Discussion 1 (Chapter 15): What is meant by the closure of a set of functional dependencies? Illustrate with and example.

Answer 1Discuss Howell and Mendez’s three perspectives on followership. Note how these behaviours influence work productivity. Most of the work in teams is done by followers, and thus followership is vital to developing a strong team. Howell and Mendez’s have three perspectives on followership which can explain the followership better.Followership as an interactive role: To strengthen the team in a followership role, you’re encouraged to: Demonstrate job-related knowledge and competence. Build collaborative and supportive relationships with colleagues and the leader Support the leader in front of others Followership as in independent role: It informs that as a leader substitute you should: Influence the leader in a confident and unemotional manner to help the leader avoid costly mistakes. Show concern for performance as well as a supportive. Followership as a shifting role: It recommends you to: Monitor and interpret in the group’s decision making while taking responsibility for achieving its goals. Participate in a teamwork. Maintain a empathetic relationship Have a proper communication with your team members. What is the big five personality model?It is also known as a theoretical model in psychology. The big five model recognises that individuals have various degrees of that influence our perceptions and behaviours. Although personal attributes cannot directly model behaviour, variations in these five variables benefit and that is why individuals can respond differently, respond differently, and think about things different manner. The Big Five is not a sort of service but a design of character. Personality is talked of different personalities more popularly. Inclusiveness is the sense of the Big five relates to inclusiveness of observation to not to be mistaken with a desire to be accessible and to share your thoughts and emotions. What is the Myers-Briggs test? How is it like the Big five model? How is it different than the Big five model?Myers-Briggs test is famous for the personality appraisal. It offers one of seventeen personality types to give yourself a posting of your sort of character. Both have functions, neuroticism, and social awkwardness, and the form only defines the absolute preponderance of each. The evaluation of personalities was conceived to be contemplative, and the commission’s vocabulary is also presented in a soft and supportive style without negative input. This makes it possible for more firms to share the study and more freely for fear of any test-taker getting insulted. Referenceshttps://uta.pressbooks.pub/teamworkstudent/chapter...----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Answer 2Howell and Mendez is three prospective on Fellowship:According to Howell and Mendez, the three prospective on fellowship are interactive, independent and shifting. According to Howell and Mendez on interactive role, followers reinforce and support the positions of their leaders. Having followers is essential for a leader to be successful. Because their followers support them, they are able to increase productivity in their organizations and achieve overall success in their careers. Apart from improving job efficiency, distinct follower actions encourage collaboration with the leader as well as other workers. Independent fellowship provides an opportunity to work freely as an independent individual. Shifting fellowship provides an opportunity as it is impossible to prepare for a SHiFT fellowship with untypical internships and early-career employment (Jeyarajah et al., 2021).Big Five-Personality Model:The five-factor model of personality (FFM) is composed of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience (sometimes named Intellect). Those that are extremely extraverted are aggressive and sociable instead of being quiet and reserved. They are helpful and kind instead of being angry and unfriendly. Conscientious people are task-oriented, whereas chaotic people are disorganized. Anxiety, sadness, and rage are more common among neurotic individuals. Defensiveness and a penchant for diversity over repetition are not among their strong suits. Only a restricted number of distinctive traits were included in the Big Five/FFM in order to capture as much personality diversity as feasible. The five categories in this model are considered by many personality psychologists to represent the most basic variations in personality characteristics.A simple framework for understanding people is provided by the Big Five Personality Model. In the opinion of psychologists, the five personality dimensions were developed not just from universality, but also from biology. David Buss, a psychologist, has provided an evolutionary explanation for these five essential personality characteristics. This list reflects the most important social traits (Oshio et al., 2018).Myers-Briggs Test:According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test, psychological types may be better to understand and used in daily lives with a survey. These inconsistencies might lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations of the message. Analytical psychology was established by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, who researched personality archetypes. They found four conflicting psychological components based on Jung's theory. Everyone, according to the concept, has a preference for one of the qualities in each pair. When taking the self-help assessment test, Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), people can get insight into how they think, work, learn, and communicate. One of its main purposes is to help people build relationships and cultivate optimism.The scientific community uses, validates, and endorses the Big 5 for good cause. The MBTI test is not. From an individual's point of view, Big 5 gives just relative information on personalities, with no accompanying "so what? When used in conjunction with MBTI, the "So What" toolkit is actually quite useful, even if it's more art than science and contains some quack medicine as well (King & Mason, 2020).References:Jeyarajah, D. R., Abouljoud, M., Alseidi, A., Berman, R., D’Angelica, M., Hagopian, E., & Pawlik, T. M. (2021). Training Paradigms in Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery: an Overview of the Different Fellowship Pathways. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 1-10.Oshio, A., Taku, K., Hirano, M., & Saeed, G. (2018). Resilience and Big Five personality traits: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 127, 54-60.King, S. P., & Mason, B. A. (2020). Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences: Measurement and Assessment, 315-319.

