1 Yanni Smith This is a clear well-written RA. LLD 100A Professor Joseph 11 October 2018 Rhetorical Analysis A rhetorical analysis is an essay that analyzes the different techniques authors use in their writing in order to fulfill the purpose of persuading, informing, or entertaining the audience. The purpose of this type of essay is to examine how the writer writes and to determine whether or not the writer was successful in achieving their goals. By doing a rhetorical analysis, writers can determine the effectiveness of the writing strategies used. As a writer, I hope to become more aware of how the writer influences my thought process and reactions to any piece of writing. In this essay, I will be analyzing a document in my discipline of business and finance. It is a document from Tesla, Inc. called Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. I will be discussing the rhetorical situation of the document, in addition to the writing strategies and appeals the company uses within the corporate governance document. (A brief introduction that answers all the questions given in the outline). Rhetorical Situation It is a four-page document that was published on the official Tesla website under the section Investors. This type of document is written all the time in the business field as it is important for companies to present to its employee’s specific business practices and procedures that must be followed within the company. Tesla, the author of the document wants to inform and guide all its employees, directors, and officers about the basic principles of conduct and ethics. It is evident that the primary audience for this piece of writing includes employees of all 2 levels working for Tesla Motors, Inc. These codes were written for this specific discourse community. This community of Tesla employees expects to become aware of the practices and procedures of the company as well as how to avoid improper behavior. (A clear paragraph that covers all the elements of the rhetorical situation). Analysis Organization/ Style/ Language: The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is an online document that is available to the public and can be found on the official Tesla webpage. Just like any essay, it contains a title and an introduction. Presentation wise, the document contains multiple font sizes with some words in bold and italics while other phrases are underlined. An example of variation in the font is the word “Tesla” which is written in big red letters on the upper-left hand side of the document. Another example is how each code heading is written in bold compared to the rest of the paragraph. Utilizing this presentation style suits the purpose of the document because the bolded codes give a quick overview of the article. A strategy that stands out the most is the use of numbers to separate the different ethical codes. The author makes the document easier to read by numerically separating the codes which makes it efficient for the reader to find a specific code. The language in the document is formal considering it is a business document that covers a wide range of business practices and procedures. For instance, some given titles include “Protection and Proper Use of Company Assets” and “Competition and Fair Dealing”. Throughout the document some technical terms are used, but not to the extent where readers from outside of the discourse community cannot understand. The ideas are written in complete sentences and standard grammar is used. Paragraph length varies on each individual code, so it is not consistent in length. The shortest statement appears to be Code 6 which is called 3 “Discrimination and Harassment” in comparison to the longest in length which is Code 14 called “Compliance Procedures”. The style and language suit the message the author is trying to convey because the document needs to be written formally in order to be taken seriously by the employees in the Company. Language is very important because everyone in and out of the Company needs to understand the basic principles and procedures in order to not have any legal issues with Tesla. (This description of the article gives a the reader a good understanding of the document being analyzed). Development of Ideas Strategies: Division and classification is a strategy in which the author separates items into parts or sections and then examines the parts in relationship to the whole. In Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, the author uses the strategy of division and classification to organize and to make it easier for the audience to identify the business codes. Tesla, the author, chose to separate each code because each individual code needs to be defined, explained, and exemplified. An example from the text is how the business document is divided into fourteen distinct codes. To further prove my point, Code 14 “Compliance Procedures” is divided further into steps on how to handle a questionable situation in the Company. This rhetorical strategy is an effective method because the audience is able to go through the document and easily find the code that fits their situation in case of a code violation. (Good paragraphs that give a point, example and explain how and why the author has used the strategy) Exemplification is another rhetorical strategy that the author uses throughout the document. It is when the writer uses examples to support or elaborate an idea. Tesla uses this writing strategy to make the audience have an idea of what is considered ethical and unethical in 4 a business setting. Throughout the document the author frequently uses the phrases “examples include” and “for example” to elaborate on the ethical code. In the section called “Discrimination and Harassment” which is code 6, the author wrote “examples include derogatory comments based on racial or ethnic characteristics and unwelcome sexual advances.” The author