Literature Review 1
Your task in this assignment is to demonstrate how the texts you have read participate in an
ongoing conversation. In order to accomplish that, you will survey and describe the topic,
provide a detailed summary of the conversation around it, identify the various camps
involved in that conversation, and describe how the participating voices in that conversation
interact with one another.
A successful literature review will do the following:
•
•
•
Demonstrate an understanding of the parameters of the topic.
Demonstrate an understanding of why the topic is important.
Demonstrate an understanding of how the various authors are engaged in an ongoing
conversation about this topic.
This is not an argumentative essay in which you stake out a position and defend it; you are
not stating your opinion or evaluating/critiquing your sources. Instead, what you are doing
here is writing about the debate that the authors are having—without offering any personal
opinion or comment.
NOTE: The term "literature" is not used here to mean fiction; rather, literature is the body of
research and writing on a given topic. In other words, the literature is the conversation. For
this assignment, you will review the literature or describe the conversation about a topic.
Part 1: Introduction
The first thing you need to do as you write this lit review is to provide an overview of the
topic that will function as an introduction to your discussion. Think of it like a little miniessay that sets the stage for the reader. It is in this space that you will talk broadly about the
topic—its origins, history, importance, major debates, and context—and provide a roadmap
for the discussion to follow.
In composing your topic introduction, make sure you include the following elements:
•
•
•
A broad description of the topic that provides the reader with a clear sense of what you
will be studying.
A pointed discussion of why this topic is important.
A broad discussion of the major debates about the topic and why they are important.
Part 2: Discussion of Major Debates and Questions
The second step in composing your literature review is to spend a good deal of time
discussing the major debates or questions that people have when discussing your topic.
You have probably heard the old cliché that every argument has two sides. We would
suggest that this is not completely true since most arguments have at least two sides—and
very often have more than that. Think about something like the abortion debate. Are there
only two sides—those for it and those against it? Hardly. There are people who want it illegal
in any circumstance. There are people who want it illegal except in the case of rape or incest.
There are people who want it illegal except in the case of rape, incest, or a threat to the life
of the mother. There are people who want it legal but want to provide disincentives (e.g.
mandatory counseling) to people considering one. There are people who want it legal except
after the first trimester. There are people who want it legal but want it to be rare. There are
people who want it legal regardless of time or circumstance.
Do you see how there are many sides to this debate?
What we want you to do in this section is describe the major debates or questions associated
with your topic as fully and honestly as you can. Who are these people? What do they argue?
Can you organize them into any kinds of groups so that it's easier to imagine the discussion?
In this assignment, discuss the major debates or questions associated with your topic. As you
write, make sure you consider the following:
•
•
•
•
•
What are the broad groups of opinion about this topic?
Are there sub-groups within those broad groups?
Are there nuances of opinion or thinking that might get overlooked by a cursory glance?
Make sure you provide support for your claims about these discussions and that you
accurately and honestly represent the positions.
Make sure you emphasize the major voices in the debate. Is there someone whom others
are listening to? Is there a dominant voice in the discussion?
Part 3: Discussion of Areas for Further Inquiry
Thus far, you have provided an introduction, a discussion of the debates, and a discussion of
the major voices in your subject. The final component of your literature review will be a
discussion of what needs to be discussed more. This is where you, now with some expertise
on this subject, can confidently say where future critical attention should be focused. This is
not a place for you to argue with the sources. It is a place for you to recognize where they—as
a whole—have not covered everything about this topic that there is to discuss.
As you write, make sure that you do not enter into the debate. Your task is merely to
describe what still needs to be looked into.
THE CONDENSED VERSION:
-Describe the conversation we've been reading
-Describe the major questions/discussions governing the conversation
-Make connections and comparisons among writers and groups of thoughts
-Point out areas the conversation has not yet covered
The literature review should be a minimum of 6-8 pages - not including your works cited
page(s). Please use 12-point Times New Roman and double-space throughout. Your literature
review must include a complete and accurate Works Cited page(s). If the essay fails to reach
the minimum page requirement, the overall grade will be docked 10 points for each missing
page. This also applies to missing sources (you should have 6). You must use the sources that
were provided to you, as well as the sources you researched.
