• Global Hierarchies Defined and Defied 221 Conclusion 228 A Few Good Books 229 Dolobhat CHAPTER 9 Globalization and Its Discontents 231 006 no 1878-1910 gan The New Imperialism and Neocolonialism 234 •Sovereignty and Conflict in East Asia 244 Historians Explore The Sino-Japanese War 246 • Challenging Modernity at Its Core 250 Conclusion 256 A Few Good Books 257 380 CHAPTER 10 Total War and Mass Society 259 und 1905-1928 | 246 | Chapter 9 The Sino-Japanese War Sounds overseas expansion began first in Korea, which offered many of the Historians Explore of the re- WO Straits of Tsushima. At first Japan competed for influence in the Korean royal court with China, as the Qing dynasty still considered Korea a tributary state. Political jostling broke into armed conflict between Chinese and Japanese forces. In September 1894, armies of the two empires fought at Pyongyang, where Japan scored a decisive victory. The next day, Chinese and Japanese warships i the mouth of the Yalu River, the border between China and Korea. The Chinese fleet was larger, with larger guns. Its battleships, Dingyuan and Zhenyuan, were met at 0 Beijin Tian both built in Germany and appeared more formidable than anything the empire of Japan could put in the water. The first barrages from the Chinese battleships had almost no effect—a com- bination of defective artillery shells and poor targeting—while Admiral Ito's first volley destroyed the flying deck of the Chinese flagship and gravely injured the Chinese admiral. By the time the battle ended, nearly nine hundred Chinese sailors were dead, and five ships had been sunk. Another five hundred Chinese were injured. The Japanese suffered nearly three hundred killed and two hundred wounded, along with two vessels lost. The Sino-Japanese War ended just seven N months later in a decisive Japanese victory. Explanations of the war's outcome often hinged on perceptions of the different Chinese and Japanese responses to modernity. Many observers at the time, and scholars for decades after, attributed the result to Japan's technological advantage, a result of its superior ability to modernize generally and to China's failure to in- dustrialize. This explanation still dominates many popular references that charac- terize the war as a mismatch between modern Japan and tradition-bound China. Certainly, the outcome of the war illustrates that Japan was the superior military power, but recent scholarship challenged the standard interpretation of what made Japan superior. Benjamin Elman has argued that, overall, China's failure to mod- ernize its military has been exaggerated and that the Qing defeat owed less to a failure of science and technology than to political infighting. Corruption and inef- ficiency were much greater problems than a lack of technological sophistication. RS 2 that failed to explode when fired-Elman sees explanations in the political corrup- tion that diverted funds from munitions and not from Chinese inability to build ization during this time period, including “Qingmo Hanyang tiechang (The Works]," shehui xuecong lunwen 1 (1950): 1-33. For example, the scholar Han Quansheng wrote several articles on the failure of Chinese industrial- Globalization and Its Discontents .1876-1910 \ MOST alla ནང ་གན 247 | RUSSIA (SOVIET UNION FROM 1922) Chita o crea Korea a Vio Sakhalin geodes pue asauly Amur Qiqihar MONGOLIA Harbin at Pyongyang, where Japanese warshima South Sakhalin (Karafuto) (1965) : MANCHUKUO na and Korea. The Syuan and Zhenspace. O o Jilin Changchun (Xinjing) Vladivostok than anything the Hokkaido Otario Murcan Shenyang Hakodate almost no effects Sea of Japan 0 Beijing ] Kwantung Leased g Dalian Tianjin Territory -while Admiralto p and gravely injured y nine hundred in 1905 KOREA Protectorate 1905 Colony 1910 "So Seoul Sendai Niigata Weihai Tokyo Qingdao CHINA JAPAN er five hundred Akilled and two hun Kyoto Mokpo Tsushima Strait Honshu Hiroshima Yellow Sea Osaka se War ended just s PACIFIC OCEAN N Nanjing ceptions of the di servers at the time Shikoku Nagasaki Kagoshima Kyushu od 23 Shanghai O km 400 echnological advaning to China's failure to: lit 0 miles 400 references that cher East China Sea radition-bound CL Ryukyu Islands (1874) s the superior miltu Okinawa THE EXPANSION OF JAPANESE INFLUENCE, 1870s-1930s Japanese Empire 1870 Territory acquired 1874-95 with date Territory acquired 1905–10 with date Japanese occupation 1918-22 Manchukuo 1932 Demilitarized zone of Tangku Truce 1933 retation of whatma hina's failure to mi defeat owed let Corruption and Pescadores Islands (1895) TAIWAN (FORMOSA) (1895) ogical sophistio Map 9.3 The Expansion of Japanese Influence, 1870s-1930s tance, artillery.de the political and se inability to be effective armaments. S. C. M. Paine has written carefully of the war itself, demon- strating the importance oftraining, logistics, and tactical decisions by leaders, rather A recent reassessment of the war by Chinese military leaders draws similar conclu- than simply the number and type of ships and bullets, in determining outcomes. sions, emphasizing failures of strategy, planning, and organization as keys to the Laleling Happy
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