tries to elaborate on the idea that discrimination and harassment will not be tolerated at Tesla. The author chose this as a strategy because in order for the reader to fully understand the concept, the author has to include examples of what to do and what no to do, or what counts in uncertain situations, so that the employees of Tesla can proceed without violating any codes. (Again a good paragraph) Definition is the most important rhetorical strategy used compared to the other two writing strategies. Definitions are necessary to clearly outline and explain an idea or concept. Companies need to keep in mind that people have different definitions to distinct words, so it is their duty to have set definitions for broad terms, especially controversial ones. In the document several terms were defined. Conflict of interest was one of many and it was defined as having a private interest that interferes in any way with the interests of the Company; this came from code 2 which is called “Conflicts of Interest”. Tesla chose definition as one of their strategies because they wanted to eliminate any ambiguity surrounding the term and make it clear to the reader. Everyone has different meanings for different words, so it is effective and necessary to provide the reader with the Company’s definition so it is clear and understandable. (Good paragraph, but overall since the writer says this is the most important strategy, it should have come after division and classification and before exemplification). Rhetorical Appeals: 5 Logos appeals the reader’s sense of logic and reason, this includes case studies, definitions, and explanations of ideas. In Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, logos is very common all through the document. The definitions and explanations of the codes were an indication that logos was present. Code 10 states that “proprietary information includes intellectual property such as trade secrets, etc.” That sentence was an example of how an idea was further explained by providing examples of what is considered intellectual property. By defining proprietary information, the reader is able to understand what counts as that and is left without any doubt. Another example from the text that appeals to the audience’s reasoning is “to use non-public information for personal financial benefit or to ‘tip’ others who might make an investment decision… is not only unethical but also illegal” (Code 3). It appeals to the reader’s reason as to why not engage in this sort of unethical behavior. The word “illegal” in this sentence has a negative connotation, so the audience can assume that there will be grave consequences if the code is violated in any way. An ethos appeal gives the audience a sense of the author’s credibility. This document is credible and reliable because it was published under the official Tesla website. Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is a highly important document since it is the foundation of Tesla’s principles and guidelines. Ethos establishes credibility because the highest members of the company, which are the Board of Directors, have adopted this document and the website is a credible source because it is Tesla’s official page. Pathos is the last rhetorical appeal in the triangle. Pathos appeals to the audience’s emotions, values, and assumptions. The first example states, “Any employee may submit a good faith concern regarding questionable…matters without fear of dismissal or retaliation” (Code 13). The language here provokes an emotional response because it makes the reader feel safe to 6 speak up in their workplace if there are any issues. The second example states that “those who violate the standards will be subject to disciplinary action, up to and including termination of employment” (Introduction). The use of strong phrases like “termination of employment” makes the reader fearful of violating the codes because they could lose their employment. (Good paragraphs that clearly explain the use of the appeals in the document). Conclusion I believe that the writing strategies used in Code of Business Conduct and Ethics made the document a strong one for the type of discipline because it was straight forward, easy to understand, and style-wise it was easy on the eyes. It contained many strengths some of which include the amount of logos used throughout the document, rhetorical strategies, and the language chosen for it. Logos is one of the appeals that is widely used within the document because it appeals to the audience’s logic and reasoning. Many definitions and explanations were provided so that employees could have a better understanding of the different business codes. The author’s purpose is to inform the reader about the basic principles and guidelines of Tesla; therefore, it is the author’s responsibility to be as transparent as can be. Another strength is the use of definition as a rhetorical strategy. Since the objective is to be clear about the concepts discussed, it is essential for the author to include the definitions of certain terminology. The language that was chosen for this type of document was ideal because it gives the Company a sense of authority. In order for it to be taken seriously it needs to be well written and include technical terms, but not too many which could make it difficult for employees to comprehend. Overall, the author was able to accomplish their goal of informing its audience about the company’s business ethics. (This paragraph gives the overall evaluation of the article). 