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What is the volume of a solid ball whose radius is 45mm?
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volume of solid ball ( sphere) = (4/3) *π r^3
= (4/3) *π 45^3
= 121500 π mm^3............................answer
= 121500 * 3.14 mm^3
= 381510 mm^3...............................answer
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Frictional Forces Lab Four
Lab Assignment 4: Frictional ForcesInstructor’s OverviewIn many physics problems involving Newton’s laws of motion, y ...
Frictional Forces Lab Four
Lab Assignment 4: Frictional ForcesInstructor’s OverviewIn many physics problems involving Newton’s laws of motion, you’ll see statements like, “assume a frictionless surface” or “neglecting air resistance…” In this lab we will be exploring both friction and air resistance, two resistive forces that are critical in the design of real-world products and systems. Understanding the effects of these types of forces is essential in the design of such things as aircraft, automobiles, braking systems, and countless other objects.This activity is based on Lab 7 of the eScience Lab kit. Although you should read all of the content in Lab 7, we will be performing a targeted subset of the eScience experiments.Our lab consists of two main components. These components are described in detail in the eScience manual. Here is a quick overview:
• In the first part of the lab, you will measure the force it takes to pull objects of different mass. This experiment focuses on the effects of frictional forces. (eScience Experiment 1)
• In the second part of the lab, you will investigate the effects of air resistance by performing controlled drops of coffee filters.
Notes:
o Please follow the instructions in this document for the air resistance experiment.
o Record all of your data in the tables that are provided in this document.
Take detailed notes as you perform the experiment and fill out the sections below. This document serves as your lab report. Please include detailed descriptions of your experimental methods and observations.AbstractExperiment 1 – Friction Between Surfaces.Experiment Tips and Procedures: Theory: Friction is the force caused by the contact of surfaces such as a cup of water on a table or by a fluid moving against a structure such as the wind blowing against a windmill. The amount of force in the friction between a cup of water and the table depends on how much force is compressing the cup and table together. Thinking of Newton’s 3rd law we recall that the weight of the cup pushes down on the table and the table pushes equally on the cup. We use the force of table pushing up on the cup and call this the normal force, normal because the vector angle is 90 degrees to the surface of the table. It some cases it would not be correct to just use the weight of the object on the table. For example, we might be lifting up on that object and this lift counters some of the weight. If the object weighed 10 N and we applied a lift of 4 N the net force down would be 6N and this is also the normal force. The normal force is always equal to the NET force applied to the table.Friction is always parallel to the surfaces, in the opposite direction that a sideways force is applied to make the object move. So if you pull the cup of water to the right the friction works against you and is a force to the left.The force of friction is related to the normal force. The greater the normal force the greater the compression between the surfaces and the greater the force of friction. We measure the force of friction, label it Fr, and compare it to the Normal force, labeled Fn. The ratio of the Fr to Fn is called μ (the Greek letter mu). Once we know u we can use that to determine the force of friction once we know the normal force. This ratio, μ, is called the coefficient of friction.When the object being studied is not moving we have a STATIC situation and the coefficient is labeled μs. When the object is moving we have a KINETIC situation and the coefficient of friction will have different value, we label it μk.In general, μ = Procedure: 1. Calibrate your spring scale. Holding it vertically adjust it to read 0. 2. Weigh the cups, you can put a small in the side near the top to attached to the scale. 3. To determine the Normal force add the weight of the cup to the weight of the water; 1 ml of water weighs 1 g.Data:
Cup
Weight (g)
Plastic
Styrofoam
Paper
Frictional Forces
• Use the following volumes of water for the three cup types.
Cup typeVolume 1 (ml)Volume 2 (ml)Plastic300150Styrofoam200100Paper10050Kinetic friction. In this experiment you will measure the kinetic coefficient of friction for the three cups. This will be done for 2 values of normal force for each cup and each experiment will have five trials. Tie a string around the cup and place near the bottom. You will gently pull with a spring scale attached to the string and measure force required to move the cup at a slow but steady (constant velocity) rate. This force is called the applied force. It will equal the force of friction, Fr, if there is non-accelerated motion. When a object is not accelerated it is either not moving at all or moving with a constant velocity.
