How Islam Builds From Christianity and Judaism As Well As How It Differs From

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Islam understands itself as a corrective to the Jewish and Christian religions, stating that they have returned to and reclaimed the original inspiration of these religions had they remained true to their original inspiration. In a 500-word discussion post, explain in detail (using your textbook) how Islam builds on Christianity and Judaism, as well as how it is different from them. Luttio, Mark David. An Introduction to the Study of World Religions. Lynn University Digital Press, 2017. iPad 4:50 PM * 34% 0 In other words, this covenant is for all of Abraham's descendants-not just the Jews, but also the Muslims of Ishmael's descent. Abraham's firstborn son Ishmael-not Isaac, as is the case in the Jewish narrative, who is the second son. It was Abraham who first declared, “there is no God but God.” In doing so, God blessed him with a firstborn son, Ishmael, through Hagar, the second wife of Abraham (according to Jewish tradition, she was not a wife of Abraham but rather the maidservant of Sarah). INTERACTIVE 10.1 History of Islam Timeline Centuries later, after generations had passed and Ishmael's progeny had forgotten the monotheistic covenant God made with Abraham and his offspring, God came to the Prophet Mohammed through the mouthpiece of the Angel Gabriel, and over the following 23 years, gave him the words of the Qur'an-the book that calls people back to true faith. After Isaac's birth, through Sarah, Hagar and Ishmael were sent into the Arabian desert by Abraham at Sarah's insistence after a fit of jealousy. Ishmael and his mother Hagar settled in Mecca, which was the site of Adam's first worship of God and the sanctuary which Abraham and Ishmael constructed. There, the Ka'bah (a large black meteorite) was located. "NO LONGER WILL YOU BE CALLED According to tradition, God ABRAM: YOUR NAME WILL BE instructs Abraham to make ABRAHAM, FOR I HAVE MADE YOU A the Ka'bah a place of FATHER OF MANY NATIONS. I WILL MAKE YOU VERY FRUITFUL; I WILL pilgrimage. While Abraham MAKE NATIONS OF YOU, AND KINGS is the founder and model of WILL COME FROM YOU. I WILL ESTABLISH MY COVENANT AS AN monotheistic faith (as EVERLASTING COVENANT BETWEEN witnessed by his absolute ME AND YOU AND YOUR surrender to God's will in the DESCENDANTS AFTER YOU FOR THE GENERATIONS TO COME, TO BE YOUR narrative of sacrificing GOD AND THE GOD OF YOUR Isaac), it is Ishmael that DESCENDANTS AFTER YOU." GENESIS gives rise to the line of 17:5-7 descendants that reclaim and renew the faith of monotheism with the birth of Mohammed in the sixth century. In short, Muslims understand themselves to be God's chosen people through the lineage of Ishmael, Abraham's first-born son and true heir, through which the blessing of God is handed down. Witness the passage of sacred narrative from the first book of the Torah, Genesis: When Mohammed was 40 years old, in the year 610 C.E., he was making a spiritual retreat during the lunar month of Ramadan and first heard the words of the Angel Gabriel while in a cave in a high outcrop of rock on Mount Hira (seen on the next page), outside the city of Mecca. The first word he heard was, “Recite!” or “Proclaim!,” which in Arabic is “Qur'an!" But he hesitated, saying that he was a man unschooled and illiterate. Three times the angel repeated himself, and finally Mohammed cried out, "What say I proclaim?" The answer came, “Proclaim, in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher...” For the next 23 years, he received these messages from God, writing them down on an assortment of parchments. Eventually, they were compiled and meticulously transcribed by his followers in the wake of the prophet's death, thus composing the Holy Qur'an, which was canonized in 650 C.E. Today, a devout Muslim will commit all 114 chapters (called Surahs) to memory, being assured of the exactitude of accuracy of the text handed down over the past 1,400 years-hardly a small feat. It should be noted that the veracity of the text is maintained, even while avoiding the historical-critical scrutiny demanded by scholarship. For this reason the 65 iPad 4:50 PM * 34% INTERACTIVE 10.2 Sects of Islam Map Qur'an has always been understood as a sacred text to be spoken (recited) aloud, rather than read silently. The very sound of the text is understood as holy, and further, the very language in which it was first recited (Arabic) is considered holy and thus the only recognized version of the Qur'an. God gives the Qur'an verbatim, to Mohammed. Interestingly, the Qur'an has many of the same stories (sometimes told in different form) from Jewish and Christian scriptures, as these narratives are considered to be part of the essential fabric of Islam. Iraq & Iran Medina Mecca The ensuing story of Mohammed's life is a fascinating one, pocked with struggle, doubt, flight, and final vindication among his kinsmen and the people of Mecca. Trade was a vital economic stream for the Meccans, and Mohammed's ideas threatened to disrupt business. In 622, in flight SUNNI HANAFI HANBALI MALIKI SHAFI'I SHIA ISMAILI JAFARI ZAIDI OTHER OTHER IBADI ' am اقرابه نه نمل الزيات میلانیان (in Arabic called the Hijrah) under cover of night to the city of Medina, Mohammed made his new home where they accepted him and his teachings, quickly converting the people to this new way of life, unifying the political powers with the spiritual/religious powers of his new-old religion, and seeing them integrally unified (rather than separate, as is the case in much of the modern world). For this reason, Medina is affectionately called, "City of the Prophet" and 622 C.E. is considered the first year of the Muslim calendar. As an interesting side note, when Mohammed was a teenager traveling with his uncle, a Christian monk in Syria first noticed Mohammed and the “mark of God” upon