7 My experience with this rhetorical analysis assignment has made me aware of the different techniques writer’s incorporate in their writing to achieve their purpose of either informing, entertaining, or persuading their intended audience. I learned that these rhetorical components are necessary in order to succeed as a writer. When such elements lack or are weak, then the writer fails to get their message across. Now that I am aware of this, I will integrate these rhetorical appeals and strategies into my writing in the future. (This explains what the writer has learned by doing an RA). Good, clear language, good examples that support the point being made, minimal grammar errors. This RA is well written and would be a 4 (on the portfolio scoring rubric) or an A. 1 Tom Smith A well-written RA with clear well-developed paragraphs. Would be a 4 or an A. LLD 100A RA Assignment Rhetorical Analysis of Research Paper “Energy-Efficient Hexamine Production Process” By Anita Kovac Kralj Rhetoric is the art of communication, and it appears in any form of effective writing. To achieve rhetorical writing, the author chooses the best method amongst all strategies and appeals available to enhance their communication with a certain community. By understanding and analyzing the rhetoric being used in each different kind of document, such as engineering or science lab report, teaching plan, research paper, etc, an amateur writer can learn and develop the skill of using rhetoric in their own writing, and thus satisfying the expectation of the audience in their community and enhancing their communication skills. In the article “Energy-Efficient Hexamine Production Process", Anita Kovac Kralj uses her rhetorical writing skills to effectively illustrate her method of producing Hexane to the readers in chemistry and chemical engineering community. Rhetorical Situation Text And Context “Energy-Efficient Hexamine Production Process” is a three-page long research paper that simulates the best process to produce hexamine. The paper belongs to the Chemistry discipline and Chemical Engineering discipline. The paper is found in one of the chemical engineering organization’s websites, sourced from Advanced Chemical Engineering Research Vol.2 September, 2013. Since hexamine is an important and interesting chemical in the industry, the 2 research gained attention within Chemical Engineering community and is often used in the chemical engineering field. Author, Purpose, and Audience. Under discipline of chemical engineering, the author and the audience of “EnergyEfficient Hexamine Production Process” belong to the same discourse community: those who have a fine background knowledge of chemistry and engineering. The credit of this paper is given to Anita Kovac Kralj, a researcher and a faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering department of University of Maribor. She writes this paper for the benefit of chemical engineer community, with the purpose to inform the reader about the best method to produce 42% hexamine solution. From this paper, the audience expects to learn new knowledge through the author’s research. Since the purpose of this paper satisfies the expectation of audience, the communication between the writer and the audience is more effective. Development of Idea and Analysis Style and Organization Since “Energy-Efficient Hexamine Production Process” is an scientific research paper in the chemistry and engineering field, the author expresses a serious and formal tone. There is no humorous manner in the paper, everything is straightforward. Throughout the text, Kralj uses the words such as “organic compound”, “energy density”, “solute”, “polar”, etc. Without a basic knowledge in Chemistry, the audience would take a long time to interpret and understand the paper. All results are exact numbers from the experiments and are supported by explanation and reasonable analysis. Along with the tone, the author follows the format of a research paper. It has an introduction to provide the background and some knowledge for the subject, the process to follow, the results of the experiment, and the conclusion to summarize the results and give the 3 final conclusion of the process. The author also gives the abstract and reference to strengthen the credibility of the paper. Thus, by using the appropriate tone and style for the chemistry and engineering field, the author succeeds in making a research paper that is reliable. Strategies One of the strategies being used is Compare and Contrast, which illustrate the differences between 2 matters. In the paper, this strategy is used most when describing the processes of hexamine production. Kralj provides two processes and results for the reactor with outlet temperatures of 80oC and 102oC. The Compare and Contrast strategy is best used when the author compares the process at 100oC, 101oC, and 102oC, “a temperature of 100oC provides 35% aqueous hexamine solution but at 102oC this is 50.3%.” (Kralj 2) In the analysis, the author concludes that the best production is at 102oC because it has more available heat flow, or energy. Since the purpose of the paper is to find the best way to produce the hexamine, it is reasonable to use Compare and Contrast to illustrate which process yields better results. Meanwhile, the audience can easily see the differences between the two processes and determine that at temperature of 102oC, the production is more efficient. It is rare to see compare and contrast in a research paper, but this strategy is used for this paper because the point of the author’s research is to find the better method for hexamine production. Another strategy being used by Kralj is process analysis, a strategy that describes the steps and explores how and why each steps works in the process. It is easy to find this strategy in the section of Hexamine Production. Kralj uses this strategy to describe the phenomena of the production. The author carefully addresses that she uses the Aspen Plus simulator by Aspen Technology version 2004 for all calculations in the production of hexamine because it is “common”, and it analyzes most of the measurements needed. Furthermore, Kralj also describes 4 the conditions of the production, such as “continuous hexamine production is produced