Make a note on any changes in the applied force after the cup begins to move compared to the value just before the cup moved.ResultsData tables for the friction experiment:Plastic cup
Trial
Applied force with 200 ml of water
Applied force with 100 ml of water
Applied force/Normal force (200ml)
Applied force/Normal force (100ml)
1
2
3
4
5
Average
Styrofoam cupTrialApplied force with 200 ml of waterApplied force with 100 ml of waterApplied force/Normal force (200ml)Applied force/Normal force (100ml)12345AveragePaper cup
Trial
Applied force with 200 ml of water
Applied force with 100 ml of water
Applied force/Normal force (200ml)
Applied force/Normal force (100ml)
1
2
3
4
5
Average
Experiment 2 – Air Friction.Air Resistance Procedure – Follow this procedure, not the one outlined in the eScience manual
1. Take a single coffee filter and flatten it out.
2. Hold the filter with both hands away from your body at roughly the height of your head. Measure the drop height.
3. Practice dropping the filter so that it descends in a reasonably smooth fashion.
4. Time five (5) drops. If possible, have a partner help you with the timings.
5. Enter the drop times in the table provided in this document and calculate the average.
6. From the average drop time, calculate the average speed of descent. Show your calculation in the Analysis section of this document.
7. Use small pieces of tape to stick all of the filters together. My kit came with three filters.
8. Repeat steps 1-6 with the “super filter.”
Data tables for the air resistance experiment:Single filterTrialDrop time (sec) 12345AverageAnalysisStarting with the standard drop equation: y = ½ g we replace g with the more general acceleration value, a. y = ½ a solving for a gives a = Showing your work calculate a for the single filter and multi-filter.Analysis and DiscussionFriction ExperimentUsing the average values for the 5 trials in each experiment calculate the coefficient of friction for the 3 cups with both 200 ml and 100 ml of water.Based on your experimental results, please answer the following questions:What happened to your applied force Fapp as you decreased the amount of water in the cup? Explain your answer.How do the experimentally determined ratios of the applied and normal forces compare between cup types. Did additional weight significantly change the ratios?How would you determine the static coefficient of friction?Air Resistance ExperimentDraw a free body diagram for the falling coffee filter. Using the vectors from the diagram write an equation for the net force, Fnet.Calculate the fall time of the filters assuming no air resistance. How does this fall time compare with the average fall times of the single and multi-filters?We have assumed an accelerated motion. Without using video data how could you determine that the motion is accelerated and not one with a constant velocity?Why does the combination reach a higher velocity? To answer this question, use your free body diagram of the falling filter and Newton’s second law to write an equation for the net force on the falling filter. Solve this equation for the acceleration and note how it depends on the mass of the falling object.Instructors comment: When air friction is a significant factor the equations of motion are much more complex and sometimes require methods on numerical analysis, that is, simple algebra won’t solve the equations. For many objects, especially noted are round objects such as baseballs, the force of friction depends on the square of the velocity. In many cases a falling object will reach a steady velocity, called the terminal velocity. In the case of a sky diver in a spread-eagle form that will be about 120 mph and in a tuck position it will increase to about 200 mph. With a cute deployed it can be just a few miles per hour. A bullet fired straight up (never do that) will return with a velocity of about 110 mph.ConclusionsReferences
Science and technology
Science and Technology
Science is the study of how the universe works using the scientific method as a framework for as ...
Science and technology
Science and Technology
Science is the study of how the universe works using the scientific method as a framework for asking questions. Throughout history, humans have built up a body of scientific knowledge and have used this knowledge to develop technologies to make life easier or to broaden their knowledge. Scientific discovery drives technological advances and sometimes, as new technologies are developed, they enable scientists to answer questions that were unanswerable before. For example, researchers had to understand the physics of visible light and how it changes when going through different substances before they could use this knowledge to design microscopes. Once microscope technology was developed, it allowed scientists to ask questions about things that were not visible to the human eye. For this assignment you will look at this interdependence between science and technology by learning more about a biotechnology that is crucial to the modern world such as feeding a growing world population, fighting disease, developing new fuels, or cleaning up the environment.
