(x5)
Arrangement
Incomplete (1)
This paper does not
follow the introduction,
body, and conclusion
format. The writing does
not adhere to the basic
mechanics of spelling
and/or grammar.
Needs Improvement (2)
This paper is structured so
that there is an introduction,
body, and conclusion, but
the thesis is missing or
unclear. Spelling and/or
grammatical errors are
common.
Acceptable (3)
This paper is structured so
that there is an introduction,
body, and conclusion. The
thesis and conclusion is
vague but present. There
are several spelling and/or
grammatical errors.
Good (4)
This paper is structured so
that there is an
introduction, body, and
conclusion. The
introduction has a thesis
and the paper has a
conclusion. There are
minimal spelling and/or
grammatical errors.
This paper fails to clearly
articulate a position on a
controversial issue.
This paper articulates a
position on a controversial
topic, but fails to use
compelling evidence.
This paper articulates a
position on a controversial
topic. It identifies evidence
but does not fully integrate
evidence into its arguments.
This paper fails to
incorporate in-text
citations.
This paper uses sources that
lack credibility, are
outdated, and are not
clearly connected to the
topic.
This paper is missing a title
page, is not written in
Times New Roman font,
and/or does not have 1”
margins.
This paper uses credible
and up-to-date, sources that
are clearly connected to the
topic with minor
inaccuracies.
This paper includes a title
page, but it contains three
or more inaccuracies.
This paper articulates a
position on a controversial
topic. It is well reasoned
and supported with
compelling evidence that
is fully integrated into its
arguments, as well as
recognizes opposing
viewpoints.
This paper uses credible
and up-to-date sources that
are clearly connected to
the topic accurately.
This paper uses less than
six sources, or has more
than five APA mistakes on
the references page.
This paper uses at least six
references but there are
three to five APA mistakes
on the references page.
(x5)
Argumentation
(x5)
Use of
Evidence
(x3)
Format
(x2)
References
(APA)
This paper does not meet
the minimum page
requirement, is not
double-spaced, and/or
fails to utilize 12-point
font size.
This paper does not
include references, or
does not follow APA
format.
This paper is not stapled
and/or does not include a
rubric.
This paper uses at least six
references, and there are
less than three APA
mistakes on the references
page.
Excellent (5)
This paper is structured
so that there is an
introduction, body, and
conclusion. The
introduction has a clear
and explicit thesis, the
conclusion is concise, and
the paper flows nicely.
There are no spelling or
grammatical errors.
This paper articulates a
position on a
controversial topic. It is
well reasoned, fully
integrates compelling
evidence, and recognizes
and addresses opposing
viewpoints.
This paper uses credible,
up-to-date, and primary
sources that are clearly
connected to the topic
accurately.
This paper is a full 2 to 3
pages; is written in 12point, Times New Roman
font; has 1” margins; is
double spaced; has a title
page attached to the front
and a rubric attached to
the back; and is stapled.
This paper uses at least
six references, and there
are no blatant mistakes on
the references page.
1
Should Higher Education be Free for Everyone?
Should Higher Education be Free for Everyone?
name
date
COMM 104 – section
ID # :
2
Should Higher Education be Free for Everyone?
Should Higher Education be Free for Everyone?
The U.S’ higher education has received a barrage of criticism over the last few years
with some arguing that the system is broken and needs fixing. The frustration, by many, is
understandable, given the skyrocketing cost of higher education. Over the past three decades,
the cost of higher education has risen by more than 400 percent, a cost escalation that is higher
than ever in any country (Butcher, 2015). The debt burden for the U.S student is on the rise,
and has passed the trillion-dollar mark. The high cost of college education is, perhaps, the
reason why the debate on whether college is a worthy investment has become prominent today.
Which begs the question, should higher education be free for everyone? This paper is of the
opinion that higher education is important, not only to an individual to a country’s economy,
and hence should be universal access go higher education through public universities.
Even though college fee has skyrocketed in the United States, the case for obtaining a university
degree remains strong. On average, going to university college is still seen to be a good
investment by many people because of a number of reasons. For example, a college educated
individual is likely to earn more than someone without a college education (Sellingo, 2016).
Getting a college education increases one’s chances of getting higher paying jobs with better
benefits. In countries like Germany, France, Finland, and other European countries, college
education is either free or completely subsidized by the government.