Sarah Clark
K. Kitamura
English 1010
13 December 2017
Women In the Workforce
During my sophomore year, just like everyone else in my class, I was invited to a
meeting with my guidance counselor to discuss my future. Basically, I would tell her what my
goals were for after high school and she would just end up giving me the same generic advise on
how to graduate high school. It was no surprise that the first thing she asked me when I sat down,
was what I wanted to be when I grew up. I enthusiastically shared with her my plans to major in
microbiology for my undergraduate degree and become a physician's assistant. To this, she
replied, “Wow, that’s different for a girl to go into science!” This wasn’t exactly the reaction I
expected. I assumed my counselor would be more proud of the fact that her pupil was proactive
in deciding what profession she wanted to go into, not focused on the fact that my goal was
different because I was a girl.
Before then I had never fully comprehended that there were some areas in life, and even
school, that girls may be treated differently than boys. So naturally, events that coincided with
the last election sparked my interest. If you’ve kept up on current events in the last year, you
would have heard about the women’s marches that have been taking place in cities all over the
world. These marches that protested for equality between men and women have sparked the
interest of the nation. Are women really treated worse than men? One of the main issues brought
to light by these protests is that many believe that women are treated with less respect and are
Clark 2
unequal to men in the workforce. People who argue that there is a gender inequality suggest that
pay, gender stereotypes, and the culture in America have produced inequality. However, there
are others that claim, with good merit, that this gender discrimination does not exist in the
American workforce. That women are treated fairly, and the differences we see between men and
women at work are based on choices women make and should be less of a concern than they are
made out to be. In this paper, I will be reviewing literature that helps us gain an understanding
of the treatment of women in the American workplace. There are several factors that raise
concerns about the possibility of gender discrimination; the major concerns I will be examining
are the gender wage gap, customs within our culture that may lead to discrimination, issues with
childcare, and sexual harassment in the workplace.
One of the most controversial topics we hear about when confronting issues among
women in the workplace is the gender wage gap. The National Organization for Women website
states: “For full-time, year-round workers, women are paid on average only 77 percent of what
men are paid… Women still are not receiving equal pay for equal work, let alone equal pay for
work of equal value” (qtd. in Agness). The National Organization for Women presents this
statistic in a way that makes it seem like women are getting paid less than men, working the
same jobs, for the same number of hours. However, Author Karin Agness argues in her article,
“Don't Buy Into The Gender Pay Gap Myth,” that men and women are paid equally. Agness
points out that the statistic that women make 77 cents to a man’s dollar is simply a nation wide
average comparing the salaries of men and women. Because of this, Agness suggests in her
article that women’s groups, like the National Organization for Women, are misinterpreting this
statistic. Author Christina Sommers agrees with Agness on this point, and explains in her article,
Clark 3
“The Gender Wage Gap Myth and 5 Other Feminist Fantasies,” that there are other factors that
need to be considered when looking at this gender wage gap. Sommers argues that women make
different career choices than men and on average, work less hours. When taking these factors
into account, Sommers believes that the wage gap shrinks to close to non-existence. Some
feminists give the idea though, that choices that women make are not completely up to women,
and that cultural factors play a part in what women do in regards to work. Women are perceived
as the primary care providers of their children, so naturally when they don’t have the financial
support to pay for daily child care, they are expected to care for the children themselves.
Natalie Kitroeff argues in her article, “Why are so many women dropping out of the
workforce?,” that this expectation for women to stay home and care for children is also a factor
that is creating an imbalance between men and women in the American workforce. Since 2000,
the number of working women has been slowly declining. Based on this fact, Kitroeff is lead to
believe that this is because women leave their jobs despite their desire to work and are expected
to care for their children, because they cannot afford the rising cost of childcare services.
Kitroeff would likely propose that that government policies regarding child care should be more
family-friendly to allow mothers to work, however, not all people share her point of view.
Although author Kay Hymowitz, author of “Think Again: Working Women,” agrees that
the United States currently has stingy maternity leave and childcare policies for working women,
she presses that “there is a growing body of evidence that [family-friendly policies] also
inadvertently create a mommy track,” (62). Meaning more family-friendly child care and
Maternity policies actually encourage women to hold lower level positions. In response to this,
some women’s rights activists suggest that giving paternity leave to dads makes them more
Clark 4
likely to stay home while their wives go to work. However, Hymowitz found that in countries
that offered paternity leave, men did not take the full time off that they were allotted, because
families felt it was simply better for their children to stay home with their mother rather than
their father. The expectation that women are supposed to raise the next generation, regardless of
their desire to work, is just one of many gender stereotypes that have been constructed by our
culture in America.