To learn more about biotechnology, review the assigned readings in your textbook for this unit and review the following resources:
http://extmedia.kaplan.edu/genEd/SC200/1605A/SC200_U8_Assignment_Resources.pdf
Select one specific biotechnology that you are interested in learning more about. It can be a broad category such as one type of cloning, or more focused such as a specific product or diagnostic test. For your selected biotechnology address the following:
•Explain the difference between science and technology.
•What biotechnology did you select? Explain what it is and how it is used.
•Identify and describe two scientific discoveries that had to take place before your selected biotechnology could be developed (e.g., before cell phones could be developed, many scientific discoveries had to be made and be understood including electricity, electromagnetic waves, and the electrochemistry of batteries). When and how did the discoveries that you described take place?
•Identify and describe two technologies that had to exist before your selected biotechnology could be developed (e.g., before cell phones could be developed, many technological advances had to occur first including batteries, electric circuit boards, receivers, speakers, and satellites). How long have the technologies that you described existed?
•Scientific discovery provides society with knowledge. It is up to society to decide what to do with that knowledge by pursuing some technologies and by refusing to develop others. Identify and discuss two positives and two negatives of biotechnological advances. Are there any biotechnologies that you think should not be pursued? Explain your answer.
Basic Writing Expectations:
•At least 1000 words not counting the title or reference pages.
•Include a title page, double space, font size 10 or 12.
•Use a minimum of five sources (with at least one from the Library).
•Include a highly developed viewpoint/thesis, purpose, and exceptional content.
•Free of grammar, spelling and punctuation errors.
•No evidence of plagiarism.
•Use the APA style for all citations.
•Be original and insightful with no more than 10% taken verbatim from any outside sources.
For help with citations, refer to the APA Quick Reference. For additional writing help, visit the Writing Center and review the guidelines for research, citation and plagiarism:
Writing Center. (2012). Research, citation, and plagiarism. Retrieved from: https://kucampus.kaplan.edu/Security/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fMyStudies%2fAcademicSupportCenter%2fWritingCenter%2fWritingReferenceLibrary%2fResearchCitationAndPlagiarism%2fIndex.aspx
Turnitin Analysis
A special feature is available to help you with reviewing your Unit 8 Assignment for plagiarism. When you submit your Assignment to the Unit 8 Dropbox, your Assignment will automatically be analyzed by the plagiarism detection tool, Turnitin. Soon after you submit your Assignment, you will be able to view the Turnitin Originality Report. Originality Reports provide a summary of matching or highly similar text found in a submitted paper. When an Originality Report is available for viewing, an icon will appear in the report column of the Assignment Inbox. Originality Reports are only available in the Inbox. For this reason, you will need to download the report prior to the grading of the Unit 8 Assignment. To do this, click on the print icon at the bottom of the Originality Report. This will prepare a readable, PDF version of the Originality Report that you can save to your computer.
