Journal Writing Glossary

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jeqn_z

Humanities

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I need two journals

Journal 1: Choose two concepts from different chapters from the required reading or lecture associated with chapter 3 (social cognition), 5 (the self), 6 (cognitive dissonance), 4 (Social Perception), or 13 (Stereotyping). In two sentences (one sentence for each), define each concept, then tell me how those two concepts are related. Do not use an example, just tell me how the two concepts invoke similar (or different) processes, consequences, or results. (you may not use the same theory that appears in different chapters as two different theories) USE YOUR OWN WORDS. Be clear and original MAXIMUM 150 WORDS!

Journal 2:Choose any theory, concept, or finding discussed in the required reading or lecture accompanying chapter 7 (attitudes and persuasion), 8 (conformity and obedience), chapter 9 (group processes), chapter 10 (relationships), or chapter 11 (helping). (1) In 1-2 sentences, clearly and IN YOUR OWN WORDS explain the concept then (2) give an example of how you have experienced that concept in your life sometime this semester. Be clear and original MAXIMUM 150 WORDS!


PS:I uploaded the glossary of every chapter so it will be easier for you to choose what concepts you want to use and which chapter.

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Social Cognition 


Glosary 


Accesibility The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's mind and are therefore likely to be used when making judgements about the social world. 

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Social Cognition ਬਨ Sas: ਹਰਸਕਾਰ, ਉਘt or Glossary Accessibility The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when making judgments about the social world Analytic Thinking Style A type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context; this type of thinking is common in West- ern cultures Automatic Thinking Thinking that is nonconscious, unin- tentional, involuntary, and effortless Availability Heuristic A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to mind Base Rate Information Information about the frequency of members of different categories in the population Controlled Thinking Thinking that is conscious, intention- al, voluntary, and effortful Counterfactual Thinking Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been Holistic Thinking Style A type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to each other; this type of thinking is common in East Asian cultures (e.g., China, Japan, and Korea) Judgmental Heuristics Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently Overconfidence Barrier The fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgments Priming The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept Representativeness Heuristic A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case Schemas Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember Self-Fulfilling Prophecy The case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true Social Cognition How people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, inter- pret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions Glossary Affect Blend A facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face regis- ters a different emotion Attribution Theory A description of the way in which peo- ple explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior Consensus Information Information about the extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does Consistency Information Information about the extent to which the behavior between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances Covariation Model A theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we system- atically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs Decode To interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behavior other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness Display Rules Culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display Distinctiveness Information Information about the extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to dif- ferent stimuli Emblems Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations—such as the OK sign 119 Glossary Causal Theories Theories about the causes of one's own feelings and behaviors; often we learn such theories from our culture (c.g., "absence makes the heart grow fonder") Downward Social Comparison Comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability Extrinsic Motivation The desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting Fixed Mindset The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change Growth Mindset The idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow Impression Management The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen Independent View of the Self A way of defining oneself in terms of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people Ingratiation The process whereby people flatter, praise, and generally try to make themselves likable to another person, often of higher status Interdependent View of the Self A way of defining one- self in terms of one's relationships to other people, recognizing that one's behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feel- ings, and actions of others Intrinsic Motivation The desire to engage in an activity be- cause we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external Misattribution of Arousal The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do Narcissism The combination of excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others Overjustification Effect The tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, mak- ing them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons Performance-Contingent Rewards Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task Reasons-Generated Attitude Change Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one's attitudes; people assume that their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize Self-Awareness Theory The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values Self-Esteem People's evaluations of their own self-worth- that is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent Self-Handicapping The strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves Self-Perception Theory The theory that when our attitude and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs Social Comparison Theory The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people rewards or pressures Introspection The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives Glossary Cognitive Dissonance A drive or feeling of discomfort, originally defined as being caused by holding two or more in- consistent cognitions and subsequently defined as being caused by performing an action that is discrepant from one's custom- ary, typically positive self-conception Counterattitudinal Advocacy Stating an opinion or at- titude that runs counter to one's private belief or attitude External Justification A reason or an explanation for dis- sonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual (e.g., in order to receive a large reward or avoid a severe punishment) Hypocrisy Induction The arousal of dissonance by having individuals make statements that run counter to their behav- iors and then reminding them of the inconsistency between what they advocated and their behavior. The purpose is to lead individuals to more responsible behavior Impact Bias The tendency to overestimate the intensity and duration of one's emotional reactions to future negative events Insufficient Punishment The dissonance aroused when in- dividuals lack sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired activity or object, usually resulting in individuals devaluing the forbidden activity or object Internal Justification The reduction of dissonance by changing something about oneself (e.g., one's attitude or behavior) Justification of Effort The tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain Lowballing An unscrupulous strategy whereby a salesperson induces a customer to agree to purchase a product at a low cost, subsequently claims it was an error, and then raises the price; frequently, the customer will agree to make the purchase at the inflated price Postdecision Dissonance Dissonance aroused after making a decision, typically reduced by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and devaluating the rejected alternatives Self-Affirmation In the context of dissonance theory, a way of reducing dissonance by reminding oneself of one or more of one's positive attributes Self-Persuasion A long-lasting form of attitude change that results from attempts at self-justification Prejudice Out-Group Homogeneity The perception that individu als in the out-group are more similar to each other (homo- geneous) than they really are, as well as more similar than members of the in-group are Prejudice A hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group Realistic Conflict Theory The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased preju- Glossary Blaming the Victim The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typi- cally motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place Discrimination Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group solely because of his or her mem- bership in that group Illusory Correlation The tendency to see relationships, or correlations, between events that are actually unrelated Institutional Discrimination Practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its eth- nicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of societal or company prejudice Institutionalized Racism Racist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm Institutionalized Sexism Sexist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm Jigsaw Classroom A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child depen- dent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in the class Modern Racism Outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes Mutual Interdependence The situation that exists when two or more groups need to depend on one another to accom- plish a goal that is important to each of them Normative Conformity The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance dice and discrimination Scapegoating The tendency for individuals , when frus- trated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless Self-Fulfilling Prophecy The case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influen how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, maki the expectations come true Stereotype A generalization about a group of people, in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of group, regardless of actual variation among the members Stereotype Threat The apprehension experienced by me bers of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype Ultimate Attribution Error The tendency to make disp tional attributions about an entire group of people
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Running head: JOURNALS

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Journal Writing
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JOURNALS

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Journal 1
Extrinsic motivation is the behavior that makes a person do an activity which is driven by
external rewards or to avoid the pressures associated with it and not because one is interested in it
or enjoys it. On t...


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