While discussing women in the workforce, it is impossible to avoid the topic of how our
culture influences America’s working women. In his article, “Women and science careers: leaky
pipeline or gender filter?,” Jacob Blickenstaff explains, “Boys and girls begin learning how to be
men and women almost as soon as they are born. Adults teach children how to be a ‘grown up’
through explicit lessons and through daily interactions with each other.” What Blickenstaff is
trying to say, is that from a young age, our society unintentionally imposes expectations of
gender on children. Blickenstaff argues that there are many cultural factors that contribute to the
large gap in the ratio of men to women working in science-based job fields. Blickenstaff and
Natalie Kitroeff, are in agreeance on issues of working women. Both authors argue that cultural
standards play a part in the inequality of women in the workforce, but they have two different
perspectives. While Kitroeff suggests in her article that women have been leaving the workplace
in recent years, because in our culture, they are expected to be the primary caretaker of their
children. Blickenstaff suggests that our culture has a negative impact on working women, but his
argument is more job-field-specific. He argues that women tend to leave jobs in science because
they are male dominate. However, not all authors agree with Blickenstaff and Kitroeff’s
standpoint. Although Kay Hymowitz recognises that there is a distinct difference between
Clark 5
genders in the workforce caused by culture in the United States, she questions: is this
“inequality” as big of deal as we are making it out to be?
Hymowitz also argues that the gender gap we see in wages and STEM careers in the
United States simply is due to women’s prefered work fields, rather than evidence of
discrimination. If women choose to work in lower paying jobs or stay home with their children,
then there shouldn’t be an issue with the presence of these gaps. In fact, requiring women to hold
higher level jobs could even result in less productive companies, if there are men who are more
qualified to perform those jobs (Hymowitz 63). Part of the gap could be caused from women
being more willing to trade off satisfaction for pay. For example, women are more likely to
choose to work as teachers or social workers than computer programmers, because Hymowitz
believes they prefer to see the difference they make in people’s lives up close.
Christina Sommers, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, is in agreeance
with Hymowitz on the issue of culture. Sommers argues that “American women are among the
best informed and most self-determining human beings in the world. To say that they are
manipulated into their life choices by forces beyond their control is divorced from reality and
demeaning,” Sommers directly opposes Blickenstaff’s theory that women are constrained to
certain careers due to gender stereotypes in our culture, by saying that American women are
capable of holding any job they please and to assume otherwise is ignorant. Journalist Hanna
Rosin reinforces Sommer’s thesis in her Ted Talk “New data on the rise of women.” In her
lecture Rosin presents the statistic that in recent years women have been earning more college
degrees than men; for every two women that earn a degree, only one man does the same. With
this, she makes the point that women are becoming more educated, more desired workers, who
Clark 6
are not held down by gender stereotypes. However, our culture has made another issue that is
degrading to women and affects them in the workplace. In the last century, media has over
sexualized women, to the point where women are seen as objects. This mindset has discretely
crept into the American consciousness and this objectification directly affects women in the
workplace.
In the workplace, this objectification presents as sexual harassment. The American
Association of University Women defines sexual harassment as “any unwelcome sexual
advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.” In
her Ted Talk, “How we can end sexual harassment at work,” Gretchen Carlson, TV journalist
and women’s empowerment advocate says, “women just want a safe, welcoming and harass-free
environment.” Carlson argues that “sexual harassment… is not about sex,” it’s a way for people
to take power from women.
Carlson advocates that it is time for women to take back their power to create safer
environments for women to work. In her article, “1 In 3 Women Has Been Sexually Harassed At
Work, According To Survey,” Alanna Vagianos supports Carlson’s ideas. According to
Vagianos and a survey conducted by Cosmopolitan, one in three working women between the
ages of 18 and 34 have been sexually harassed in their place of business. Vagianos believes that
sexual harassment creates a hostile environment that is detrimental to the workplace. She feels
that sexual harassment is suppressing women who are intelligent and valuable to the workforce,
and that sexual harassment must be stopped. On the opposite side of this issue, Christina
Sommers argues that sexual harassment is not as big of an issue as we are led to believe. While
looking at studies done on sexual harassment and assault, Sommers discovered that the majority
Clark 7
of them had big weaknesses in their methods of collecting data. Sommers found that many of the
studies were conducted on small groups and had low response rates that could make it more
likely for women who were sexually harassed to respond and skew the data. The studies also
asked vague questions that could lead women to answer as if they had been sexually harassed,
when they in fact hadn’t. However, Vagianos challenges Sommers with the fact that most
women who are sexually harassed do not report the incident, and therefore would not have
skewed the data.