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Sea Floor Plate TectonicsView: Spreading Ridge Videos (all of the videos!) Geysers and HotspringsMagmatic Activity (Yellowstone Hot Spot Track) Caldera Forming Eruptions Note 1: Answers to “short-answer” questions should be no longer than a few sentences.Note 2: As per instructions ("How to Turn In Assignments")-- make sure that you copy this assignment into a MICROSOFT WORD DOCUMENT, and place your answers below each question.... save it on your computer, and then UPLOAD the assignment using the "SUBMIT ASSIGNMENT" button!What kind of igneous rock is produced at a spreading ridge—basalt, or rhyolite, or andesite?How does the amount (i.e. volume of magma per year) of igneous rock production at the world's mid-ocean spreading ridges compare to the amount of magma produced by land volcanoes— much more at mid-ocean ridges, or much less at mid-ocean ridges? Pick one of the above, AND EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.In a black smoker environment, where does the water come from that we see flowing out of the "chimney" structure— Is the water coming from the surrounding seawater, or is the water coming up from earth's mantle? (Pick one AND EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.)Why are the magnetic lineations identical on either side of the mid-ocean ridgeWhat magnitude earthquakes are typical of mid-ocean ridge; high (6 or greater) or low (5 or less).In the Spreading Ridge Video “Iceland”—we see that the mid-ocean ridge is off-set. The off-set is a result of what kind of fault? Choose one of the following.thrust fault (subduction zone)transform faultrotational faultnormal faultWatch the video on how a geyser works. How does the boiling temperature of water change with pressure? In other words, does high pressure result in a higher or lower boiling point?Watch the video titled “Magmatic Activity”At the end of this video, hit pause, and notice that Yellowstone Hot spot eruptions go back to about 16 million years ago. Using the map provided (and the rough approximate scale bar), calculate a plate velocity for the North American Plate, moving over the Yellowstone Hot Spot. First, figure out how many kilometers the hot spot moved in 16 million yearsSecond, use the fact that velocity is just distance over time, e.g. miles per hour.Give the plate velocity… 1st-- in kilometers per year and then 2nd -- in centimeters per year (FYI--there are 100,000 centimeters in one kilometer).Watch the video titled “Caldera Forming Eruptions.” Based on this video (and, if you like, a look at online resources or the textbook chapter on volcanic rocks)--- what are the various dangers associated with caldera forming eruptions?Read the section of the chapter on Plate Tectonics, called “What Causes Plate Motion”. Learn about all the various proposed mechanisms (for EXAM 1) that cause plates to move.Answer the following question-- What is the primary force that generates "ridge push"??a) gravity; b) convection in underlying asthenosphere; c) tidal energy; d) increased density as plate descends
Frictional Forces Lab Four
Lab Assignment 4: Frictional ForcesInstructor’s OverviewIn many physics problems involving Newton’s laws of motion, y ...
Frictional Forces Lab Four
Lab Assignment 4: Frictional ForcesInstructor’s OverviewIn many physics problems involving Newton’s laws of motion, you’ll see statements like, “assume a frictionless surface” or “neglecting air resistance…” In this lab we will be exploring both friction and air resistance, two resistive forces that are critical in the design of real-world products and systems. Understanding the effects of these types of forces is essential in the design of such things as aircraft, automobiles, braking systems, and countless other objects.This activity is based on Lab 7 of the eScience Lab kit. Although you should read all of the content in Lab 7, we will be performing a targeted subset of the eScience experiments.Our lab consists of two main components. These components are described in detail in the eScience manual. Here is a quick overview:
• In the first part of the lab, you will measure the force it takes to pull objects of different mass. This experiment focuses on the effects of frictional forces. (eScience Experiment 1)
• In the second part of the lab, you will investigate the effects of air resistance by performing controlled drops of coffee filters.
Notes:
o Please follow the instructions in this document for the air resistance experiment.
o Record all of your data in the tables that are provided in this document.
Take detailed notes as you perform the experiment and fill out the sections below. This document serves as your lab report. Please include detailed descriptions of your experimental methods and observations.AbstractExperiment 1 – Friction Between Surfaces.Experiment Tips and Procedures: Theory: Friction is the force caused by the contact of surfaces such as a cup of water on a table or by a fluid moving against a structure such as the wind blowing against a windmill. The amount of force in the friction between a cup of water and the table depends on how much force is compressing the cup and table together. Thinking of Newton’s 3rd law we recall that the weight of the cup pushes down on the table and the table pushes equally on the cup. We use the force of table pushing up on the cup and call this the normal force, normal because the vector angle is 90 degrees to the surface of the table. It some cases it would not be correct to just use the weight of the object on the table. For example, we might be lifting up on that object and this lift counters some of the weight. If the object weighed 10 N and we applied a lift of 4 N the net force down would be 6N and this is also the normal force. The normal force is always equal to the NET force applied to the table.Friction is always parallel to the surfaces, in the opposite direction that a sideways force is applied to make the object move. So if you pull the cup of water to the right the friction works against you and is a force to the left.The force of friction is related to the normal force. The greater the normal force the greater the compression between the surfaces and the greater the force of friction. We measure the force of friction, label it Fr, and compare it to the Normal force, labeled Fn. The ratio of the Fr to Fn is called μ (the Greek letter mu). Once we know u we can use that to determine the force of friction once we know the normal force. This ratio, μ, is called the coefficient of friction.When the object being studied is not moving we have a STATIC situation and the coefficient is labeled μs. When the object is moving we have a KINETIC situation and the coefficient of friction will have different value, we label it μk.In general, μ = Procedure: 1. Calibrate your spring scale. Holding it vertically adjust it to read 0. 2. Weigh the cups, you can put a small in the side near the top to attached to the scale. 3. To determine the Normal force add the weight of the cup to the weight of the water; 1 ml of water weighs 1 g.Data:
Cup
Weight (g)
Plastic
Styrofoam
Paper
Frictional Forces
• Use the following volumes of water for the three cup types.