There are a number of benefits associated with free college education, as has been seen in most
European countries. According to Goldrick-Rab (2016), investment in college education pays
off in growth and innovation. Today, millions of Americans, including the poor and the upper
middle class, struggle to pay for their college education. The high cost of college education has
plunged parents and their children into debt, and people are forced to work harder and for
3
Should Higher Education be Free for Everyone?
longer hours. Students from all social classes also drop out of school with a huge debt that take
them long to repay.
The American greatness was part due to the mass education, especially at the elementary and
secondary school level. Through free college education, the U.S government will give more
people the opportunity to earn a university degree. Employees are more inclined to higher
college graduates because the workers tend to have more and up-to-date technical abilities,
analytical thinking skills, problem solving skills and strong team working and overall work
ethic that is required for corporate success. Higher education translates into better jobs and
better standards of living for the people, and hence the government can also benefit from
revenue collection through collection. Even though critics have argued that free college
education will be a burden to the tax payers, the reality is that the long-term benefits outweigh
the burden of tax (Crawford, Gregg, Macmillan, et al., 2016). The college educated population
can afford to pay higher taxes that go towards funding programs such as healthcare, public
education, and infrastructure development.
College education has also been associated with decision-making at the top levels. With free
college education, there will be more educated people in positions of leadership, and hence this
could translate into better and well-informed decision-making. In societies with high
proportion of college graduates, there is always faster progress especially when it comes to
solving the most difficult and collective challenges affecting the society. Countries such
Finland have one of the best political system and decision-making process because the majority
of the people are college educated (Kosunen, 2018). America could borrow from the European
countries that offer free public university education as a way of improving all the aspects of
the society, including economy and politics. With free education, young people’s participation
in political discourse and other conversations aimed at building the society would likely
4
Should Higher Education be Free for Everyone?
increase (Samuels, 2013). This is because no young American would be spending his her
getting stressed up on where to get money to pay off the student debt.
The issue of student debt is a big problem in the U.S society. The total student debt has reached
$1.3 trillion, the highest of any country. Every student graduating from college starts off with
a debt that will take him or her years to pay off (Sellingo, 2016). This make it hard for young
people to grow economically. According to Crawford, Gregg, Macmillan, et al (2016), young
people graduating from college have diminishing chances of owning a home, getting married,
having children, and accumulating wealth. This is bad economic indicator for the country that
can only be solved if the problem of debt crisis is solved. One of the ways of dealing with the
student debt crisis is by providing free public university education to the bright and young
American talents (Butcher, 2015). Not only will this approach solve the debt crisis, it will also
give many Americans, especially those from the minority communities, an opportunity to
express their creativity and ingenuity.
In conclusion, college education in America is a subject of heated debate because people are
divided to go about the issue. Even though there are many benefits of getting a college degree,
many people have questioned the economics of it given the skyrocketing costs involved
(Samuels, 2013). With a free college education, however, the government can solve the
problem of student debt while also giving more people an opportunity to contribute to the
economy.
5
Should Higher Education be Free for Everyone?
References
Butcher, A. (2015). What Exactly is the Impact of Free Higher Education? Non-Profit
Quarterly Journal.
Crawford, C., Gregg, P., Macmillan, L., Vignoles, A., & Wyness, G. (2016). Higher education,
career opportunities, and intergenerational inequality. Oxford Review of Economic
Policy.32(4):553-575.
Gavindarajan, V., & Desai, J. (2013). Should Higher Education be Free? Harvard Business
Review.
Goldrick-Rab, S. (2016). Paying the Price: College costs, financial Aid and the betrayal of the
American dream. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kosunen, S. (2018). Access to higher education in Finland: emerging processes of hidden
privatization. Nordic Journal of Studies in Education Policy. 4(2):67-77.
Samuels, R. (2013). Why public Higher education should be free: How to decrease cost and
increase quality in American universities. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
Sellingo, J. (2016). Two-Thirds of College Grads Struggle to Launch Their Careers. Harvard
Business Review.
RUNNING HEAD
1
References
Alsamydai, M. J. (2016). The trust of viral advertising messages and its impact on attitude and
behavior intentions of consumers. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 8, 136145. doi: 10.5539/ijms.v8n5p136
AngryJoeShow. (2016, August 21). No Man’s Sky angry review [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTTPlqK8AnY
Chonko, L. B. (1995). Ethical decision making in marketing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications.
cpp is king. (2016, August 8). So, what do you do in No Man’s Sky? [Online forum post].
