immigrant practices determine the poor working conditions, living
conditions, and health of migrant workers. Subtle racism serves to reduce awareness of this
social context for all involved, including clinicians. The paper concludes with strategies toward
improving migrant health in four areas: health disparities research, clinical interactions with
migrant laborers, medical education, and policy making.
The Editors’ Summary of this article follows the references.

E-mail: seth.holmes@ucsf.edu

PLoS Medicine | www.plosmedicine.org

1776

October 2006 | Volume 3 | Issue 10 | e448

Social Context of Migrant Health

to the economic marginalization and geographic displacement justified by the rhetoric of ‘‘development’’ and ‘‘free
trade’’ (e.g., [14,15]).
Mexican laborers, often called ‘‘illegal aliens’’ in the US, are
often victims of negative prejudice and violence, including
murders by civilian vigilante squads, so-called ‘‘beaner raids’’
by off-duty Marines, BB gun shootings by white American
youth, deportations of sick workers by company owners
under the guise of taking them to the hospital, the paying of
entire farm labor crews in wine and illicit drugs, and pesticide
poisoning by company crop dusters (for specific examples,
see [2,4,16–19]). They are blamed for everything from
unemployment rates to state budget deficits [20] in efforts
to pass bills (such as California’s ‘‘Save Our State’’ initiative in
the 1990s, a similar 2005 initiative in Arizona, and various US
Congress bills in 2006) that bar undocumented immigrants
from public services, including health care. In such political
debates about immigrants, it is rarely acknowledged that
these laborers are actively recruited by US employers to take
jobs that US citizens most often are unwilling to fill, and that
the laborers pay sales taxes as well as the federal, state, and
local taxes taken out of their paychecks [5,21–24].
In 1994, the US Border Patrol launched Operation Gatekeeper to deter migrants from crossing the southern border
by utilizing more agents, more barriers, and more technology.
According to critics, this has simply moved the location of
crossings to more deadly areas that are less visible to border
area residents [25]. Already by August, 2005 had become the
deadliest year on record, with 385 recorded border-crossing
deaths, surpassing the previous record of 383 set in 2000 [25].
In addition, undocumented immigrants report that coyote
(unauthorized border-crossing guide from Mexico to the US)
fees have risen to approximately US$2,000. Nonetheless, the
‘‘new nativism’’ [26,27] active in the US calls for further
militarization of the border. During the summer of 2005,
more than 1,000 private volunteer militiamen, calling
themselves ‘‘Minutemen,’’ began patrolling 23 miles of the
Arizona border [28]. California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger commended the Minutemen for doing a ‘‘terrific job’’
[25], while others consider it dangerous and illegal vigilantism
[29].
Previous medical and public health research shows that
migrant farm workers have significantly worse health statistics than other populations. Such statistics are somewhat
unreliable, due to the difficulty of studying a largely invisible
population. Estimates of the migrant farm laborer population
in the US range from 750,000 to 12 million, though most
approach 10 million [11]. In addition, most morbidity and
mortality data are skewed lower due to undocumented
workers’ fear of reporting health problems, poor enforcement of labor and health policies in agriculture, as well as the
fact that many Latin American migrant laborers return to
their home countries as they age or become disabled, which
leads to a ‘‘healthy worker bias’’ [30]. Regardless of these
issues, previous research shows that health disparities related
to migrant farm workers fall into the areas of ethnicity,
citizenship, and social class. According to recent research,
Latino children have twice the death and hospitalization rates
from pedestrian injury than do white children in the US, and
Latino adults have lower rates of preventive medicine
screening [8]. A recent Institute of Medicine report indicates

Introduction
Labor migration is a significant phenomenon throughout
the world, with high economic, political, medical, and human
stakes. The UN Population Division estimates that there are
175 million migrants in the world, 46% more than a decade
ago [1]. Worldwide, the majority of migrant laborers are of a
minority ethnicity in the country in which they work, most
live in poverty and suffer poor health, and significant
numbers are undocumented.
What is often framed as ‘‘the migrant problem’’ [2,3] in the
US has received great political, journalistic, and medical
attention in the past few years. Recent research estimates that
there are 293 million residents in the US, 36 million of whom
are foreign-born and 10.3 million of whom are unauthorized
[4,5]. According to the 2000 US Census, there were 9.2 million
Mexican-born US residents, including 2.3 million naturalized
US citizens, 2.1 authorized immigrants, and 4.8 undocumented immigrants [6]. It is estimated that there are 1 million
indigenous Mexicans from the state of Oaxaca in the US,
mostly Mixtec, Zapotec, and Triqui people [7]. Approximately
95% of the agricultural workers in the US were born in
Mexico [8] and 52% are undocumented [9]. The average age
of agricultural workers is 29 years, with very few older than 60
years [10,11] and the vast majority of these individuals and
families live below the poverty line [9,11,12].
Most researchers agree that inequalities in the global
market make up the primary driving force of labor migration
patterns (e.g., [12]). Mexico’s average minimum wage is
US$4.12 per day and varies by region, with the lowest
minimum wage in southern Mexico, from which come most
indigenous Mexican migrants to the US. In contrast, the US
federal minimum wage is $5.15 per hour, while it is $6.75 in
California and $7.15 in Washington state. Regardless of the
lack of parity in economic power between Mexico and the US,
the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
deregulated all agricultural trade in 2003 except for corn
and dairy products, which will be unprotected in 2008 [13].
The Mexican government complains that since NAFTA’s
initial implementation in 1994, the US has raised farm
subsidies by 300% [13]. Throughout the 1990s, Mexico, on the
other hand, has reduced financial supports for corn
producers, millions of whom are indigenous peasants for
whom corn cultivation is the primary source of income [13].
Various Mexican organizations are pressing the Mexican
government to renegotiate NAFTA so that more farm owners
and workers will not be forced by poverty to emigrate for
wage labor [13]. In various rural parts of Mexico, rebel groups
have risen up, some armed and some not, to demand a change
PLoS Medicine | www.plosmedicine.org

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October 2006 | Volume 3 | Issue 10 | e448

Social Context of Migrant Health

Only 5% of migrant farm workers have health insurance,
contrasted with 84% of US residents overall [30,34]. Migrant
laborers are less likely than other groups to obtain preventive
care, with 27% never receiving a routine physical exam, 25%
never having a dental check-up, and 43% never receiving an
eye exam [11]. Although there is a federal Migrant Health
Program funding migrant clinics, it is estimated that this
program serves only 13% of the intended population [11].
Finally, undocumented status and the inter-state migratory
nature of their lives means that less than one-third of migrant
women qualify for Medicaid, despite living well below the
poverty line [31]. Many migrant workers in the US go through
many hardships to return to Mexico for health care [31], and
they cite economic, cultural, and linguistic reasons for this
choice.
The social science research cited above indicates that
Mexican migrant workers in the US are the focus of many
forms of prejudice and violence. The health research brings
to light significant health disparities related to undocumented Mexican migrant workers, specifically along the lines
of ethnicity, citizenship, and social class. However, it is not yet
understood how prejudice—specifically, instituti...


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