Cup typeVolume 1 (ml)Volume 2 (ml)Plastic300150Styrofoam200100Paper10050Kinetic friction. In this experiment you will measure the kinetic coefficient of friction for the three cups. This will be done for 2 values of normal force for each cup and each experiment will have five trials. Tie a string around the cup and place near the bottom. You will gently pull with a spring scale attached to the string and measure force required to move the cup at a slow but steady (constant velocity) rate. This force is called the applied force. It will equal the force of friction, Fr, if there is non-accelerated motion. When a object is not accelerated it is either not moving at all or moving with a constant velocity.
Make a note on any changes in the applied force after the cup begins to move compared to the value just before the cup moved.ResultsData tables for the friction experiment:Plastic cup
Trial
Applied force with 200 ml of water
Applied force with 100 ml of water
Applied force/Normal force (200ml)
Applied force/Normal force (100ml)
1
2
3
4
5
Average
Styrofoam cupTrialApplied force with 200 ml of waterApplied force with 100 ml of waterApplied force/Normal force (200ml)Applied force/Normal force (100ml)12345AveragePaper cup
Trial
Applied force with 200 ml of water
Applied force with 100 ml of water
Applied force/Normal force (200ml)
Applied force/Normal force (100ml)
1
2
3
4
5
Average
Experiment 2 – Air Friction.Air Resistance Procedure – Follow this procedure, not the one outlined in the eScience manual
1. Take a single coffee filter and flatten it out.
2. Hold the filter with both hands away from your body at roughly the height of your head. Measure the drop height.
3. Practice dropping the filter so that it descends in a reasonably smooth fashion.
4. Time five (5) drops. If possible, have a partner help you with the timings.
5. Enter the drop times in the table provided in this document and calculate the average.
6. From the average drop time, calculate the average speed of descent. Show your calculation in the Analysis section of this document.
7. Use small pieces of tape to stick all of the filters together. My kit came with three filters.
8. Repeat steps 1-6 with the “super filter.”
Data tables for the air resistance experiment:Single filterTrialDrop time (sec) 12345AverageAnalysisStarting with the standard drop equation: y = ½ g we replace g with the more general acceleration value, a. y = ½ a solving for a gives a = Showing your work calculate a for the single filter and multi-filter.Analysis and DiscussionFriction ExperimentUsing the average values for the 5 trials in each experiment calculate the coefficient of friction for the 3 cups with both 200 ml and 100 ml of water.Based on your experimental results, please answer the following questions:What happened to your applied force Fapp as you decreased the amount of water in the cup? Explain your answer.How do the experimentally determined ratios of the applied and normal forces compare between cup types. Did additional weight significantly change the ratios?How would you determine the static coefficient of friction?Air Resistance ExperimentDraw a free body diagram for the falling coffee filter. Using the vectors from the diagram write an equation for the net force, Fnet.Calculate the fall time of the filters assuming no air resistance. How does this fall time compare with the average fall times of the single and multi-filters?We have assumed an accelerated motion. Without using video data how could you determine that the motion is accelerated and not one with a constant velocity?Why does the combination reach a higher velocity? To answer this question, use your free body diagram of the falling filter and Newton’s second law to write an equation for the net force on the falling filter. Solve this equation for the acceleration and note how it depends on the mass of the falling object.Instructors comment: When air friction is a significant factor the equations of motion are much more complex and sometimes require methods on numerical analysis, that is, simple algebra won’t solve the equations. For many objects, especially noted are round objects such as baseballs, the force of friction depends on the square of the velocity. In many cases a falling object will reach a steady velocity, called the terminal velocity. In the case of a sky diver in a spread-eagle form that will be about 120 mph and in a tuck position it will increase to about 200 mph. With a cute deployed it can be just a few miles per hour. A bullet fired straight up (never do that) will return with a velocity of about 110 mph.ConclusionsReferences
Science and technology
Science and Technology
Science is the study of how the universe works using the scientific method as a framework for as ...
