As an international development researcher, you would like to know African Citizen’s perceptions about current levels of democracy. Your working hypothesis is that a series of reforms have increased African views of the level of democracy today. You do not have a good research design to compare attitudes before and after the reforms, but know that leaders and development experts would like to see a value of 6, on the scale of 1–10. Using the data from the 2015 Afrobarometer, determine whether perceptions about current levels of democracy statistically differ from a value of 6. Please provide: a 1–2 APA style paragraph statement that furnishes an answer to this question, note the relevant statistics, comment on meaningfulness and include your relevant SPSS output. 2. As an international development researcher, you have already tested whether perceptions about the current levels of democracy differ from a value of 6. Given recent social change movements in North Africa, you now want to determine whether there is a statistical difference in these perceptions between North Africa and Southern Africa. Using the data from the 2015 Afrobarometer, please provide: a 1–2 APA style paragraph statement that furnishes an answer to this question, note the relevant statistics, comment on meaningfulness, and include your relevant SPSS output. 3. As an educational researcher, would like to know whether high school student’s perceptions about mathematical utility changed between their freshman and senior year. Each respondent is asked the same series of questions about the utility of mathematics in their future during their freshman and senior year. These questions are combined to form one variable of mathematical utility; higher values indicate higher levels of mathematical utility. Using the High School Longitudinal Survey, please provide: a 1–2 APA style paragraph statement that furnishes an answer to this question, note the relevant statistics, comment on meaningfulness, and include your relevant SPSS output. To prepare for this Assignment: Review the Learning Resources and the media programs related to t tests.Also, review the t test scenarios found in this week’s Learning Resources and consider the three different approaches of t tests:Independent sample t testPaired sample t testOne sample t testBased on each of the three research scenarios provided, open the High School Longitudinal Study dataset or the Afrobarometer dataset from this week’s Learning Resources using SPSS software, then choose and run the appropriate t test.Once you perform your t test analyses, review Chapter 11 of the Wagner text to understand how to copy and paste your output into your Word document. For this Assignment: Write a 2- to 3-paragraph analysis of your t test results for each research scenario and include the SPSS syntax and output. Based on your results, provide an explanation of what the implications of social change might be. Use proper APA format, citations, and referencing for your analysis, research questions, and output. By Day 7

QUESTION 1Given the data below, a researcher would like to know whether someone's age group affects their choice of toilet paper brand. Observed Brand A Brand B Brand C SumTeen 120 130 110 360Mid-Age 77 127 140 344Senior 84 100 98 282 281 357 348 986A complete answer should:Indicate which test she should use.State hypothesesReport if the test was significant and what decision is madeRun any necessary post-hoc analysis (and paste the result in the answer)Provide a conclusion sentence and the statistics in APA format.QUESTION 2A tutor measures her students with a 5 point algorithm, and she would like to know if her 6 students improved this month.Student Day 1 Day 30A 2.4 3.0B 2.5 2.8C 3.0 2.9D 2.9 2.4E 2.7 3.5F 2.1 2.9A complete answer should:Indicate which test she should use.State hypothesesReport if the test was significant and what decision is madeProvide a conclusion sentence and the statistics in APA format.QUESTION 3:For the following output, write a paragraph (3-4 sentences) discussing the result. Your paragraph should indicate:What test was usedWhat the test measuresWhether the test is significantWhat the result/decision was in terms of the variables and if any additional testing is necessary.Report the statistics in APA format.Make a statement of conclusion about what a researcher would learn from this result. (You may create what causes the differences in groups such as: location, worksheets, demographics, etc.)SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.237673 R Square 0.056489 Adjusted R Square 0.015466 Standard Error 20.51556 Observations 25 ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 