e.c.+5
Literature Review (Part 1) Rubric
Name: Ambrose vackson III
(51/7
46/75
Lab Time:_003_Grade:
Value
Sufficient?
Needs Improvement?
1
Criteria
Format
Assignment is between 6-8 pages (excluding
title page and references)
Uses 1" margins/12-point/Times-Roman font
consistently throughout document
✓
1
-S
1
Uses double space throughout document (with
no extra lines between paragraphs/sections)
Format of title page is correct and appropriate,
according to format example.
2
다다다
2
Format of reference page is correct and
appropriate, according to format example.
✓
Format in body of paper is correct and
appropriate, according to format example.
2
✓
1
J
10
22
✓
10
5
4
5
nine used
Uses headers/sub-headers correctly and
appropriately.
Citation/Plagiarism
Uses proper APA Style in-text citation for
paraphrasing and/or direct quoting.
Uses sufficient/proper paraphrasing (according
to VeriCite)
Uses proper APA Style citation on references
page
Literature Review
Number of sources cited in-text meets minimum
of 10
Sources used are mostly (70-80%) academic,
peer-reviewed, & Comm. Studies focused
Sources are correctly and appropriately
synthesized (rather than summarized)
Claims are appropriately written and
adequately supported by source information
Writing
Uses proper grammar/ tense / punctuation /
numbers / percentages / etc.
Uses appropriate clarity and correct sentence
structure
Comments:
5
-.5
-4
S
-5
10
10
Blend
opinim-based; cite
5
-2
5
- 1
no rubric= -3
h.
Running Header: LITERATURE REVIEW
1
Literature Review
Ambrose Jackson III
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agump .
Communications Studies
The University of North Carolina at Charlotte
©
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LITERATURE REVIEW
TNR
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Literature Review
In the United States, there is a surplus on minority males locked away in either jail or
prison. Minority males are targeted by law enforcement because of different stigma and/or
stereotypes that plague men of these communities. I am researching the statistics of minority
males in the prison system and why trained law enforcement officers are so affected by these
stereotypes and stigmas. This mass incarceration of minority males has affected the social make-
up of our country and destroyed families. Through my research I hope to find ways to improve
upon these truths whether that be from better training or better education on behalf of law
enforcement and the judicial system.
Mass Incarceration
Racial discrimination has been a problem in the United States since this country was
established. Over the years we have moved from slavery, to Jim Crow segregation, to the
integration of all things except the judiciary system. Since the integration of our country,
minorities have had a cloud over their heads due to the popular belief of the majority which is,
that we are living on borrowed land. From 2014 on, there has been an eruption of police killings
of unarmed African-American males in our society (Hall, Hall, & Perry, 2016). This has caused
the people of these minority communities to question the men and women who took an oath to
protect them at all cost. People that make up these communities feel as though they are being
persecuted far more then being protected which creates a divide between urban community
ar & azsaumns
nyo zion
residents and their local law-enforcement. There is a stigma over minority males in particular in
the United States. They are perceived to be less innocent and older at a younger age then their
white counterparts. Racial legislation passed in the 1960's promised greater racial equality
among other things but what it did not fix was the issue of exclusion which affected the impact
et al.
that these legislations acts had (Hall, Hall, & Porry, 2016). Mass incarceration was another way
LITERATURE REVIEW
3
of excluding minorities form society. Inmates and former inmates are excluded from surveys that
gauge minority progress and that guide federal appropriations of state and local governments
(Sykes, 2015).
no extra spare
By 2012, close 2.2 million men and women were either in local, state, or federal
correction facilities with 4.8 million people being under some type of criminal justice
supervision (Sykes, 2015). The risks of being incarcerated or even coming in contact with the
criminal justice system are highly affected by race and social class (Sykes, 2015). In 2008, 10
percent of all African-American men in the United States between the ages of 20-34 were
incarcerated in either jail or prison. African American men with less then a high school diploma,
over 35 percent were incarcerated on any day in 2012. These men are the ones most in need of
education and resources that the civil rights acts of the 60's promised but instead they are
excluded from society (Sykes, 2015). These acts of mass incarcerations have destroyed the
families of the men affected and have upset the social balance of this country. In 2012, one in
every 100 adults were in correctional facilities which coined the name mass incarceration to
diliniy
illustrate the exceptionally high incarceration rates (Sykes, 2015). This sudden jump of people
remove Contractius
incarcerated or under the watchful eye of the judiciary system didn't come as a result of
synthesize
increased crime rates but rather a shift in policing and sentencing that deepened concentration of
use past tense
black men, particularly young black men in this county. Evidence also says that young black
men are targeted more for criminal justice surveillance and have been more affected by
sentencing for non-violent drug and/or property crimes (Sykes, 2015). Spending a year in state or
federal prisons has become a normal part of young black men’s lives who do not finish high
school (Sykes, 2015). The pervasiveness of imprisonment has become a new stage on the lives of
low skilled black men in the United States (Pettit, Bruce, 2004).