under a constant pressure of 1 bar,” (Kralj 2) and the temperatures being used. Process Analysis is the most important strategy in writing the research paper because the audience, the follow-up researchers, will follow everything in the provided procedure. These researchers will have an easier time to do all steps if they understand why and how each steps are used, and which instruments will make the steps easier to do. Thus, when the author carefully spends time and effort in the process analysis, it makes the research paper more valuable, and it can be used for further investigation. Besides the important Compare and Contrast and Process Analysis strategies, the author uses some other strategies, the most notable one being definition. The definition strategy appears mostly in the introduction, which defines unfamiliar terms. The author gives the definition of Meissner process, “an optimum method to produce hexamine from formaldehyde and gaseous ammonia during which the reaction and crystallization stages take place simultaneously in order to produce crystalline hexamine.” (Kralj 1) Also, the author carefully explains the characteristics of hexamine as a “heterocyclic organic compound that can be prepared by the reaction of formaldehyde and ammonia.” (Kralj 1) By giving these definition, author provide extra knowledge about the hexamine production for readers. This extra knowledge is required to understand the overall research and the research paper. Without these specific definitions, the audience may miss some point of this paper, and audience would have to pause and spend time to search for these terms before proceeding the remainder of this paper. If the paper does not provide enough information, it reduces the worth of the paper. Thus, definition is another important strategy of writing research paper. 5 Appeals Among three kinds of appeals, pathos, logos, and ethos, Kralj uses pathos the most. In this research paper, the author utilizes pathos to enhance the value and importance of her research. For instance, “The aim of this paper was to simulate a more efficient continuous 42% hexamine solution production process in order to operate with minimal cost, and to make full use of exothermic heat flow rate and waste materials.” (Kralj 1) Knowing the task of engineers is finding the most effective and cheapest solution for a matter, by introducing this information in the abstract, readers, mostly engineers, will see the importance of the author’s research as well as the paper. Therefore, the use of pathos will increase the sense of curiosity and enhance the strength of this paper. Another appeal, logos, which is using logical information to support the statement, is also common in research paper. Logos is used to determine and analyze the results. In Table 4 “THE COMPOSITION MASSFLOW'S SIMULATED PRODUCTION OF HEXAMINE, WITH DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE OF 102oC FROM THE REACTOR AND 101oC FROM THE FLASH”, the audience sees that with 102oC, the amount of hexamine produced per hour is 302.9kg, which is the largest amount among all other different trials. To support the evidence, Kralj gives logical explanation of the result, such as “The more beneficial for the production is the one that operates at a maximum temperature (102oC) because of its totally available heat flow rate, and can be added into the process.” (Kralj 3) The table gives evidence that most hexamine produced under 102oC, and the analysis explains that higher temperature gives more energy for the process. The author, therefore, can logically use the data in the conclusion to explain the results, and the audience can follow along. Without data, the audience has no idea how the author arrived at their conclusion, and without a logical explanation, the audience does 6 not know why the maximum temperature produces the best hexamine solution. Since facts and data are provided in the paper, audience has a reason to trust the results and the conclusions the author came to. The third appeal that the author uses is ethos, which provides information on the author and people mentioned in the paper to give credit for the content of the paper. In the beginning of the paper, Kralj introduces herself as a faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering in the University of Maribor. Giving that information, Kralj’s paper is more likely to gain trust because she has experiences and knowledge in the field. Also, throughout the text, when giving facts, the author provides the source to support those facts, “Conversion within the reactor is 97% (Gary & Maxwell, 2004).” (Kralj 2) Knowing the authors of these statements and their credibility will make the information more reliable. When reading a fact, knowing the source from which Kralj got the fact, “Gary & Maxwell, 2004”, allows the audience to look up the information and the credibility of the source. This is important because audience cannot just accept any new information given by a random person, and there are many sources that will give false information, especially sources from the internet. Since the audience can learn from the facts provided and use this new information in the future, they expect to know if they can trust it or not. Thus, ethos, as well as logos and pathos, are all important in the rhetorical writing aspect of a research paper. Without reliability, this paper loses its value because it is not worth reading a paper that is incredible. Conclusion Overall, the paper has good uses of strategies and appeals, and it has an appropriate presentation for a research paper. In the introduction, Kralj defines the unfamiliar terms to make the paper easier to understand for researchers and undergraduate students. For the production 7 section, she has an analysis on the processes of hexamine production , which is an important strategy in a scientific report. Also, she uses compare and