While reviewing the argument on the gender wage gap, I noticed that it appeared to be a
very one sided argument. Most of the literature I found was conservatives “debunking” the wage
gap. I was only able to find one liberal website that quoted the 77 to a dollar statistic, and
actually used it as evidence of discrimination between men and women. Basically the federal
government just released a statistic, and both of the political parties started jumping to
conclusions on the meaning of it. It’s important for citizens to understand if this is actually an
issue that needs to be addressed or if it’s simply just a bunch of people overreacting to a topic
they aren’t familiar with.
The subject that nobody seems to be discussing though, is biology. There is a notable
difference between the biological makeup of men and women, and this may account for some of
the gaps we encounter when dealing with working women, such as gender gaps in certain fields
of work. For example, we tend not to think of women as construction workers, because women
on average are smaller than men and do not have the physical strength to work in construction.
Biological differences could also account for the reason women leave work for childcare.
Although not all women choose to have kids, women are biologically predisposed to birth and
Clark 8
nurture children. This makes it more likely for women to care for children rather than men, and
in turn may affect the number of moms who stay home with kids in comparison to dads. It is also
possible that brain chemistry could have an effect on the professions men and women choose.
The small biological differences in how the different genders’ brains work may be the reason
more men work in STEM careers, for example.
It is important to discuss and determine if women are unequal in the workforce, so we
can work on balancing the playing field. Women deserve to have access to the same
opportunities as men. This is a basic human right that is even written into the the nineteenth
amendment of the Constitution, “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged
by the United States or by any state on account of sex.” Gender equality in the workplace will
also helps avoid bias and add different perspectives to projects. We need to know if women are
battling discrimination so we can balance the workforce if necessary. Women make up half the
population, and our society cannot function to its full potential if half the population does not
have an equal voice in the workforce. When we break away from the ignorance that blinds us to
gender discrimination we can address concerns such as sexual harassment or gender
stereotyping, to create safer, more open workplace environments for everyone.
Clark 9
Works Cited
Agness, Karin. “Don't Buy Into The Gender Pay Gap Myth.” Forbes Magazine, 12 Apr. 2016,
www.forbes.com/sites/karinagness/2016/04/12/dont-buy-into-the-gender-pay-gap-myth/#
5e00793f2596. Accessed 13 Nov. 2017.
Blickenstaff, Jacob Clark. “Women and science careers: leaky pipeline or gender filter?” Gender
and Education, vol. 17, no. 4, 2006, pp. 369–386., doi:10.1080/09540250500145072.
Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.
Carlson, Gretchen. TED: Ideas worth spreading,
www.ted.com/talks/gretchen_carlson_how_we_can_end_sexual_harassment_at_work.
Accessed 1 Dec. 2017.
Hymowitz, Kay. “THINK AGAIN: WORKING WOMEN.” Foreign Policy, no. 201, 2013, pp.
59–64. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24575969. Accessed: November 20, 2017
Kitroeff, Natalie. “Why are so many women dropping out of the workforce? – LA Times.” Los
Angeles Times, 27 May 2017, 7:00.
www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-women-dropping-out-20170522-story.html. Accessed
Nov. 2, 2017.
“Know Your Rights at Work: Workplace Sexual Harassment.” AAUW:American Association of
University Women,
www.aauw.org/what-we-do/legal-resources/know-your-rights-at-work/workplace-sexualharassment/. Accessed 13 Dec. 2017.
Clark 10
Rosin, Hanna. “New Data On The Rise Of Women.” Ted, Dec. 2010
ted.com/talks/hanna_rosin_new_data_on_the_rise_of_women?utm_source=tedcomshare
&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=tedspread--a. Accessed: 20 Nov 2017.
Sommers, Christina Hoff. “The Gender Wage Gap Myth and 5 Other Feminist Fantasies.” Time,
17 June 2016, time.com/3222543/wage-pay-gap-myth-feminism/. Accessed: 26 Nov.
2017.
U.S. Constitution. Art./Amend. XIX.
Vagianos, Alanna. “1 In 3 Women Has Been Sexually Harassed At Work, According To
Survey.” The Huffington Post, 19 Feb. 2015,
www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/19/1-in-3-women-sexually-harassed-work-cosmopolit
an_n_6713814.html. Accessed 17 Nov. 2017.
