Sosa 1 Elsa Sosa Florida National University Culture in Nursing Sosa 2 0ne aspect of popular culture in Ireland that makes it somewhat different to other cultures is pub culture. The term ‘pub’ refers to a public house or bar. While there is a recognized issue of over-consumption of alcohol in Ireland, pub culture is about more than just drinking ca. The character of pubs varies widely according to the customers they serve, and the area they are in. Since 2004 it is illegal to smoke in an enclosed place of work in Ireland, including pubs. Traditionally Irish society has been one of emigration. For hundreds of years more Irish people left Ireland than immigrated to Ireland. The Census in 2006 estimated that 1 in 10 people in Ireland were not Irish citizens; this figure included a significant proportion of UK citizens. All persons resident in Ireland are entitled to receive health care through the public health care system, which is managed by the Health Service Executive and funded by general taxation. A person may be required to pay a subsidized fee for certain health care received; this depends on income, age, illness or disability. All maternity services and child care up to the age of six months are provided free of charge. Emergency care is provided at a cost of 100 for a visit to the Accident and Emergency department. There are also hospitals run on a voluntary basis by organizations who receive public funding but operate with some degree of autonomy. Included in this latter group are teaching hospitals (such as University Hospital Galway) operated in conjunction with a university and hospitals with a long-standing religious ethos e.g. Adelaide and Meath Hospital in Dublin. There are also many private hospitals. Ireland has a lower than OECD-average number of hospital beds according to the 2013 OECD Health at a Glance Report. About 96 percent of the population of Italy is Italian, though there are many other ethnicities that live in this country. North African Arab, Italo-Albanian, Albanian, German, Austrian and some other European groups fill out the Sosa 3 remainder of the population. Bordering countries of France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia to the north have influenced Italian culture, as have the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia and Sicily and Sardinia. The official language of the country is Italian. About 93 percent of the Italian population speaks Italian as native language, according to the BBC. There are a number of dialects of the language spoken in the country, including Sardinian, Friulian, Neapolitan, Sicilian, Ligurian, Piedmontese, Venetian and Calabrian. Milanese is also spoken in Milan. Other languages spoken by native Italians include Albanian, Bavarian, Catalan, Cimbrian, Corsican, Croatian, French, German, Greek, Slovenian and Walser. Italy ranks among the World Health Organization’s top 10 countries for quality health services (by contrast, the U.S. only holds 37th place, despite being the highest spender). However, although medical facilities are considered to be adequate for any emergencies, some public hospitals are reportedly overcrowded and under-funded. Of course, you don’t have to rely solely on public health facilities. Like many Italians, you can avail off the parallel private medical service known as the assicurazione sulla salute that caters for patients covered by private medical insurance. According to rankings, the best medical care, especially in an emergency situation, is likely to be found in the northern hospitals in cities like Milan and in central Italy near or in Rome. Reportedly, English-speaking doctors are particularly easy to come by in Rome and Milan as well. Let's consider that the people of Puerto Rico represent a cultural and racial mix. During the early 18-century, the Spaniard in order to populate the country took Taino Indian women as brides. Later on as labor was needed to maintain crops and build roads, African slaves were imported, followed by the importation of Chinese immigrants, then continued with the arrival of Sosa 4 Italians, French, German, and even Lebanese people. Puerto Rico became a colony of the United States in 1898 and many American expatriates came to the island. Long after Spain had lost control of Puerto Rico, Spanish immigrants continued to arrive on the island. The latest arrivals to Puerto Rico have come from the economically depressed Dominican Republic. This historic intermingling has resulted in a contemporary Puerto Rico practically without racial problems (very close to but not completely). Christopher Columbus landed in Puerto Rico in 1493, during his second voyage, naming it San Juan Bautista. The Taínos, the indigenous people, called the island. In 1508, the Spanish granted settlement rights to Juan Ponce de León, who established a settlement at Caparra and became the first governor. In 1519 Caparra had to be relocated to a nearby coastal islet with a healthier environment; it was renamed Puerto Rico ("Rich Port") for its harbor, among the world's best natural bays. The two names were switched over the centuries: the island became Puerto Rico and its capital San Juan. The United States anglicized the name to "Porto Rico" when it occupied the island in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. This spelling was discontinued in 1932. A capitalist class structure is organized by access to wage labor and means of production. During the colonial period, small farms and subsistence agriculture prevailed. This prevented the emergence of a privileged hacendado class as in other latin societies. In the nineteenth century, with the implementation of an economy dependent on