Science and technology
Science and Technology
Science is the study of how the universe works using the scientific method as a framework for asking questions. Throughout history, humans have built up a body of scientific knowledge and have used this knowledge to develop technologies to make life easier or to broaden their knowledge. Scientific discovery drives technological advances and sometimes, as new technologies are developed, they enable scientists to answer questions that were unanswerable before. For example, researchers had to understand the physics of visible light and how it changes when going through different substances before they could use this knowledge to design microscopes. Once microscope technology was developed, it allowed scientists to ask questions about things that were not visible to the human eye. For this assignment you will look at this interdependence between science and technology by learning more about a biotechnology that is crucial to the modern world such as feeding a growing world population, fighting disease, developing new fuels, or cleaning up the environment.
To learn more about biotechnology, review the assigned readings in your textbook for this unit and review the following resources:
http://extmedia.kaplan.edu/genEd/SC200/1605A/SC200_U8_Assignment_Resources.pdf
Select one specific biotechnology that you are interested in learning more about. It can be a broad category such as one type of cloning, or more focused such as a specific product or diagnostic test. For your selected biotechnology address the following:
•Explain the difference between science and technology.
•What biotechnology did you select? Explain what it is and how it is used.
•Identify and describe two scientific discoveries that had to take place before your selected biotechnology could be developed (e.g., before cell phones could be developed, many scientific discoveries had to be made and be understood including electricity, electromagnetic waves, and the electrochemistry of batteries). When and how did the discoveries that you described take place?
•Identify and describe two technologies that had to exist before your selected biotechnology could be developed (e.g., before cell phones could be developed, many technological advances had to occur first including batteries, electric circuit boards, receivers, speakers, and satellites). How long have the technologies that you described existed?
•Scientific discovery provides society with knowledge. It is up to society to decide what to do with that knowledge by pursuing some technologies and by refusing to develop others. Identify and discuss two positives and two negatives of biotechnological advances. Are there any biotechnologies that you think should not be pursued? Explain your answer.
Basic Writing Expectations:
•At least 1000 words not counting the title or reference pages.
•Include a title page, double space, font size 10 or 12.
•Use a minimum of five sources (with at least one from the Library).
•Include a highly developed viewpoint/thesis, purpose, and exceptional content.
•Free of grammar, spelling and punctuation errors.
•No evidence of plagiarism.
•Use the APA style for all citations.
•Be original and insightful with no more than 10% taken verbatim from any outside sources.
For help with citations, refer to the APA Quick Reference. For additional writing help, visit the Writing Center and review the guidelines for research, citation and plagiarism:
Writing Center. (2012). Research, citation, and plagiarism. Retrieved from: https://kucampus.kaplan.edu/Security/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fMyStudies%2fAcademicSupportCenter%2fWritingCenter%2fWritingReferenceLibrary%2fResearchCitationAndPlagiarism%2fIndex.aspx
Turnitin Analysis
A special feature is available to help you with reviewing your Unit 8 Assignment for plagiarism. When you submit your Assignment to the Unit 8 Dropbox, your Assignment will automatically be analyzed by the plagiarism detection tool, Turnitin. Soon after you submit your Assignment, you will be able to view the Turnitin Originality Report. Originality Reports provide a summary of matching or highly similar text found in a submitted paper. When an Originality Report is available for viewing, an icon will appear in the report column of the Assignment Inbox. Originality Reports are only available in the Inbox. For this reason, you will need to download the report prior to the grading of the Unit 8 Assignment. To do this, click on the print icon at the bottom of the Originality Report. This will prepare a readable, PDF version of the Originality Report that you can save to your computer.
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