Psychological and social factors of Depression Outline Paper

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Paper must be 10 pages long, double spaced, and in APA format. You have to use 10 scientific references from peer-reviewed journals that are relevant to the question. Please include an outline. The outline should include the question itself, brief paragraph by paragraph outline including primary arguments/discussion points, and the scientific references supporting each point. A list of 5 or more scientific articles you plan to use in the paper, in APA format.

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Running head: WHY DEPRESSION IS TWICE COMMON IN FEMALES THAN MALES

1

Psychological, physiological and social factors as to why depression is more common in females
than male
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Running head: WHY DEPRESSION IS TWICE COMMON IN FEMALES THAN MALES

2

Introduction
Depression is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders; it affects more than 17
million adult American annually (Cold et al., 2015). Depression is often a mood disorder whose
features include at least one of the following; lack of sleep, changes in weight, appetite,
decreased energy, thinking difficulties, decreased energy, changes in psychomotor activity,
concentration or decision making difficulties, feeling worthless and quietness, suicidal
idealization, and thoughts or attempts of death. Gender differences exist in the depression
prevalence with females experiencing higher depression than males, about twice as men. This
disorder or risks naturally occur exclusive of ethnicity or race. Women are prone to depression
quite often and their depression can occur at any age. This paper seeks to establish the
physiological, psychological and social factors which are responsible for higher depression in
females than in males. In doing so, it will also look at when and what reasons these gender
difference occurs. Finally, concise discussion and conclusion of the key arguments and factors
will be presented at the end of the paper.
There are very many causative factors that contribute to such a higher rate of depression.
Such factors include the hormonal, reproductive, genetic, developmental, biological factors such
as reproduction, pregnancy, premenstrual syndrome, and menopause and so on. Social factors
also play an important role in causing the depressions, some of these social factors that have
been identified as primary causative of stress include but not limited to stress from work,
increased sexual abuse, higher expected family responsibilities, roles and expectations of women
and poverty. Mood changes associated with hormonal changes are also known to cause
depression among women(Li, Lu, Wang & Zhong, 2015). In addition to the above factors, there
are other biological factors such as inherited traits, individual life experiences, and circumstance.

Running head: WHY DEPRESSION IS TWICE COMMON IN FEMALES THAN MALES

3

Psychological Factors
Females are commonly prone to more psychological causes of depression than males. With
high probability for females to be more emotional, females are more likely to rehash negative
perceptions during times of depressions. Although it is very normal for females to chat with
friends, cry or even rehash when they are in depressive conditions, studies have shown that
ruminating about depression usually makes it more severe and long-lasting. On the other hand,
males usually have a tendency of distracting themselves from these depressive conditions, act
studies have proved to reduce depression symptoms. Furthermore, the psychological causative
factors that affect females over males are negative body images and stress derived depression.
Females tend to be more prone to depression than men since their progesterone hormones have
been shown to prevent the stress from equalizing or leveling out.` Negative body image
problems often start in adolescence and are likely to be associated with the onset of puberty in
women.
i.

Brain Chemistry
There are naturally occurring brain chemicals called neurotransmitters which play an active

role in depression. Recent evidence has shown that changes in the functioning, as well as the
effect of these neurotransmitters and the way they interact with neurocircuits which are involved
in stabilizing moods, can play a significant part in depression development. Depression thus is
more common in females than in males since the triggers for depression often differs; women
usually portray internalizing symptoms whereas men portray externalizing symptoms. With
much of internalizing and thinking of many things by women, the functionality of these

Running head: WHY DEPRESSION IS TWICE COMMON IN FEMALES THAN MALES

4

neurotransmitters is affected thus translating to mood swing and definitely depression
development.
ii.

Social relationships
Women are more ruminative than men, they usually overthink about things, although this can

be a positive trait, it can cause them to develop depression. On the other hand, men do usually
rubbish off or avoid difficulties with substance misuse, anger, and stoicism. In a study of
dizygo...


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