How will better communication between law enforcement and members of the urban community affect police targeting?

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Literature Review Revision—100 points

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Using the literature review you submitted for Part 1 of this assignment, revise according to

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Closely follow the criteria as described on the rubric, and as follows.

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It should be between 6-8 pages, or more (

excluding

the title page and references

page)

It

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be a recitation of your sources.

It should be a synthesis of available research on your topic, and an analysis of how

your research will build on that which has already been researched.

It should use 10 sources to shed relevant light on your research objective/claim.

It should include at least one research question and/or one hypothesis.

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How well sources cover topic area.

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APA style in-text and in reference section.

Paraphrasing according to VeriCite

How well feedback has been taken into account for improvement

**Remember:

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deadline as posted on Canvas. If you do not submit your assignment to “VeriCite”, your

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e.c.+5 Literature Review (Part 1) Rubric Name: Ambrose vackson III (51/7 46/75 Lab Time:_003_Grade: Value Sufficient? Needs Improvement? 1 Criteria Format Assignment is between 6-8 pages (excluding title page and references) Uses 1" margins/12-point/Times-Roman font consistently throughout document ✓ 1 -S 1 Uses double space throughout document (with no extra lines between paragraphs/sections) Format of title page is correct and appropriate, according to format example. 2 다다다 2 Format of reference page is correct and appropriate, according to format example. ✓ Format in body of paper is correct and appropriate, according to format example. 2 ✓ 1 J 10 22 ✓ 10 5 4 5 nine used Uses headers/sub-headers correctly and appropriately. Citation/Plagiarism Uses proper APA Style in-text citation for paraphrasing and/or direct quoting. Uses sufficient/proper paraphrasing (according to VeriCite) Uses proper APA Style citation on references page Literature Review Number of sources cited in-text meets minimum of 10 Sources used are mostly (70-80%) academic, peer-reviewed, & Comm. Studies focused Sources are correctly and appropriately synthesized (rather than summarized) Claims are appropriately written and adequately supported by source information Writing Uses proper grammar/ tense / punctuation / numbers / percentages / etc. Uses appropriate clarity and correct sentence structure Comments: 5 -.5 -4 S -5 10 10 Blend opinim-based; cite 5 -2 5 - 1 no rubric= -3 h. Running Header: LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Literature Review Ambrose Jackson III spaced agump . Communications Studies The University of North Carolina at Charlotte © 2 LITERATURE REVIEW TNR font Literature Review In the United States, there is a surplus on minority males locked away in either jail or prison. Minority males are targeted by law enforcement because of different stigma and/or stereotypes that plague men of these communities. I am researching the statistics of minority males in the prison system and why trained law enforcement officers are so affected by these stereotypes and stigmas. This mass incarceration of minority males has affected the social make- up of our country and destroyed families. Through my research I hope to find ways to improve upon these truths whether that be from better training or better education on behalf of law enforcement and the judicial system. Mass Incarceration Racial discrimination has been a problem in the United States since this country was established. Over the years we have moved from slavery, to Jim Crow segregation, to the integration of all things except the judiciary system. Since the integration of our country, minorities have had a cloud over their heads due to the popular belief of the majority which is, that we are living on borrowed land. From 2014 on, there has been an eruption of police killings of unarmed African-American males in our society (Hall, Hall, & Perry, 2016). This has caused the people of these minority communities to question the men and women who took an oath to protect them at all cost. People that make up these communities feel as though they are being persecuted far more then being protected which creates a divide between urban community ar & azsaumns nyo zion residents and their local law-enforcement. There is a stigma over minority males in particular in the United States. They are perceived to be less innocent and older at a younger age then their white counterparts. Racial legislation passed in the 1960's promised greater racial equality among other things but what it did not fix was the issue of exclusion which affected the impact et al. that these legislations acts had (Hall, Hall, & Porry, 2016). Mass incarceration was another way LITERATURE REVIEW 3 of excluding minorities form society. Inmates and former inmates are excluded from surveys that gauge minority progress and that guide federal appropriations of state and local governments (Sykes, 2015). no extra spare By 2012, close 2.2 million men and women were either in local, state, or federal correction facilities with 4.8 million people being under some type of criminal justice supervision (Sykes, 2015). The risks of being incarcerated or even coming in contact with the criminal justice system are highly affected by race and social class (Sykes, 2015). In 2008, 10 percent of all African-American men in the United States between the ages of 20-34 were incarcerated in either jail or prison. African American men with less then a high school diploma, over 35 percent were incarcerated on any day in 2012. These men are the ones most in need of education and resources that the civil rights acts of the 60's promised but instead they are excluded from society (Sykes, 2015). These acts of mass incarcerations have destroyed the families of the men affected and have upset the social balance of this country. In 2012, one in every 100 adults were in correctional facilities which coined the name mass incarceration to diliniy illustrate the exceptionally high incarceration rates (Sykes, 2015). This sudden jump of people remove Contractius incarcerated or under the watchful eye of the judiciary system didn't come as a result of synthesize increased crime rates but rather a shift in policing and sentencing that deepened concentration of use past tense black men, particularly young black men in this county. Evidence also says that young black men are targeted more for criminal justice surveillance and have been more affected by sentencing for non-violent drug and/or property crimes (Sykes, 2015). Spending a year in state or federal prisons has become a normal part of young black men’s lives who do not finish high school (Sykes, 2015). The pervasiveness of imprisonment has become a new stage on the lives of low skilled black men in the United States (Pettit, Bruce, 2004). 