Literature Review 1
Your task in this assignment is to demonstrate how the texts you have read participate in an
ongoing conversation. In order to accomplish that, you will survey and describe the topic,
provide a detailed summary of the conversation around it, identify the various camps
involved in that conversation, and describe how the participating voices in that conversation
interact with one another.
A successful literature review will do the following:
•
•
•
Demonstrate an understanding of the parameters of the topic.
Demonstrate an understanding of why the topic is important.
Demonstrate an understanding of how the various authors are engaged in an ongoing
conversation about this topic.
This is not an argumentative essay in which you stake out a position and defend it; you are
not stating your opinion or evaluating/critiquing your sources. Instead, what you are doing
here is writing about the debate that the authors are having—without offering any personal
opinion or comment.
NOTE: The term "literature" is not used here to mean fiction; rather, literature is the body of
research and writing on a given topic. In other words, the literature is the conversation. For
this assignment, you will review the literature or describe the conversation about a topic.
Part 1: Introduction
The first thing you need to do as you write this lit review is to provide an overview of the
topic that will function as an introduction to your discussion. Think of it like a little miniessay that sets the stage for the reader. It is in this space that you will talk broadly about the
topic—its origins, history, importance, major debates, and context—and provide a roadmap
for the discussion to follow.
In composing your topic introduction, make sure you include the following elements:
•
•
•
A broad description of the topic that provides the reader with a clear sense of what you
will be studying.
A pointed discussion of why this topic is important.
A broad discussion of the major debates about the topic and why they are important.
Part 2: Discussion of Major Debates and Questions
The second step in composing your literature review is to spend a good deal of time
discussing the major debates or questions that people have when discussing your topic.
You have probably heard the old cliché that every argument has two sides. We would
suggest that this is not completely true since most arguments have at least two sides—and
very often have more than that. Think about something like the abortion debate. Are there
only two sides—those for it and those against it? Hardly. There are people who want it illegal
in any circumstance. There are people who want it illegal except in the case of rape or incest.
There are people who want it illegal except in the case of rape, incest, or a threat to the life
of the mother. There are people who want it legal but want to provide disincentives (e.g.
mandatory counseling) to people considering one. There are people who want it legal except
after the first trimester. There are people who want it legal but want it to be rare. There are
people who want it legal regardless of time or circumstance.
Do you see how there are many sides to this debate?
What we want you to do in this section is describe the major debates or questions associated
with your topic as fully and honestly as you can. Who are these people? What do they argue?
Can you organize them into any kinds of groups so that it's easier to imagine the discussion?
In this assignment, discuss the major debates or questions associated with your topic. As you
write, make sure you consider the following:
•
•
•
•
•
What are the broad groups of opinion about this topic?
Are there sub-groups within those broad groups?
Are there nuances of opinion or thinking that might get overlooked by a cursory glance?
Make sure you provide support for your claims about these discussions and that you
accurately and honestly represent the positions.
Make sure you emphasize the major voices in the debate. Is there someone whom others
are listening to? Is there a dominant voice in the discussion?
Part 3: Discussion of Areas for Further Inquiry
Thus far, you have provided an introduction, a discussion of the debates, and a discussion of
the major voices in your subject. The final component of your literature review will be a
discussion of what needs to be discussed more. This is where you, now with some expertise
on this subject, can confidently say where future critical attention should be focused. This is
not a place for you to argue with the sources. It is a place for you to recognize where they—as
a whole—have not covered everything about this topic that there is to discuss.
As you write, make sure that you do not enter into the debate. Your task is merely to
describe what still needs to be looked into.
THE CONDENSED VERSION:
-Describe the conversation we've been reading
-Describe the major questions/discussions governing the conversation
-Make connections and comparisons among writers and groups of thoughts
-Point out areas the conversation has not yet covered
The literature review should be a minimum of 6-8 pages - not including your works cited
page(s). Please use 12-point Times New Roman and double-space throughout. Your literature
review must include a complete and accurate Works Cited page(s). If the essay fails to reach
the minimum page requirement, the overall grade will be docked 10 points for each missing
page. This also applies to missing sources (you should have 6). You must use the sources that
were provided to you, as well as the sources you researched.
