It's reasonable to believe in reflexology or not?

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Critical Thinking and Communication 191 Final Essay and Argument Diagram Due Date: 5pm, Sunday 7th of April (Week 12) online, through iLearn Weighting: 30% of Final Grade (25% Essay, 5% Diagram) Word Count: 1,200 +/- 10% (footnotes, referencing and direct quotes do not count towards the word-count) Referencing: Any major style (but be consistent, and make sure you use it correctly) Format: Preferably APA, 12pt, Times New Roman – or another nice font; definitely double-spaced; definitely third-person; definitely formal, academic style Topic: Given (at random) in your tutorial Question: Is it reasonable to believe in [your topic]? Additional requirements 1. Footnotes explaining the application of Critical Thinking Considerations (page 2, included in 25% grade for essay—these explanations do not count to your word-limit) 2. Argument diagram in Appendix (page 2) Your tutor will give you a controversial topic at random—some people believe your topic is true, some people believe your topic (or elements of your topic) is not true. You will need to briefly describe your topic and critically compare the evidence put forward by each side. You will be judged on your ability to critically analyse your topic, specifically: you must state the claims made by people who believe in your topic (and list the reasons/evidence they provide for these claims); then compare this evidence with the evidence for the claims made by the people who do not believe in your topic; and give reasons why it is either rational or irrational to believe in the topic (or, if your topic is complex, describe exactly which of the claims are reasonable and which are not—or to what extent certain claims should be believed or not). As each of you has a different topic, it is difficult to prescribe the format your essay should take. Through researching your topic, you may discover that there is overwhelming evidence against those who believe it, and in this case you would spend a little more of your time explaining why it is that people would begin to believe in something so patently absurd. Alternatively, you may find that neither full belief nor full disbelief appropriate—in which case you would argue where believe is reasonable (and where is not), and to what extent, and why. You are not marked on your ability to describe the topic, but rather how you provide two sides of a case, then judge which is the strongest and provide reasons for your judgment—remember: this is an argumentative essay. You are not graded on the position you take, but rather on how you support your arguments and address relevant counterarguments. • • • You will be graded on your ability to answer the question in a formal, academic essay style. Lectures and tutorials will be used to help you do this, and SLS is available for additional help. You must provide appropriate citations and any plagiarism will be dealt with as per the University’s rules on academic misconduct. You are required to keep all of your drafts in case of queries of authorship. You may be required to answer questions about your work. 1 Critical Thinking Considerations In lectures 9, 10, and 11, you will be taught five Critical Thinking Considerations: • • • • • Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence Occam’s Razor (all things held equally, the simplest explanation is the best) Hume, Of Miracles (one should only believe someone’s testimony if it would be more of a surprise that they were lying or confused than if it ended up being was true) Confirmation Bias (people have a tendency to remember confirming evidence, interpret ambiguous evidence as confirmatory ,and search for evidence in locations that would confirm their beliefs) Placebo Effect (people can feel better/cured after an intervention that they believe will help them) Each of your topics has been criticised for failing to meet/account for the requirements of at least one of these considerations. In your Essay and Diagram, you are to provide a footnote when you address these criticisms (agreeing/disagreeing, etc.) with an explanation why the critical thinking consideration is the relevant. Here is an example, with the footnote at the bottom of this page: … Many people have claimed to have seen Bigfoot; however, it is unreasonable to believe in the existence of Bigfoot solely based on eyewitness testimony.1 … Argument Diagram Embed this within your Final Essay as an appendix. You are to write your thesis at the bottom middle of the page. This can be done by hand and then attached as a photograph/scan to your paper, or you can use text boxes in word. You are then to support the reasons given for your thesis and attack/refute the main reason(s) against your thesis. Further details will be given in tutorials. Format and Rules: Arrow Rules 1. If you can’t read “because” when you jump upwards, it’s wrong 2. If you can’t read “therefore” when you jump downwards, it’s wrong 3. Your arrows must point towards the thesis (downwards) Content Rules 1. If it’s general at the top, it’s probably wrong 2. If it’s specific at the bottom, it’s probably wrong Simplified example of diagram 1 Hume, Of Miracles: Eyewitness testimony is notoriously unreliable. The existence of a giant humanoid roaming the woods would be more miraculous than the eyewitness testimony being based on fraud or faulty observation. As such, the Hume, Of Miracles Critical Thinking Consideration suggests it is reasonable to reject the greater miracle (in this case, the existence of a giant humanoid roaming the woods). 2
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Running Head: Reflexology

1

REFLEXOLOGY
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course
Date

Reflexology

2
Introduction

Medicine has been among the important aspects of study in the world from days of old.
The growth of the field created numerous ways of addressing the health challenges that were
experienced by the patients. It was evident that the diseases over the years found cures and ways
to prevent humans from them and this made it possible for the people to live healthy lifestyles and
have a higher life expectancy than before. Creation of multiple ways of solving an issue seemed
to be addressed in every single way of life that the human beings adopted.
The rise of medicine saw the incoming of chemical medication that had been an upgrade
from the herbal medicine used in traditional settings. Most herbal medicine that was used in the
past did not have enough scientific research to base the effectiveness unlike that found in the
chemical medicine. Clinical medicine has seen successful treatments in the past to offer great
success and benefit to the population. The failures, however, show that more has to be done to deal
with terminal illnesses such as cancer and HIV/AIDS.
The failure of chemical medicine to treat some diseases effectively led to the study of
ancient medicine and the use of reflexology was found to be among the useful types of therapies
that could be used. The Chinese tradition believed in qi, the flow of vital energy, in almost all
sectors of the culture. The qi could be used in medicine, martial arts, architecture, and religion.
The in-depth knowledge of t...


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