579.5726 579.5726 1.377023 0.252618 Residual 23 9680.427 420.8881 Total 24 10260 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%Intercept 63.68956 6.886156 9.248928 3.27E-09 49.44446 77.93465 49.44446 77.93465Absences -1.72595 1.47081 -1.17347 0.252618 -4.76855 1.316657 -4.76855 1.316657QUESTION 4For the following output, write a paragraph (3-4 sentences) discussing the result. Your paragraph should indicate:What test was usedWhat the test measuresWhether the test is significantWhat the result/decision was in terms of the variables and if any additional testing is necessary.Report the statistics in APA format. Observed Values Expected Values Attended Did Not Attend Sum Attended Did Not AttendJoined 10 12 22 Joined 6.695652 15.30435Did Not Join 4 20 24 Did Not Join 7.304348 16.69565 14 32 46 Observed Expected (O-E)2 (O-E)2 /E Joined and Attended 10 6.695652174 10.91871 1.630717 Did Not Join and Did Not Attend 12 15.30434783 10.91871 0.713439 Joined and Attended 4 7.304347826 10.91871 1.494824 Did Not Join and Did Not Attend 20 16.69565217 10.91871 0.653986 X2 4.492965 P Value 0.034035 QUESTION 5A principal wanted to know if the location of testing affected student performance on a statewide standardized test. He collected the following data:Control 60 degrees Classical Music Next to Cafeteria31 53 27 2916 39 36 1811 71 32 1619 39 14 2043 54 40 749 41 60 124 9 47 2011 17 2 4534 13 27 3339 8 5 5360 32 55 2340 29 53 2457 35 27 1859 45 4 4943 42 50 29A complete answer should:Indicate which test should be used.State hypothesesReport if the test was significant and what decision is madeProvide a conclusion sentence and the statistics in APA format.QUESTION 6For the following output, write a paragraph (3-4 sentences) discussing the result. Your paragraph should indicate:What test was usedWhat the test measuresWhether the test is significantWhat the result/decision was in terms of the variables and if any additional testing is necessary.Report the statistics in APA format.Make a statement of conclusion about what a researcher would learn from this result.SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Group 1 25 1467 58.68 253.2267 Group 2 25 1525 61 628.75 Group 3 25 1592 63.68 403.2267 Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F critBetween Groups 7698.107 2 3849.053 8.984695 0.000329 3.123907Within Groups 30844.88 72 428.4011 Total 38542.99 74 QUESTION 7Given the data below, does the number of minutes spent exercises affect the number of glasses of water a person consumes?Glasses of Water Minutes1 501 271 252 672 252 503 803 333 153 763 383 413 224 844 674 694 814 55A complete answer should:Indicate which test she should use.Report if the test was significant and what decision is madeProvide a conclusion sentence and the statistics in APA format.QUESTION 8For the following output, write a paragraph (3-4 sentences) discussing the result. Your paragraph should indicate:What test was usedWhat the test measuresWhether the test is significantWhat the result/decision was in terms of the variables and if any additional testing is necessary.Report the statistics in APA format.Make a statement of conclusion about what a researcher would learn from this result. (You may create what causes the differences in groups such as: location, worksheets, demographics, etc.)Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances Group 1 Group 2Mean 61.90909 49.64Variance 341.5152 472.9067Observations 22 25Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 45 t Stat 2.090657 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.021119 t Critical one-tail 1.679427 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.042237 t Critical two-tail 2.014103 QUESTION 9For the following output, write a paragraph (3-4 sentences) discussing the result. Your paragraph should indicate:What test was usedWhat the test measuresWhether the test is significantWhat the result/decision was in terms of the variables and if any additional testing is necessary.Report the statistics in APA format.Make a statement of conclusion about what a researcher would learn from this result. (You may create what causes the differences in groups such as: location, worksheets, demographics, etc.)t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means Group 1 Group 2Mean 67 84.38461538Variance 423.1666667 209.4230769Observations 13 13Pearson Correlation 0.129328052 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 12 t Stat -2.659252971 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.010410066 t Critical one-tail 1.782287556 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.020820131 t Critical two-tail 2.17881283