Southern Illinois Noise Pollution & Biochemical Oxygen Demand Lap Report

User Generated

Zffzd

Engineering

Southern Illinois University

Description

I will attach the lab manual and the results for this lab. I just need you to do the lab report that follows the rubric.

The lab is called Noise Pollution ( Page 27 - 33 in the Lab Manual)

If you have any questions ask me.

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ...........................................................................................................1 Lab Safety.............................................................................................................3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand...............................................................................4 Coliform Lab .......................................................................................................11 Jar Test...............................................................................................................16 Lake Profile.........................................................................................................20 Noise Pollution ....................................................................................................27 Settleability of Solids...........................................................................................34 Solid Waste.........................................................................................................39 Solids ..................................................................................................................43 ii INTRODUCTION Environmental Engineering is a profession directly involved with the identification and design solutions of environmental problems. Environmental Engineers are directly responsible for providing safe drinking water, minimizing and preventing pollution in rivers, lakes and oceans, treating and properly disposing of municipal, industrial and hazardous waste, and the remediation of contaminated soil and water, among other charges of the profession. Understanding and mastering the art of Environmental Engineering requires the integration of biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, computer science, laboratory analyses, and communication skills. The purpose of these experiments is to introduce you to various aspects of Environmental Engineering through laboratory analysis that integrates hands-on investigation, data reduction and interpretation. Experiments include measuring conventional water and wastewater parameters as well as exploring the natural environment. A more detailed description and professional standards for a majority of these experiments can be found in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Standard Methods, as this book is often referred to, is a joint publication of the American Public Health Association, the American Water Works Association and the Water Environment Federation. In each experiment, you will find material that relates to both the theory and the practical application of the laboratory in engineering practice. The supplemental web site for this manual is at: http://civil.engr.siu.edu/nsflab/NSFProject/Environmental/Environ_Frame.htm At this site additional learning tools such as video clips, photographs, and sample data sets are continually being added to illustrate key concepts of the laboratory. At this time, we are in the developmental stage of the site and the lab manual. We welcome and encourage the use of this material in your courses. We only request that you acknowledge us and let us know that you are using it. Feedback from you is both appreciated and invaluable to the development of this project. Please contact us if you have any comments, suggestions or questions. Lizette R. Chevalier, Associate Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, SIUC, cheval@engr.siu.edu James N. Craddock, Associate Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, SIUC, craddock@ce.siu.edu 1 Partial support for this work is provided by the National Science Foundation's Course, Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement Program under grant DUE9952577. Additional support is provided by Southern Illinois University Carbondale College of Engineering, College of Mass Communication and Media Arts and the Materials Technology Center. ENGINEERING LAB SAFETY A more thorough review of laboratory safety is presented under General Topic from the web site. The purpose of this laboratory is to identify the location and use of the following items in the laboratory. Review these items with your lab instructor prior to conducting any labs. • Safety glasses • Eye wash station • Shower • Latex gloves for BOD, Solids, Solid Waste and Coliform Labs • Insulated gloves and tongs for muffle furnace • Aprons • Spill kit • Fire extinguisher • Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) • Campus unit responsible for the pickup and disposal of waste; Explain use of request forms for pickup and the need for proper labeling. In this lab, all chemicals must be in labeled containers. The label on purchased chemicals generally identifies the content adequately. However, when you prepare a reagent for use, it must be labeled as follows: The name of the chemical or reagent, the concentration, the date and your name. You are required to label every bottle used longer than one laboratory period. Figure 1: Example of proper labeling. 