him, calling him a prophet (Fisher, p. 379). In the year 630 C.E., Mohammed triumphantly returned to Mecca with a large army, bloodlessly taking over Mt. Hira Cave 66 iPad 4:50 PM * 34% 0 the city as the inhabitants are persuaded not to fight. He also commanded his followers to respect and protect the Jews and Christians of his day as “people of the book," believing that they would eventually convert to his faith on their own. Two years later, the prophet passed away. With the election of Mohammed's trusted friend and confidant Abu Bakr as the first caliph (meaning “deputy of God” in Arabic), the spread of Islam began in earnest. For the next 100 years, Islam spread into Europe, North Africa, the rest of the Middle East, and much of Asia. Though the Qur'an forbids coercion as a means of conversion, citing instead that people of other faiths will naturally want to convert when they see the beautiful way of life of the Islamic faith, subsequent history is rife with examples of anything but this happening. It should be noted, though, that nearly all religions of the world have the unfortunate blot of forced conversion as a part of their history. နိုင် PONOSCO PRADES Succession: Sunni & Shi'a i After Mohammed's death, some of the followers felt strongly that the successor (caliph) should be a blood relative of the prophet. In this case, they insisted it should be Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of the prophet, being married to his favorite daughter Fatima. The prevailing consensus was that the blood lineage of succession should not matter, and rather it should be decided by majority affirmation. Herein lies the greatest difference between the two prevailing sects of Islam through the ages. The former, those who insist on blood-lineage of succession, are called Shi'ites, making up about 10-15% of the world's Muslim population and primarily found in 67 iPad 4:50 PM * 34% 0 present day Iran, parts of Iraq, Pakistan, India and pockets elsewhere. The latter, those who believe that succession should be decided by vote of affirmation and consensus of the Muslim Ummah (Arabic for "community'), are called Sunni, making up the majority of Muslims across the globe at 85-90% of the population (Pew Research Center 2012.) It is, in short, a problem of succession that divides the Muslim world from its beginnings through the present. Only with the abolishment of the Caliphate in 1924 by the Ottoman Empire (and its Turkish National Assembly), after 1,300 years of an unbroken chain of successors dating back to Mohammed, did this unified system of governance and religious uniformity come to an end. That is, until the specter of ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant/Syria) reared its horrific head, claiming to be the legitimate successor to the caliphate, with its self-proclaimed leader, Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi. Nearly all worldwide Muslim leaders, however, disavow this claim saying there is no legitimacy to ISIS. Though there are a small minority of Muslims who call themselves Sufi, the mystical branch of Islam (some of the famous poets of this sect are Rumi and Kahlil-Gibran) as well as other lesser known sects, the great majority of Muslims understand themselves to be either Sunni or Shi'a. Five Pillars of Faith INTERACTIVE 10.3 Five Pillars of Islam Islam teaches that there are five essential pillars to the practice of the faith. Every Muslim is required to do these, to the best of their ability, in response to God's command. Five Pillars of Islam Testimony of Faith Hajj 1. The Shahadah: the witness of faith and proclamation that “there is no god but God, and Mohammed is his prophet” (some say, “Mohammed is his final messenger”). Shi'as notably add at the end of this, “Ali is the Master of the believers.” Reciting the Shahadah in the presence of the Muslim community with intent in one's heart to be a Muslim, makes one a Muslim. This is all that is required. Shahadah is recited at other significant moments in the religious life of a Muslim, such as during the Hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca. Zakat (giving for the needy) Declaration of faith Obligatory prayer Compulsory giving Fasting in the month of Ramadan Pilgrimage to Mecca Prayer Fasting 2. The Salaat, or prayers: five times a day at dawn, midday, midafternoon, sunset, and before bed, which unites Muslims in a single global family. This act is predicated upon ritual ablutions (called wudhu) of washing the hands, arms, neck, and feet, removal of shoes, laying a prayer carpet facing Mecca, kneeling and bowing with head to the ground, saying specific prayers depending on the time of day, and quoting passages from the Qur'an. There is no imam or prayer leader required; all have access to God directly. Friday at noon is when the entire Muslim community gathers at the local mosque for corporate prayer (which may also include شهادة صلاة زكاة صوم 68
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Running Head: DISCUSSION ON RELIGION

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Discussion: How Islam Builds From Christianity and Judaism As Well As How It Differs From
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DISCUSSION ON RELIGION

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Based on the readings provided, Islam understands itself as a corrective to the Jewish and
Christian religions, stating that they have returned to and reclaimed the original inspiration of
these religions had they remained true to their original inspiration. Islam builds from Judaism
and Christianity but the two differ in various ways. This paper briefly looks at how Islam and
Christianity, as well as Judaism, relate to one another and the differences they both have between
each other.
To begin with, Both Islam and Christianity believe that there...


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