sugar, tobacco, and coffee, landowning and merchant classes emerged, along with a small class of urban professionals. Most political leaders came from those classes, but the bulk of the population remained artisans, sharecroppers, and laborers. Families that retained their assets under U.S. control made the transition to the professional, business, banking, and industrialist class. The economic changes of the 1950s Sosa 5 produced an expanded middle class of government employees, administrators, and white-collar workers and an industrial working class replaced the rural one. Until the second half of the twentieth century, Puerto Rico suffered from the dire health conditions that are typical of poor, underdeveloped countries. Tropical diseases and parasites contributed to high mortality rates and low life expectancy. Progress in health care has been dramatic, and the island now has modern medical facilities. Mortality rates and life expectancy have improved, and many diseases have been eradicated. While familiar programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, and certain provisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) exist in Puerto Rico, they operate under different rules than those that apply to the rest of the USA. Those differences serve to perpetuate disparities and contribute to economic destabilization on the island. Our concerns are not limited to pricing disparities; we also need to ensure appropriate access. Puerto Rico is the poorest jurisdiction in the United States, as measured by median income, and over the past five years, more than 350,000 Puerto Ricans have moved to the mainland. Consequently, the so called Second Great Migration reduced the size of the labor workforce and the available tax base, aggravating the fiscal situation of the government. Sosa 6 • Migrant project. “Living in Ireland.” An Integration Website for Migrants Living in Ireland, Migrant Project, 4 Dec. 2018, www.livinginireland.ie/en/culture_society/culture_society/. • “Health Care in Italy, Europe - International Living Countries. internationalliving.com/countries/italy/health-care-in-italy/. • “Puerto Rico.”www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Puerto-Rico.html • Zimmermann, Kim Ann. “Italian Culture: Facts, Customs & Traditions.” LiveScience, Purch, 15 Oct. 2017, www.livescience.com/44376-italian-culture.html. Running head: IRISH, ITALIAN AND PUERTO-RICAN HERITAGE Irish, Italian and Puerto-Rican Heritage Karen Echenique Florida National University Culture in Nursing Prof. Cassandre Milien, MSN 1 IRISH, ITALIAN AND PUERTO-RICAN HERITAGE 2 Irish, Italian and Puerto-Rican Heritage Ireland was involved by the Celtic people group, who came to be known as Gaels, at some point between 400-600 B.C. The Romans never attacked Ireland, so the Gaels stayed confined and had the capacity to build up an unmistakable culture. In the fifth century A.D. St. Patrick came to Ireland and presented the Gaels to Christianity. Consequently, started an extraordinary religious and social period for the nation. While the rest of Europe was quickly declining into the Dark Ages, Irish religious communities safeguarding the Greek what's more, Latin of the antiquated world—ended up extraordinary focuses of adapting, yet additionally sent numerous acclaimed ministers to the Continent. Around the finish of the eighth century Vikings attacked. Ireland and for more than two centuries struggled with the Irish. At last, in 1014 the Irish under King Brian Boru soundly vanquished the Viking powers at the Battle of Clontarf. A critical inheritance of the Viking attack was the foundation of such urban communities as Dublin, Cork, Waterford, Limerick, and Wexford. In the second 50% of the twelfth century King Henry II started the English Lordship of Ireland and the test of the Anglo-Norman Victory initiated. By the end of the medieval period a large number of the Anglo-Norman intruders had been retained into the Gaelic populace. Today it is not that simple to characterize in absolute, what is implied by an Irish American ethnic personality. This is particularly so for later ages. Intermarriage has assumed a noteworthy job in this obscuring of ethnic lines. The way toward absorbing has likewise been encouraged by the extraordinary movement in ongoing many years of the Irish from their ethnic enclaves in the urban areas to suburbia and provincial locales. More prominent investment in the multicultural government funded educational system with a comparing decrease in parochial school participation has assumed a critical job also; another central point has been the IRISH, ITALIAN AND PUERTO-RICAN HERITAGE 3 extraordinary lessening of settlers from Ireland because of migration laws disfavoring Europeans. Today, with 38,760,000 Americans guaranteeing Irish lineage (as indicated by the 1990 evaluation), American culture all in all partner couple of undertones—positive or negative—with this gathering. Among these workers and their progenitors, notwithstanding, there is as yet extraordinary pride and a specific distinction in being Irish. All people occupant in Ireland are qualified for get human services through the general medicinal services framework, which is overseen by the Health Service Executive and financed by general tax collection. An individual might be required to pay a financed charge for certain social insurance got; this relies upon salary, age, ailment or handicap. All maternity administrations and youngster care up to the age of a half year are sans given of charge. Crisis care is given at an expense of €100 for a visit to the Accident and Emergency office. Medical clinics and hospitals in Ireland for the most part offer a full