contrast to demonstrate the differences between the hexamine production in two temperatures, which explains why one process is better than the other. Also, ethos and logos are applied throughout the report to give credibility to and explain the logic behind her analysis and conclusion. Furthermore, her formal style of writing enhances the value of the report since it is appropriate for scientific research and further learning. The author succeeded on effectively writing a research paper for the chemical engineer community. By analyzing this article, I understand that every writing has a unique style of presentation and tone. The choice of rhetorical strategies and appeals strengthens the effectiveness of communication and fulfills the desired audience’s expectation. Thus, when writing a research paper, or any other form of effective writing, I need to understand the rhetorical situation and audience’s expectations in order to develop my strategies. In further study and in the future work, I will need to write many reports, thus, learning, understanding, and applying rhetorical writing is extremely important for my career. 8 Reference Kralj, Anita Kovac. “Energy-Efficient Hexamine Production Process.” Advanced Chemical Engineering Research. Vol.2. September, 2013. 1 Name This would be a B+/A—The points are all covered and well-developed. LLD 100 M/W Prof. Joseph 9/28/14 Rhetorical Analysis of Professional Writing Writing is communication, and to effectively communicate, writers need to make rhetorical choices. Based on the rhetorical situation, writers make choices in the rhetorical appeals and strategies they will use. A rhetorical analysis breaks down a piece of writing into the appeals and strategies used to understand the choices that the writer has made. Doing a rhetorical analysis allows a writer to understand how to make choices and write effectively. By completing a rhetorical analysis, I hope to learn how to communicate more effectively with my audience every time that I write. To learn how to write in a more professional manner I will analyze a piece of writing in my field that demonstrates the effective use of rhetorical appeals and strategies. Gives a brief introduction Rhetorical Situation The piece of writing that I will analyze is a four page article that was written on July 1, 2015 called “Vaccine Refusal”, by Pat Bass that is located in a magazine called Contemporary Pediatrics. This article gives an explanation of the negative effects that vaccine refusal has had on society and how pediatricians can fix this health issue by improving their practices to establish trust with their patients. The author of the article, Dr. Pat Bass, is a chief medical information officer. The audience are pediatricians and health care professionals that read a magazine called Contemporary Pediatrics. This article is intended to get the attention of many pediatricians to inform them about the growing problem of vaccine refusal and the ways in which they could approach the problem in their own practices. The rhetorical situation covers all the basic required information. Analysis Style, Tone and Presentation The specific style Dr. Bass uses is a formal writing style because she is trying to get the attention of her audience which are pediatricians, so that they see that there is a serious issue with vaccine refusal that is going on. This formal writing style is used throughout the magazine article showing how it is a serious problem that needs to be fixed. The language that Dr. Bass uses in her article is accessible to a majority of the population, but has some medical terminology in it that some may not know. But for the most part the language that she uses allows her audience to understand the main point that she is trying to get across. The organization of the article allows it to be an easy read. 2 The development of ideas are presented in a topical format, with each of the subtopics titles bolded in dark blue while the rest of the article is in black and with a summary located under the title in gold. This topical format allows for an easy flow of ideas, because it allows the reader to understand and identify the important parts of the article. Also in addition to the subtopics being bolded she also places bullet points and numbering under those bolded titles. This organization is effective because it allows the reader to see the variation of reasons why parents are refusing vaccination and the variation of strategies that can be used to fix the problem, as well as be able to take the given steps that are numbered. There are also two boxes with in the last two pages of the article, which are both located under the strategies in which a pediatric can implement, the first one is titled “A Well-Child Example”, and the second one is titled “Documenting Parental Refusal to Vaccinate”. Both of these boxes embedded in the writing give pediatricians advice on how they can communicate more effectively with their patients and what documents they should be filling out to make people aware of an unvaccinated child so that they can take precautions. The way that both of the boxes are placed in the writing makes them stand out and unavoidable to read, which I believe was the authors purpose to draw attention to possible solutions that may fix the problem. Rhetorical Appeals Logos: The rhetorical appeal she uses the most throughout the article is logos. Logos is the appeal to reason, where logic and critical reasoning is used to persuade the audience that the writer’s argument is valid. At the start of the article, Bass uses statistics to show how the problem of vaccine refusal is negatively affecting the health of many human beings, especially children in a harmful way. Dr. Bass mentions the measles outbreak that occurred at the California theme park last February, emphasizing the fact that 76% of the cases 28 out of 37 children were unvaccinated due