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MECHANICAL DESIGN
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6.0 Mechanical Design
As per the British Standards, a distillation column is classified as pressurised vessels because it consists
of a ‘shell' which experiences internal pressure. In this regards, the consideration of the mechanical
design of the column is very important. The mechanical design, in this case, entails the mechanical
specifications like the thickness of the shell, skirt design, and weight of the plates. These specifications
are captured in the next section together with the mechanical drawings.
6.1 Construction material
Several factors should be put into consideration when choosing the suitable material for the
construction of the distillation column. Some of these factors are; corrosion resistance, operating
conditions, the simplicity of fabrication, and cost. Corrosion resistance is the most vital factor because
it is necessary for the equipment's operation for a long period, contributes to a low operational cost
during the plant’s life, and less maintenance and replacement. The summary of the material selected
for the construction of the components of a column is provided in table 14 below (Atlas Steels, 2000).

Table 1 – Selection of material for the processing equipment
Equipment

Construction

Why it was selected

material
Shell

Carbon Steel coated

Minimal corrosion occurs in the shell due to the presence

with Stainless Steel

of a small amount of chlorine ions. Carbon steel is a cost-

316 lining

effective material, but it is not corrosion resistant. Coating
with stainless improves corrosion resistance, especially at
high temperatures.

Trays

Stainless Steel 316

Increased resistance to corrosion that can be caused by
chloride ion solutions presents due to the presence of

30 | P a g e

Process

some hydrogen chloride. High strength particularly at

Piping

high temperatures as compared to 304. Stainless steel 316
can be molded easily, hence, form specific trays. It has a
yield and minimum tensile strength of 205 and 515 MPa
respectively.

Utility

Stainless Steel 304

Piping

Highly resistant to corrosion. It's surface finishes are
smooth to minimize roughness and fouling in pipes. SS304 is also affordable as compared to stainless steel 304.

6.2 Column insulation
Columns should be insulated to prevent the loss of heat to the surrounding environment and to promote
personal safety. This is because metals can cause burns at high temperatures and more heat in the
surrounding vicinity. The table below indicates three probable options deliberated as far as the
insulation material is concerned (EngineeringToolBox (2), N.D.):

Table 2 - Insulation materials for the distillation column
Insulation material

Thermal conductivity (Wm1K-1) Density (kgm3)

Maximum
Temperature
(°C)

Mineral wool (Stone)

0.043

130

850

Calcium silicate (Ca2O4Si)

0.058

190-260

800

Magnesia (MgO)

0.058

180-220

315

Mineral wool is a preferred insulation material because it has low density, lower thermal conductivity,
and can be operated at high temperature. This is very important in case the temperature in the column
rises significantly. A lower thermal conductivity prevents loss of heat to the surrounding environment
31 | P a g e

and enhances better insulation. The selection of 75 mm as an insulation thickness is meant to greatly
minimize reduce the loss of heat to the surrounding environment.
6.3 Manholes
A column will consist of two manholes, one clo...


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