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
As a result of the number of incarcerated males in this country, households are affected
and more importantly the children of these households are affected. Removing the male from the
home is causing more women to have to fill the role as fathers and more sons to mature and grow
up faster then they need to. Income in African-American households are affected by mass
incarceration because these households are now a single-parent home (Cook, 2012). A lot of
children grow up impoverished because the financial burden of raising kids and providing shelter
is to great for just one person. As a result, minority males at a young age are exposed to crime in
order to survive. The cycle of qirme is created because of the sense of lack not only of necessities
cite
and material things but an absence of a father which is a void that can be filled by that man. At
an early age minority male are exposed to things that will cause them
at least be under the
jog at least b
judiciary eye because they have no example the only example of the same sex they have is
locked away.
transition
Minority Males are Targets
I
The killing of unarmed African-American males in the U.S. by trained police officers is
unacceptable and the unfair sentencing of minority males needs to be addressed. In the years
2010-2012 form the federal data of fatal police shootings, young black males were 21 times ore
likely to be shot and killed by a member of their local law enforcement than their young white
(Hall et al., 2016).
male counterparts (Hall, Hall, & Perry, 2016). This is a statistic that is unacceptable and that is a
cause for attention and a plan to fix that number. Black men and minority men in general are
targeted in this country because of the many stereotypes that were placed over our heads. Law
C3
enforcement officers are affected by these stereotypes when they are in their field of work.
Minority males are viewed as older (although the same age as their white counterparts) and more
aggressive. The way minority males dress and carry themselves create a stigma that members of
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
law enforcement use to target them. On August 9th, 2014 the fatal shooting of Michael Brown
caused the black lives matter movement to come into existence. The whole purpose of this
movement was to shed light on the disparities in police and the use of unnecessary force against
African American males (Menifield, Shin, & Strother, 2018). This high-profile shooting of an
unarmed black man as well as others have caused speculation to arise concerning that white
et al.,
officers target non-white suspects when using lethal force (Menifield, Shin, & Strother, 2018).
The disproportionate number of young black men killed by trained police officers while
unarmed is something that has still yet to be solved. Scholars blame it on the rotten apple theory,
syn.
saying it occurs because of certain police officers that aren't equipped to effectively do their job
(Menifield, Shin, & Strother, 2018). But many people, minority and majority feel it is more then
that. Policing in general attracts a certain type of person and the most notable of the traits of the
people policing attracts is aggression. White police officers have been found to be more racist the
Instead, make clain
regular white citizens (Menifield Shin, & Strother. 2018). Some studies have even said that
policing reinforces aggressive and racial bias on the job (Menifield Shin, & Strother, 2018) The
Aroid asking
question is why do trained police officers target minority males and act more aggressively
towards them? Some say (its not so much a race thing as it is the type of community these police
officers are placed in. Meaning, the crime rate in the community causing law enforcement to be
in a more aggressive state naturally then law enforcement placed in better communities. But this
still doesn't explain why train policemen and women kill unarmed black/minority men and
women from overreacting during tense situations.
no extra space
These facts and statistics have caused a great divide between people in urban
,
communities and law enforcement (Brunson, Miller, 2006). Minority men and women see law
enforcement as more of a burden then a help. We are persecuted more than we are assisted.
LITERATURE REVIEW
6
Minority males in particular black males are more likely to be treated unfairly and rude by
officers then the majority race (Brunson@tiller, 2006). Officers treat minority citizens with more
Anood 1st
disrespect which affects the way wg respond to then, ultimately creating more situations of non-
compliancy (Brunson, Miller, 2006). Scholars suggest that consistent mistrust and dissatisfaction
from minorities towards police officers can be referenced to the policing that takes place in their
neighborhoods and communities (Brunson Miller, 2006). This of course includes their own
personal encounters with police during their lives. Minority citizens develop stigmas and
stereotypes for police in the same way that they do for minority citizens (Toldson/& Morton,
2011). This causes minority citizens to generalize law enforcement into the same category of
racist white men that use lethal force when it isn't needed.
Better Education & Training
Better training on the part of law enforcement and better education to erase social myths
about minorities will help to decrease targeting of minority males by law enforcement and the
judicial system (Charles, 2018)(I feel if law enforcement spends more time getting to know the
people of the community, they are policing it will help them understand some of the things that
lague these neighborhoods. I think law enforcement should undergo more training focused on
situation involving non-complaint citizens of a different color so it the heat of the moment in real
life, lethal force doesn't have to be used. If the relationship between urban community members
and their local police force is to improve communication must improve on both sides
(Anonymous, 1995).
? ?
I think minority citizens in this country are misunderstood and it affects the way they
come off to the majority, including white police officers. More conversations need to be had
between these two sides to ensure that minority citizens stop getting killed because of
LITERATURE REVIEW
9
Alfieri G. (2007). Mass incarceration in America: a social problem. State University of New York
at Buffalo, 1-83.
Anonymous, (1995). Black males in crisis. The Futurist, 29(1), 1-43.
Brunson R.K., Miller J. (2006). Young black men and urban policing in the United States. The
British Journal of Criminology, 46(4), 613-640.
Charles S. (2018). Still separate, still unequal. Upfront, Race in America, 306(10), 10-10. .
Cook, B.J. (2012). More black people in prison then there are in college? think again. The
presidency, 15(3), 1-30.
Hall A. V., Hall E. V., & Perry J. L. (2016). Black and blue: exploring racial bias and law
see comments on Annotated Bib & LR outine
enforcement in the killings of unarmed black male civilians. American Psychologist,
71(3), 175-186.
Menifield C. E., Shin G., & Strother L. (2018). Do white law enforcement target minority
suspects. Public Administrative Review, 79(1), 56-68.
Dettit B., Bruce W. (2004). Mass imprisonment and the life course: race and class inequality in
U.S. incarceration. American Sociological Review, 69(2), 151-169.
Sykes B. L. (2015). Civil rights legislation and legalized exclusion: mass incarceration
and the masking of inequality. Commemorating The Fiftieth Anniversary Of The Civil
Rights Laws, 30(1), 589-611.
Toldson I.A., & Morton J. (2011). Editor's comment: a million reasons there're more black men
in college than in prison; eight hundred thousand reasons there's more work to be done.
The Journal Of Negro Education, 80(1), 1-4.
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