to parental beliefs (Bass, 2015). Mentioning those statistics and showing that the outbreak could have been prevented if the parents decided to get their children vaccinated, may get the readers to take this issue more seriously, and to change their ways of approaching parents who refuse to vaccinate their children. Not only does Dr. Bass use those statistics based on a recent occurrence, but she also shares other information pertaining to pertussis outbreaks in the past. “Pertussis outbreaks also are more common, with more cases reported in 2010 (27,550) and 2012 (48,277) since the 1950’s” (Bass, 2015). This shows how big of a problem vaccine refusal is getting, that even with all the progress vaccines have made over the years preventing diseases and illnesses, people in the last 5 years have become hesitant to protect themselves by getting vaccinated, causing outbreaks with more cases compared to the 1950’s. Emphasizing these facts it seems as if Dr. Bass has used logos to convince the reader that she is knowledgeable and has done her research on the issue showing that there is evidence supporting her cause that vaccine refusal is a growing problem that needs to be fixed. Using this appeal of logos mainly at the beginning of her article draws the reader into reading more of the article, making them take into consideration her solutions to fix the problem. Ethos 3 Another rhetorical appeal is Ethos where the writer establishes believability and shares qualifications, so that the reader can trust and believe his or her argument. Ethos is also incorporated into the article at the very beginning close to the title of the article and throughout the article with citing the sources that she used, giving credit to others where credit is due. What the author of this article has done to establish ethos is that she put her name below the title of the article showing that she is a doctor, that she has a master’s degree in science and that she has a master’s degree in public health. In addition she also placed a brief statement of her biographical information on the left side of the article sharing more about herself. The brief statement says, “Dr. Bass is a chief medical information officer and associate professor of medicine and pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Science Center- Shreveport” (Bass, 2015). Placing the brief statement on the side at the beginning of the article automatically gives the author credibility right before the reader decides to continue reading the article and shows the reader that the writer is a reliable source that has experience in the Health Field. Another demonstration of ethos that is relevant all throughout the article is Dr. Bass’ use of reliable sources for statistics and facts. For example she makes it clear that she is using information from a reliable source by writing “A 2009 survey by the National Center of Immunization and Respiratory Disease” (Bass, 2015), before explaining the facts from the survey. Another example is also shown by Dr. Bass writing that the following suggestions that she gave were from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, after giving the reader steps on how a pediatrician can do their part and impact vaccination rates in a positive manner (Bass, 2015). From those examples Dr. Bass gives the reader a sense of trust, convincing the reader to attempt to change their practices to improve the health of children. Pathos Although logos and ethos are the most prevalent rhetorical appeals in this article there also is a couple instances where pathos is present. Pathos is used to appeal to the beliefs and feelings of the audience, affecting them emotionally. For example in the third page of the article Dr. Bass states a reason of why parents are not vaccinating their children and how they don’t think of the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, to where his death could been prevented if only there was a vaccine. “Rather than seeing President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s post-polio state, parents today see celebrity stances against vaccination from the likes of Jenny McCarthy, Alicia Silverstone, Rob Schneider, and Robert Rodriguez” (Bass, 2015). This example plays on the audience’s emotions by making them see that this is a big problem when people are now being misled by following celebrities’ decisions of refusing vaccinations versus listening to the pediatricians using facts and evidence from the past on how vaccines have saved the lives of many, lengthening our life expectancy. This quote also makes the reader sympathetic to the people who refuse vaccines for their children. Another example is when the writer mentions that pediatricians have reported a decrease in job satisfaction due to the lack of trust patients have with them and the high demand of vaccine refusal (Bass, 2015). This example I believe plays on the audiences’ emotions by showing the negative effects of vaccine refusal on a pediatrician’s career, making the audience worried about the issue causing them to see that a change in practice should be made. Including the appeal of pathos into her writing I believe Dr. Bass creates a connection with her audience showing that she cares deeply for the well-being of others. 