Literature Review
Cr Ra
ite tin
ria gs
Co
nti
nui
ty:
De
mo
nst
rat
e
an
un
der
sta
ndi
ng
of
an
ind
ivid
ual
tex
t's
me
ani
ng
by
co
mp
osi
ng
wri
tin
g
wit
ha
cle
ar
the
sis
or
poi
nt
tha
t is
Pt
s
15
Gre .0
at - pts
Goo
dOk Miss
ing
str
uct
ura
lly
an
d
the
ma
tic
ally
co
her
ent
an
d
uni
f ie
d.
Intr
od
uct
ion
:
Dis
cu
ss
bro
adl
y
ab
out
the
top
ic
—
its
ori
gin
s,
his
tor
y,
im
por
tan
ce,
ma
jor
de
bat
15
Gre .0
at - pts
Goo
dOk Miss
ing
es,
an
d
co
nte
xt
—
an
d
pro
vid
ea
roa
d
ma
p
f or
the
dis
cu
ssi
on
to
f oll
ow
.
(S
ee
Ch
apt
er
1
in
TS
IS)
Dis
cu
ssi
on:
Util
ize
the
qu
ote
sa
nd
wic
h
thr
ou
25
Gre .0
at - pts
Goo
dOk Miss
ing
gh
out
the
dis
cu
ssi
on.
De
scr
ibe
the
ma
jor
de
bat
es
or
qu
est
ion
s
as
so
cia
ted
wit
h
yo
ur
top
ic
as
f ull
y
an
d
ho
ne
stly
as
yo
u
ca
n.
Wh
o
are
the
se
pe
opl
e?
Wh
at
do
the
y
arg
ue
?
Or
ga
niz
e
the
m
int
o
gro
up
s
so
tha
t
it's
ea
sie
r to
im
agi
ne
the
dis
cu
ssi
on.
Co
nsi
der
the
bro
ad
gro
up
s
of
opi
nio
n
ab
out
the
top
ic,
as
wel
l
as
the
su
bgro
up
s.
Ha
ve
yo
u
ide
ntif
ied
nu
an
ce
s
of
opi
nio
n?
Pr
ovi
de
su
pp
ort
f or
yo
ur
clai
ms
ab
out
the
se
dis
cu
ssi
on
s,
ac
cur
ate
ly
an
d
ho
ne
stly
rep
res
ent
ing
the
po
siti
on
s.
Em
ph
asi
ze
the
ma
jor
voi
ce
s
in
the
de
bat
e
an
d
ide
ntif
y if
the
re
is
a
do
mi
na
nt
voi
ce
in
the
dis
cu
ssi
on.
Co
ncl
usi
on:
Ex
pla
in
wh
y
the
inf
or
ma
tio
n
is
im
por
tan
t.
Wh
at
are
the
lar
ger
im
plic
ati
on
s
of
the
top
ic?
Wh
o
car
es
?
Wh
o
sh
oul
d
car
e?
15
Gre .0
at - pts
Goo
dOk Miss
ing
So
wh
at?
De
mo
nst
rat
e
the
ev
en
bro
ad
er
rel
ev
an
ce
an
d
urg
en
cy
of
the
su
bje
ct
ma
tter
.
(S
ee
Ch
apt
er
7
in
TS
IS)
Fur
the
r
Inq
uir
y:
Dis
cu
ss
wh
10
Gre .0
at - pts
Goo
dOk Miss
ing
at
ne
ed
s
to
be
dis
cu
ss
ed
mo
re.
No
w
tha
t
yo
u
are
an
ex
per
t
on
the
su
bje
ct,
ide
ntif
y
are
as
wh
ere
f ut
ure
crit
ical
att
ent
ion
sh
oul
d
be
f oc
us
ed.
Do
not
arg
ue
wit
h
the
so
urc
es.
Re
co
gni
ze
wh
ere
the
yas
a
wh
ole
ha
ve
not
co
ver
ed
ev
ery
thi
ng
ab
out
the
top
ic.
Do
not
ent
er
int
o
the
de
bat
e.
Ac
10
cur Gre .0
ate
us
e
of
ML
A
f or
ma
ttin
g:
Ba
sic
f or
ma
ttin
g,
par
ent
het
ical
(intex
t)
cit
ati
on
s,
Wo
rks
Cit
ed
pa
ge.
(S
ee
Pu
rdu
e
Ow
lonl
ine
)
at - pts
Goo
dOk Miss
ing
Us
e
ap
pro
pri
ate
sy
nta
Gre 10
at - .0
Goo pts
dOk Miss
ing
x,
gra
m
ma
r
an
d
sp
elli
ng
Total Points: 100.0
Purchase answer to see full
attachment