Discuss the assumptions that must be made about the data in order to use the Wilcoxon. What is the rationale for the test statistics used in the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test? Please make your initial post and two response posts substantive. A substantive post will do at least TWO of the following: Ask an interesting, thoughtful question pertaining to the topic Answer a question (in detail) posted by another student or the instructor Provide extensive additional information on the topic Explain, define, or analyze the topic in detail Share an applicable personal experience Respond to these 2 posts from my peers plz 1)Discuss the assumptions that must be made about the data in order to use the Wilcoxon. The Wilcoxon Sign Test requires two repeated measurements on a commensurate scale, that is, that the values of both observations can be compared. If the variable is interval or ratio scale, the differences between both samples need to be ordered and ranked before conducting the Wilcoxon sign test (Park, 2015). The Wilcoxon Sign test makes four important assumptions: 1. Dependent samples – the two samples need to be dependent observations of the cases. The Wilcoxon sign test assess for differences between a before and after measurement, while accounting for individual differences in the baseline. 2. Independence – The Wilcoxon sign test assumes independence, meaning that the paired observations are randomly and independently drawn. 3. Continuous dependent variable – Although the Wilcoxon signed rank test ranks the differences according to their size and is therefore a non-parametric test, it assumes that the measurements are continuous in theoretical nature. To account for the fact that in most cases the dependent variable is binominal distributed, a continuity correction is applied. 4. Ordinal level of measurement – The Wilcoxon sign test needs both dependent measurements to be at least of ordinal scale. This is necessary to ensure that the two values can be compared, and for each pair, it can be said if one value is greater, equal, or less than the other. What is the rationale for the test statistics used in the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test? The Wilcoxon test is a nonparametric statistical test that compares two paired groups, and comes in two versions the Rank Sum test or the Signed Rank test. The goal of the test is to determine if two or more sets of pairs are different from one another in a statistically significant manner (Park, 2015). Reference: Park, H. I. (2015). A generalization of Wilcoxon rank sum test. Applied Mathematical Sciences, 9, 3155–3164. https://doi.org/10.12988/ams.2015.52129 2) Four important assumptions must be made about data to use the Wilcoxon Sign test; ordinal level of measurement, continuous dependent variable, independence, and dependent samples (Abid et al., 2018). In the dependent samples assumption, the Wilcoxon Sign test requires that the two samples are dependent on each other to evaluate variances amid before and after measurement while considering for particular variances in the reference line. The Wilcoxon Sign test presumes individuality in the independence assumption, denoting that the two observations are independently and randomly attained. In the continuous dependent variable assumption, the Wilcoxon sign test assumes that the measurements are continually theoretical to rank the variances concerning their size (Hayes, 2020). A continuity correlation is used to justify the detail that the dependent variable is distributed binomially in most scenarios. In the ordinal level of measurement assumption, the Wilcoxon Sign test presumes that the two dependent measures are at the slightest ordinal scale. The assumption is essential to certify that both values can be likened and that each pair can be said to be less or greater than the other. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test is a nonparametric statistical test, and it is used to test the null hypothesis that the continuous distribution of two populations is alike. The test fundamentally calculates the variance between pair sets and evaluates the variances to determine if they are statistically significantly diverse from each other. According to King & Eckersley (2019), the straightforward idea supporting the Wilcoxon signed-rank test is to create a null and alternate hypothesis, decide a confidence degree, compute the statistic test, and equate a critical value to the test statistic. If the determined test statistic is barely as much as the critical value, then the null hypothesis gets rejected. References Abid, M., Nazir, H. Z., Tahir, M., & Riaz, M. (2018). On designing a new cumulative sum, Wilcoxon signed-rank chart for monitoring process location. PLOS ONE, 13(4), e0195762. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0195762 Hayes, A. (2020, April 13). Wilcoxon Test Definition. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/wilcoxon-test... King, A., & Eckersley, R. (2019). Statistics for Biomedical Engineers and Scientists. In Statistics for Biomedical Engineers and Scientists. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2018-0-02241-0