Retrieved from http://www.neogaf.com/forum/showthread.php?t=946996
Crossley, R., & Corriea, A. R. (2016, March 3). No Man’s Sky interview: “People want crazy,
innovative games”. Gamespot.com. Retrieved from
https://www.gamespot.com/articles/no-mans-sky-interview-people-want-crazyinnovative/1100-6435312/
Grice, H. P. (1989). Studies in the way of words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hatier, C. (2014). The morality of university decision-makers. Studies in Higher Education, 39,
1085-1096. doi:10.1080/03075079.2013.777408
PlayStation. (2016a, July 20). No Man’s Sky – FIGHT video | PS4 [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dOk2uBTYAE
[PSA] steam is offering No Man’s Sky refunds regardless of playtime. (2016, August 27).
[Online forum post]. Retrieved from
https://www.reddit.com/r/NoMansSkyTheGame/comments/4zuydl/psa_steam_is_offerin
g_no_mans_sky_refunds/
References
ONE author
Last, F. M. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, Vol, xx-xx. doi:
Two authors
Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Vol, xx-xx. doi:
Three to Six authors
Last, F. M., Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Vol, xx-xx. doi:
Book
Last, F. M. (Year). Title of the book: Subtitle of book. Location: Publisher.
Last, F. M. (Year). Title of the book [Online Publication]. Retrieved from http://
Edited Book
Last, F. M. (Ed.). (Year). Title of the book. Location: Publisher.
Chapter in a book
Last, F. M. (Year). Title of the chapter. In F. M. Editor (Ed.), Title of the book (pp. xxx-xxx).
Location: Publisher.
Last, F. M. (Year). Title of the chapter. In F. M. Editor, & S. M. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book
(pp. xxx-xxx). Retrieved from http://
Online Newspaper
Last, F. M. (Year, Date). Title of the source: Subtitle of the source. Source Location. Retrieved
from: http://
Website
Last name, F. M. (Year). Title of the article. Retrieved from http://
In-text Citations
Quoting: Citing something “word-for-word” from a source
Paraphrasing: Citing a general idea from a source in your own words
Rules with In-text Citations
Last name and year need to be part of the citation.
-
Last (Year) or (Last, Year)
Baker (2017) or (Baker, 2017)
Multiple authors need an “&” if in parentheses.
(Baker & Sutherland, 2017).
If author is missing, cite using the first 3 words of the title
(Free College Tuition, 2014).
You can mention the authors in your text
Baker and Sutherland (2017) found……
If mentioning the article, you need to state the full name (with quotation marks) and year
In the article “Free College Tuition for Everyone” (2014)…
What to do if there are multiple authors?
Two authors
(Baker & Sutherland, 2017) or Baker and Sutherland (2017)
Three to Five
-
First time
(Baker, Atkinson, & Sutherland, 2017) or Baker, Atkinson, and Sutherland (2017)
-
Second time (and thereafter)
(Baker et al., 2017) or Baker et al. (2017)
Six or more
(Atkinson et al., 2017) or Atkinson et al. (2017)
-
Citing multiple source
Atkinson (2015), Baker (2013), and Sutherland (2017)
(Atkinson, 2015; Baker, 2013; Sutherland, 2017)
-
Groups
National Institute of Drug Research (NIDR, 2014)
Sample In-text Citations
Baker (2017) XXXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXX.
XXXX XXXX X X XXX XX X XXXX (Baker, 2017).
Baker (2017) XXXX XXXXX XXXXX XX X X X XXXXXXX. XXXX XXXX XXXX
XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX. XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX
XXXXX XXXXX (Baker, 2017).
Baker (2017) XXXXX XXXXX XXXX XXX XXXX XXXXX XXX. Baker XXXXX XXXX
XXXXXXX XXXXXX.
XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XX X X XXXXXX (Baker, 2017). XXXX XXXX XXXX
X X X X. XXXXX XX XXXXX X X XXXX X X XXX X X (Baker, 2017).
In-Text Examples
According, Dorfman (2013) college athletes receive several sources of funding, such as
scholarships, stipends, educational expenses, etc., that amount to $125,000. He also argued that
student athletes receive training and medical funding that most nonathletic students do not have
access to. Similarly, athletes are provide meal plans that supplement the cost of shopping and
groceries (Johnson, 2014). Thus, it seems that student athletes are receiving compensation for
their hard work, but just not in the form of a salary in which most athletes desire (Student
athletes want, 2010).
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