4 Rhetorical Strategies Cause and Effect Cause and effect is the most prevalent rhetorical strategy used in the article. It is where the author examines the relationship between the causes and the results of a problem or event. In the article Dr. Bass uses this strategy to explain why parents refuse or under immunize their kids and how problems come about effecting numerous populations due to their choices. For example she does this by creating a column of twelve bullet points under a sentence that says “Parental concerns and reasons for delaying or refusing vaccination include :”( Bass, 2015). Placing that sentence and those bullet points into the article shows the audience the reasons why vaccine refusal has become a popular option for many parents. After showing the audience why vaccine refusal is occurring she mentions the effect of it. “Alternative immunization schedules lead to under immunization and increase the risk of transmitting and acquiring vaccine preventable illness” (Bass, 2015). This example shows the main effect of the issue of vaccine refusal, and how it causes preventable illnesses to occur making many children ill. Another effect is problems the pediatricians have when dealing with patients who refuse vaccination. She states that pediatricians have reported a decrease in job satisfaction due to the lack of trust the parents have with them and the increased demands related to vaccine refusal (Bass, 2015). This gives the reader another negative effect to acknowledge that is caused by vaccine refusal, showing that the problem doesn’t only effect the health of the children but how it can negatively affect people’s careers. Using cause and effect throughout the article allows the audience to see a clear picture of what the author wants them to gain from reading this article to where she wants them to see the problem, why it is occurring and how they can go about fixing the issue. Process Analysis A rhetorical strategy that I noticed while reading this article is process analysis, which is a strategy that looks like a basic cookbook recipe that explains directions in steps to reach an ultimate goal. Since the article is well organized it was obvious in the article due to the wording of the second sentence in bold. “Here’s how pediatricians can address parents’ concerns and advocate for vaccination while discouraging nonmedical exemptions” (Bass, 2015). The specific words that convinced me that there is the process analysis strategy being used in this article is “here’s how”, showing that the author is going to give advice and inform the audience of possible solutions. On the last two pages of the article there is also a section called “strategies to implement in the pediatric practice” (Bass, 2015). This is where the author places steps that are numbered and bolded in the article in which the reader can follow to attempt to fix the problem of vaccine refusal. The way that this section is structured and organized it is obvious that she used process analysis because these steps are directions for solving the problem. Another piece of the article that shows that process analysis is being used is that in the article she gives an example called “A well-child example”, to where she informs readers about the steps that the Center of Disease Control provides for pediatricians to convince parents to vaccinate their children. Process analysis is used in this article to make the article easy to read so that more people read it as well as to give the audience a sense of direction with the necessary steps to approach the problem. 5 Exemplification Another rhetorical strategy that is used is exemplification. Exemplification is known as the use of examples to elaborate on an idea. In the article it is found under the subtitle “Magnitude of Vaccine Refusal”, where she gives examples of populations which have already been negatively affected due to this trend of vaccine refusal. Dr. Bass elaborates on the facts presented from recent outbreaks that have occurred due to vaccine refusal. The first one that she elaborates on is the measles outbreak that occurred at the California theme park last February causing 125 cases of measles (Bass, 2015). This example shows that she really wants the audience to take the issue seriously and to acknowledge that the problem of vaccine refusal is happening. She also mentions the comeback of pertussis outbreaks as an example of how vaccine refusal is negatively effecting the lives of many. Another use of exemplification is located on the second to the last page in a box that is titled “A Well-child Example”, this gives the reader an example of how to communicate with a parent that refuses to get their child vaccinated. This example helps the reader understand the process a pediatrician should use when interacting with a patient’s parent. Overall the examples of exemplification present in this article give the audience a better understanding of the writers overall purpose. Conclusion A professional example that demonstrates the effective use of the rhetorical appeals and strategies is the article “Vaccine Refusal”, written by Pat Bass. I believe Dr. Bass used rhetorical appeals and rhetorical strategies to approach her audience in an excellent manner, so that they would take the issue she is presenting seriously and strive for change so that the problem can be eliminated or contained. What made Dr. Bass’ use of rhetorical strategies and rhetorical appeals so successful is that she focused on what her audience which are pediatricians would think while reading her article. The elements that made Dr. Bass’ article so successful is the use of ethos and logos. For example she uses statistics from credible sources throughout, especially in the beginning to state how the problem is effecting our country which shows that she knows that her audience will want to know the evidence behind why she’s writing this article and why they should listen to her. The use of ethos and logos in this article convinces the audience to believe the information that is presented to them since Dr. Bass is a credible source and that the facts by other credible sources that she has presented have supported her claim. As a writer I learned that by doing this rhetorical analysis is that rhetorical appeals and strategies give a paper the necessary structure so that the audience understands the authors overall purpose. I also learned that a great piece of writing should entail a mixture of all the elements used in rhetorical writing so that the audience will be intrigued