4 LITERATURE REVIEW As a result of the number of incarcerated males in this country, households are affected and more importantly the children of these households are affected. Removing the male from the home is causing more women to have to fill the role as fathers and more sons to mature and grow up faster then they need to. Income in African-American households are affected by mass incarceration because these households are now a single-parent home (Cook, 2012). A lot of children grow up impoverished because the financial burden of raising kids and providing shelter is to great for just one person. As a result, minority males at a young age are exposed to crime in order to survive. The cycle of qirme is created because of the sense of lack not only of necessities cite and material things but an absence of a father which is a void that can be filled by that man. At an early age minority male are exposed to things that will cause them at least be under the jog at least b judiciary eye because they have no example the only example of the same sex they have is locked away. transition Minority Males are Targets I The killing of unarmed African-American males in the U.S. by trained police officers is unacceptable and the unfair sentencing of minority males needs to be addressed. In the years 2010-2012 form the federal data of fatal police shootings, young black males were 21 times ore likely to be shot and killed by a member of their local law enforcement than their young white (Hall et al., 2016). male counterparts (Hall, Hall, & Perry, 2016). This is a statistic that is unacceptable and that is a cause for attention and a plan to fix that number. Black men and minority men in general are targeted in this country because of the many stereotypes that were placed over our heads. Law C3 enforcement officers are affected by these stereotypes when they are in their field of work. Minority males are viewed as older (although the same age as their white counterparts) and more aggressive. The way minority males dress and carry themselves create a stigma that members of LITERATURE REVIEW 5 law enforcement use to target them. On August 9th, 2014 the fatal shooting of Michael Brown caused the black lives matter movement to come into existence. The whole purpose of this movement was to shed light on the disparities in police and the use of unnecessary force against African American males (Menifield, Shin, & Strother, 2018). This high-profile shooting of an unarmed black man as well as others have caused speculation to arise concerning that white et al., officers target non-white suspects when using lethal force (Menifield, Shin, & Strother, 2018). The disproportionate number of young black men killed by trained police officers while unarmed is something that has still yet to be solved. Scholars blame it on the rotten apple theory, syn. saying it occurs because of certain police officers that aren't equipped to effectively do their job (Menifield, Shin, & Strother, 2018). But many people, minority and majority feel it is more then that. Policing in general attracts a certain type of person and the most notable of the traits of the people policing attracts is aggression. White police officers have been found to be more racist the Instead, make clain regular white citizens (Menifield Shin, & Strother. 2018). Some studies have even said that policing reinforces aggressive and racial bias on the job (Menifield Shin, & Strother, 2018) The Aroid asking question is why do trained police officers target minority males and act more aggressively towards them? Some say (its not so much a race thing as it is the type of community these police officers are placed in. Meaning, the crime rate in the community causing law enforcement to be in a more aggressive state naturally then law enforcement placed in better communities. But this still doesn't explain why train policemen and women kill unarmed black/minority men and women from overreacting during tense situations. no extra space These facts and statistics have caused a great divide between people in urban , communities and law enforcement (Brunson, Miller, 2006). Minority men and women see law enforcement as more of a burden then a help. We are persecuted more than we are assisted. LITERATURE REVIEW 6 Minority males in particular black males are more likely to be treated unfairly and rude by officers then the majority race (Brunson@tiller, 2006). Officers treat minority citizens with more Anood 1st disrespect which affects the way wg respond to then, ultimately creating more situations of non- compliancy (Brunson, Miller, 2006). Scholars suggest that consistent mistrust and dissatisfaction from minorities towards police officers can be referenced to the policing that takes place in their neighborhoods and communities (Brunson Miller, 2006). This of course includes their own personal encounters with police during their lives. Minority citizens develop stigmas and stereotypes for police in the same way that they do for minority citizens (Toldson/& Morton, 2011). This causes minority citizens to generalize law enforcement into the same category of racist white men that use lethal force when it isn't needed. Better Education & Training Better training on the part of law enforcement and better education to erase social myths about minorities will help to decrease targeting of minority males by law enforcement and the judicial system (Charles, 2018)(I feel if law enforcement spends more time getting to know the people of the community, they are policing it will help them understand some of the things that lague these neighborhoods. I think law enforcement should undergo more training focused on situation involving non-complaint citizens of a different color so it the heat of the moment in real life, lethal force doesn't have to be used. If the relationship between urban community members and their local police force is to improve communication must improve on both sides (Anonymous, 1995). ? ? I think minority citizens in this country are misunderstood and it affects the way they come off to the majority, including white police officers. More conversations need to be had between these two sides to ensure that minority citizens stop getting killed because of LITERATURE REVIEW 9 Alfieri G. (2007). Mass incarceration in America: a social problem. State University of New York at Buffalo, 1-83. Anonymous, (1995). Black males in crisis. The Futurist, 29(1), 1-43. Brunson R.K., Miller J. (2006). Young black men and urban policing in the United States. The British Journal of Criminology, 46(4), 613-640. Charles S. (2018). Still separate, still unequal. Upfront, Race in America, 306(10), 10-10. . Cook, B.J. (2012). More black people in prison then there are in college? think again. The presidency, 15(3), 1-30. Hall A. V., Hall E. V., & Perry J. L. (2016). Black and blue: exploring racial bias and law see comments on Annotated Bib & LR outine enforcement in the killings of unarmed black male civilians. American Psychologist, 71(3), 175-186. Menifield C. E., Shin G., & Strother L. (2018). Do white law enforcement target minority suspects. Public Administrative Review, 79(1), 56-68. Dettit B., Bruce W. (2004). Mass imprisonment and the life course: race and class inequality in U.S. incarceration. American Sociological Review, 69(2), 151-169. Sykes B. L. (2015). Civil rights legislation and legalized exclusion: mass incarceration and the masking of inequality. Commemorating The Fiftieth Anniversary Of The Civil Rights Laws, 30(1), 589-611. Toldson I.A., & Morton J. (2011). Editor's comment: a million reasons there're more black men in college than in prison; eight hundred thousand reasons there's more work to be done. The Journal Of Negro Education, 80(1), 1-4.
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Hey buddy please i have just finished. Grammar check is ok, All the spelling corrections corrected by the Instructor have been corrected, the whole document is Times New roman Font 12 Double spaced without any additional space and lastly some citations have been corrected/modifies and synthesis of the document according to the instructions have been taken care of. please take a look and in case you feel you need to modify anything just let me know. Other wise thank you and goodbye.

