Race and Ethnicity it) the United States: Our Differencesand Our Roots Reid Luhman Eastern Kentucky University THOIVISON Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States The "NrJJ lmmigt ·tmtI " a11dtht 014 Minoriiia: I UO-J Mi • t 79 Miii'l;IWMM EUROPEAN IMMIGRA TION TO Tt-lE UNITED STATISS 1820-1930 3.(j Northwestern Europew 3.-1 3.2 rmrmgra.at.s 3.0 1 2.8 ] 2.6 ] 1.4 I Southeatem Europe...n immigr.ints 'Each point on gnph includes live:year tona!sbc:gfoning with yco.rlisted. ~u i 2.0 :i ::: 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 M 0.2 New Immigrants from Europe The United States rece ived much of its modern character from European immigni nt s who arrived between J880 and 1914. The ir numbers alone-26 million new Americans-w uld Jea\·e a perm2nent m.r · Although 11n11ugrnnts continued co co111efrom Ger111-.iny (both Proum11n1 and Catholic), , candinn ia, 2nd the Bmish Isles, snurhca. tern Europe w~. the SO\lrce of mosr (Figure 6. 1). People from C4~t· cm Genmny, Poland, Russia, July, Greece. Hunl!'ary- all the lav1c counmcSarrivcd in cw York harbor looking for opporrun i~•. ffeeing Oppre~. inn. or both. pAcc constraints prohlhu doing even minimal 1us ice to this mass of humonicy. Ra,b.er than rrymg w 1ell tou many scories, we focu. on two groups-Jt~r.~~s and casrern l:uropc11nJew-to provide a A.a,·oro the ,i1..-ersm·of the..senew 11nm1gr~m.sand 1he dme in istory !.heyarrived. Thcs rwo grou p5, ere ~clccml for ·che s11,e of rhclr ,mmtl!'ration plus their cultural di f..rcnccs from m~m rrcam Americ-.i.in 1880. The Italians ,.,,. ,th. The first Italians co enter the United States were men, either single or craveli.og out their wives and children. ~vpicaUy,they were of working-age uns1:Wed(44 per· cent), and illitt:race (Brown, 1989; Cohen M, J 992)..The primary go:il masc was to earn moner in the new country and rerurn home ni th it ns they had m me past (Cohen M, 1992). Now ch~tthe Atlantic crossing was quicker, Sil er, and chuper wlth the coming of the steamship, it was possible for these men to go back ~ndforth several times before finall}'bringing their familiesover. ln many cases, 11 i es and children would remain i-nItaly for decades before being permanentl · reunit ed with the_ir hus· bands and fathers. By J 900, the Italian community 1n the United Smcs w-..ssoll only :5 percent women (Friedman-Kaaba, J996). . Al, with most European unmigrants Ii-omthe mld-J800s on, most ltahans became urlr.init~ Ut the Un1~d totes. B the 1880s, almost all European immigrants were heing routed thruugh the immigration processing cemer on Ellis Island in ~e New Yorkharbor. Aft1:rad01iss lon, 1 ·e-i· YorkCity was their first ei-perienceof Amenca. One fa: I RO• Part Two 11.ir C= of C/111rnaei,: E1111·1111m rmd E.tiir Thr "Ntw /r,rwig r1111 ,.;" a11dthe Old Minodr:ies:1880-1965 • 181 could ?1'd work_there .ancl move into 11p-owmg lcah:111 ethruc community "'here life s:emca less for:1gu. Sult, it c!W J,ipnnese entrepreneu rs were noc in direct competition with Ew-opean American businessmen (who di,l nol, for ex~mplt, grow ~trnwherrics), their success only increased the pr·111C:.t · .\111cncJ11 f.1111ik }:, 111:. . ., l /, ·..!C)l~l':111/11\ p·HC111$ ., ' ·I IL , the rs \\'t'l' I! rht· ult111;!1t1: 11mh11nci~I .. c, ~ l,1rae1criic< )' ~cro:,~ lc.1.lcrsh1p. F:r.11J1h(\nt\ ,\ 1 h .. • . , d , >Ill ,lln r l('r~ t\u1111:1111l.'J con,irlcrahlc infor:11,1' · · ot 'r.; ,lf!ll\1 c~ "·en• pnrttl'llhrh ,·1 t, ~po:1,illlc/or t:,lrlv childhnt>d~ :1 I . . 1' . ' lf1(')11~n t ll~\111"l 1' 11l ·1 l 1·n 1c I , 't'' ,,clc "' l ,~ pu iht· ~dt ofll ,_,·s1~111. l . ,,. the , , ... ' ' , 111,C'g:.11c,rn \11i.·nl·;111 ,·hildrc:1. '\1sc.: 1 children c, cll ·d . 1·, I . I lCt < 11us-c. \ Vhc~ he was gone shi smocl thcr" smashing cups and l.tuwlsand platters until the whole ~ct lay in scattered blue.and white frogrnenu across the wooden floor. .\lleanwhilc, the W3r Reloc;itinn Auth ricy (WRA) was crcateci to form :1nd run the relocation eirnp.s. As the ,amp!i lilted, the Cnited . mes govcmmcn1 began to con ider th pn. ibility of lln all-J3panesc American uni in the army Becnu e he UnmJ , taf military v~ssti)I racially segregated in World V :ir n. this umr wonltl consi~iof only Japanese Amer can troops led b - Eur ope an :\mcric-anoffic1:rs.On Februar:yl, 194 ~, Secrc ary o \,\,' r timson annuunc:cdthe formanon rhc 4-llnd Reg- or imcnral Combat Tc-am. Tite Selective Semce Sy cm originally had cl. ssificd the 1'.isci-ru:4-C (th~ 3lm: SU! Ii as cncm~ aliens), but their clii:ss1fic:arion was ehnnged to I ·A, making them a11A1lable for the ,traft.rIawaiianJapnnese A.rneriCllns compnsed the majority()(this new unit , bur_ isd in the camps 11 ~llinl!to ~ign lo)•a!tyoaths also, ere eligible. They were tr. ined 3nd sent to Europe to fight whiletheir familie5remained tn the relocationcamps. The 442nd I ould nlrimalel)• see 111.000, ' isei men in it; service, most o( I.hem volu1ueers.By the end or the war, they had reccivecl9,4 6 c sualriesand been \\3rded 18,143 !ndiv11 h1alciccnr:irfons1m: udingonc Congrcss1or1nl Nlcdal of Honor (19 rotal were aw rc!e
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