scope of social insurance including mishap and crisis administrations. Numerous hospitals in Ireland, for example, Connolly Hospital at Blanchardstown, are worked legitimately by the Health Service Executive. There are likewise emergency clinics kept running on an intentional premise by associations who get open subsidizing however work with some level of independence. Incorporated into this last gathering are showing emergency clinics, (for example, University Hospital Galway) worked related to a college and medical clinics with a long-standing religious ethos for example Adelaide and Meath Hospital in Dublin. There are additionally numerous private clinics. Ireland has a lower than OECD-normal number of emergency clinic beds as indicated by the 2013 OECD Health at a Glance Report. A similar report additionally noticed that Ireland has less specialists (2.7 specialists per 1,000 populace) and more medical caretakers (12.2 attendants per 1,000 populace) than normal in other OECD nations. IRISH, ITALIAN AND PUERTO-RICAN HERITAGE 4 Close to 96 percent of the number of inhabitants in Italy are Italian, however there are numerous different ethnicities that live in this nation. North African Arab, Italo-Albanian, Albanian, German, Austrian and some other European gatherings round out the rest of the populace. Flanking nations of France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia toward the north have affected Italian culture, as have the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia and Sicily and Sardinia. The official language of the nation is Italian. Around 93 percent of the Italian populace communicates in Italian as local language, as per the BBC. There are various tongues of the language verbally expressed in the nation, including Sardinian, Friulian, Neapolitan, Sicilian, Ligurian, Piedmontese, Venetian and Calabrian. Milanese is likewise spoken in Milan. Different dialects spoken by local Italians incorporate Albanian, Bavarian, Catalan, Cimbrian, Corsican, Croatian, French, German, Greek, Slovenian and Walser. Italy positions among the World Health Organization's main 10 nations for quality wellbeing administrations. In any case, albeit restorative offices are viewed as sufficient for any crises, some open medical clinics are purportedly stuffed and under-financed. Obviously, you don't need to depend entirely on general wellbeing offices. In the same way as other Italians, you can benefit off the parallel private therapeutic administration known as the Assicurazione Sulla salute that caters for patients secured by private restorative protection. In any case, in some communities, especially in the south, you might almost certainly get to the general wellbeing framework private specialists and emergency clinics assemble in greater urban communities where occupants are bound to have private medicinal protection. As per rankings, the best medicinal consideration, particularly in a crisis circumstance, is probably going to be found in the northern clinics in urban areas like Milan and in focal Italy close or in Rome. Purportedly, English-talking specialists are especially simple to stop by in Rome and Milan too. IRISH, ITALIAN AND PUERTO-RICAN HERITAGE 5 The general population of Puerto Rico speak to a social and racial blend. Amid the mid 18century, the Spaniard so as to populate the nation took Taino Indian ladies as ladies. Later on, as work was expected to keep up harvests and fabricate streets, African slaves were imported, trailed by the importation of Chinese foreigners, at that point proceeded with the landing of Italians, French, German, and even Lebanese individuals. Puerto Rico turned into a province of the United States in 1898 and numerous Americans ostracizes went to the island. Long after Spain had lost control of Puerto Rico, Spanish workers kept on touching base on the island. The most noteworthy new migrant populace touched base during the 1960s, when a large number of Cubans fled from Fidel Castro's Communist state. The most recent landings to Puerto Rico have originated from the financially discouraged Dominican Republic. This memorable mixing has brought about a contemporary Puerto Rico for all intents and purposes without racial issues. Until the second 50% of the twentieth century, Puerto Rico experienced the desperate wellbeing conditions that are ordinary of poor, immature nations. Tropical ailments and parasites added to high death rates and maggot hope. Advancement in medicinal services has been sensational, and the island presently has current therapeutic offices. Death rates and future have improved, and numerous illnesses have been annihilated. While commonplace projects, for example, Medicare, Medicaid, and certain arrangements of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) exist in Puerto Rico, they work under unexpected principles in comparison to those that apply to the remainder of the USA. Those distinctions serve to propagate inconsistencies and add to monetary destabilization on the island. Our worries are not restricted to valuing aberrations; we additionally need to guarantee proper access. IRISH, ITALIAN AND PUERTO-RICAN HERITAGE References “Puerto Rico.” Countries and Their Cultures, www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Puerto-Rico.html. “Living in Ireland.” Living in Ireland: An Integration Website for Migrants Living in Ireland, Crosscare Migrant Project, 4 Dec. 2018” www.livinginireland.ie/en/culture_society/culture_society/. “Health Care in Italy, Europe - International Living Countries.” International Living, internationalliving.com/countries/italy/health-care-in-italy/. 6
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