Running header: LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review
Ambrose Jackson III
Communications Studies
The University of North Carolina at Charlotte

1

LITERATURE REVIEW

2
Literature Review

In the United States, there is a surplus on minority males locked away in either jail or
prison. Minority males are targeted by law enforcement because of different stigma and/or
stereotypes that plague men of these communities. I am researching the statistics of minority
males in the prison system and why trained law enforcement officers are so affected by these
stereotypes and stigmas. This mass incarceration of minority males has affected the social makeup of our country and destroyed families. Through my research, I hope to find ways to improve
upon these truths whether that be from better training or better education on behalf of law
enforcement and the judicial system.
Mass Incarceration
Racial discrimination has been a problem in the United States since this country was
established. Over the years it had moved from slavery to Jim Crow segregation, to the integration
of all things except the judiciary system. The risks of being incarcerated or even coming in
contact with the criminal justice system are highly affected by race and social class (Sykes, 2015).
Since the integration of our country, minorities have had a challenge into believing they are not
part of us. These follow increment of unjustified killings of harmless African-American males in
the society (Hall et al 2016). This makes people that make up these communities to feel as though
they are a target hence creating division between urban community residents and their local law
enforcement. Stigmatization over minority males in the United States still exists where they are
perceived to be less innocent in contrast to their white counterparts. Racial legislation passed in
the 1960's promised greater racial equality among other things but what it did not fix the issue of
exclusion which affected the impact that these legislations acts had (Hall, 2016).
Mass incarceration was another way of excluding minorities from society and by 2012;
close 2.2 million men and women were either in local, state, or federal correction facilities with

LITERATURE REVIEW

3

4.8 million people were under some type of criminal justice supervision (Sykes, 2015). In 2008,
10 percent of all A...


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