by the information presented to them and the author can accomplish his or her goal. 6 Works Cited Bass, P. F. (2015). Vaccine refusal. Contemporary Pediatrics, 32(7), 20-23. What is software engineering? Nobody seems to know. Everyone has an opinion, and everyone agrees that it is of the utmost importance, but there is little consensus as to what it is. But before addressing the above question, let us first answer the question: Why is it called "engineering"? It is called "engineering" because early practitioners wanted to call it "software physics," but that term was already in use. They wanted to call it software physics because they believed that the process of producing software could be formalized with such rigor that it would be on all fours with physics. Indeed, texts from the '80s are populated with theories, derivations, tables, graphs, equations and formulae, apparently in an attempt to appear mathematical and scientific in nature. Within a few years however, the inadequacy of those books became clear, and the situation changed rapidly, and today's texts contain virtually no formulae or equations. In spite of that, the title software engineering has been retained, authors claiming in their introductions that, e.g., "Software engineering employs engineering methods, processes, techniques and measurement." Exactly what those engineering methods, processes, techniques and measurements are, is never stated, and the books never refer to them after the introduction. Of course SE is an artificial science, whereas physics and chemistry are natural sciences. Nonetheless, if it is a true science, and true engineering, we should expect to find some sort of system of laws and theories with experiments and predictions. If we pick up an engineering book on how to design an automobile engine, we do not find sections on the waterfall model or the spiral model that we find in SE texts. We would expect to find sections on pistons and cams, and we would not expect it to contain sections on dashboard layout or cost estimates. And yet in SE texts we can find topics like screen layout and cost estimates, and we also see topics like team management, human factors, risk management and user interfaces, among others. Such topics are very important, but they belong to areas like marketing, management, IT and psychology, not engineering. Software production is very different from engineering, and it takes some imagination to see significant parallels between the two. A software engineer is no more an engineer than a novelist is a word engineer. Perhaps the above observations are a bit harsh, and the problem is merely verbal and the title is a misnomer, a remnant from an earlier time. That is unfortunate, because the name implies scientific rigor, and opens software engineering to the charge that it is a pseudoscience flying under false colors. We would be better off if the name were changed to "software production techniques" or some such. Back to the original question. There are many textbooks on software engineering on the market, and a survey of their indices and chapter topics reveals that they are very disjointed. One book will treat a topic as important, and the next book omits it entirely. About the only commonality to be found is the insistence that SE has something to do with engineering. That is due partly to the complex, amorphous nature of software production, and partly to a one-size-fits-all mentality. Software projects and programmers vary enormously, and some require vastly different approaches than others. Supposing that all software programs can fit under the same umbrella is a mistake akin to thinking that mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering can be lumped together. To be sure, there are many areas of software research that are properly called scientific. Bearing this in mind, we should re-name software engineering, dividing it into (A) software theory/research, and (B) software production techniques. Author：William S. Curran Source: Southeastern Louisiana University William S. Curran is an Associate Professor of Computer Science at Southeastern Louisiana University. He has many years experience in teaching, programming and systems analysis. Website: https://ubiquity.acm.org/article.cfm?id=763745 Rhetorical Analysis -Outline 1. Introduction Give a short introduction that answers the aspects/questions given below. What is an RA? Explain what writers gain by doing an RA What do you as a writer hope to learn by doing this RA? Name the document that will be analyzed and indicate what you will be discussing II. Rhetorical Situation Identify and cover all elements of the rhetorical situation including--title, length, context, author, author's purpose, audience, audience expectations. (If you like you can use subheadings) III. Analysis Develop each element into a focused unified paragraph with a topic sentence. To develop paragraphs: Define the rhetorical appeal or the rhetorical strategy being discussed in that paragraph (you can quote or paraphrase from your course readings) Quote or paraphrase examples (at least 2 examples) from the document • Explain how or why each example illustrates the strategy and how it contributes to the author's purpose Start this section with paragraphs on organization and style. Use subheadings for each element. IV. Conclusion Evaluate the document based on your analysis. Consider the following: What strategies were successful for the author's intended audience and purpose? Give examples and explain why. What changes would you recommend to the author to better achieve his/her purpose? • Explain what you learned (as a writer) by doing the rhetorical analysis. What conclusions can you draw about the role in general of rhetorical strategies and appeals in producing clear communication through writing? (what you learned by doing a RA) Ho
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