3 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND Introduction In characterizing wastewater and surface water, the amount of biodegradable organics in the water is an important parameter. When these organics degrade in the aquatic environment, dissolved oxygen is consumed. Since oxygen is not very soluble in water (Table 1), a heavy loading of organics may deplete oxygen levels, which in turn may lead to fish kills and anaerobic conditions. Although most substances can also be degraded under anaerobic conditions, the process is slow and results in foul odors. Biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD, is a test to measure the consumption of dissolved oxygen due to biological degradation of organic materials and chemical oxidation of inorganic materials. In fact, BOD is used as an indicator to determine compliance with wastewater discharge permits, in the design of wastewater facilities, to monitor plant performance, and to determine the approximate quantity of oxygen required to biologically stabilize or oxidize organic matter. BOD is also an important parameter in models that estimate the assimilative capacity of the receiving body of water. The standard measurement is the BOD after five days (BOD5), although BOD7 is also used to correspond with work schedules, especially at smaller plants. In this procedure, dissolved oxygen is measured initially and after a 5 (or 7) day incubation period. The BOD measured during this period is the carbonaceous BOD, since the bacteria that oxidize nitrogen are not in sufficient numbers to influence oxygen consumption until approximately seven days. However, it is common practice to use a nitrogen inhibitor. Seeding and dilution of samples are commonly used to ensure an acceptable change of dissolved oxygen occurs. Bacterial growth requires nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus and trace metals. These nutrients are added to dilution water, which is also buffered to ensure that the pH of the sample remains suitable for the bacteria. Oxygen consumed after 60-90 days of incubation is used to determine the ultimate BOD. Continuous oxygen uptake can be used to determine the kinetics of degradation, utilizing analysis tools such as the Thomas Method. 4 Table 1: Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen in Distilled Water Temperature ºC Solubility (mg/L) Temperature ºC Solubility (mg/L) 0 14.6 16 9.9 1 14.2 17 9.7 2 13.9 18 9.5 3 13.5 19 9.3 4 13.1 20 9.1 5 12.8 21 8.9 6 12.5 22 8.7 7 12.1 23 8.6 8 11.8 24 8.4 9 11.6 25 8.3 10 11.3 26 8.1 11 11.0 27 8.0 12 10.8 28 7.8 13 10.5 29 7.7 14 10.3 30 7.6 15 10.1 Application The following figure shows a basic treatment train found at municipal wastewater treatment facilities. In this laboratory, you will be measuring the BOD of the influent and the effluent. One of the primary objectives of municipal wastewater treatment is the reduction of BOD in the effluent, which is released into a receiving body of water. 5 Figure 1: Generalized schematic of a wastewater treatment facility. Materials and Equipment • Standard BOD bottles with ground glass stoppers (300 mL). • Paraffin wrap. • Dissolved oxygen meter with appropriate DO probe. • Wide tipped volumetric pipet. • Magnetic stirrer if DO probe does not have a stirrer built in. • Incubator: thermostatically controlled with a temperature of 20°C ± 1°C. All light must be excluded form the samples during incubation. • Dilution water prepared by instructor. • Glucose-glutamic acid solution prepared by instructor. • Influent and effluent sample of wastewater from a local municipal wastewater treatment facility. Obtain the effluent sample prior to disinfection so that dechlorination and seeding will not be required in this laboratory. Procedure Samples should be used within 48 hours of collection. Samples should be stored at approximately 4°C to ensure that oxygen concentrations remain constant. In addition, samples should be incubated in the dark to prevent oxygen replenishment from photosynthesis. Prior to use, the sample must be brought to room temperature. The pH of samples must be between 6.5 and 7.5 to ensure biological growth. The pH of samples can be adjusted with a solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). To increase the pH of a sample, you need to add a base. In Standard Methods, the pH of a BOD sample is increased by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Dissolve 40 g sodium hydroxide in distilled water. Dilute to 1 L. 6 Since the actual BOD5 is not known, several dilutions must be prepared and tested. Typical municipal influent wastewater has a BOD5 of 150-350 mg/L, whereas the effluent ranges between 10-40 mg/L. For this laboratory, prepare three dilutions of each sample. Use Table 2 to determine the required dilutions. Prepare one dilution in the appropriate range, then one below and above. Using the effluent sample, prepare two BOD bottles at each of the three dilutions. To prepare the dilution, place the required amount of sample in the bottle. Completely fill the remainder of the bottle with dilution water, taking care not to entrap air bubbles. Place the glass stopper on the bottle, allowing for a small amount of water to spill off the bottle. There should be a water seal remaining in the lip area. This water seal will prevent oxygen from entering the bottle. As an additional precaution, wrap a piece of paraffin wrap over the top of the bottle. Repeat this procedure for the influent sample. Use one set of each dilution to measure the initial DO, and incubate the other set. Place the remaining six bottles (three influent and three effluent dilutions) in the incubator. Record the time and date. As with the samples collected from the treatment facility, these prepared samples must be kept in the dark to prevent oxygen replenishment from photosynthesis and at a constant temperature of 4°C to ensure that oxygen concentrations remain constant. Table 2: Dilution ranges for pipetting into 300 mL BOD bottles. Sample Volume (mL) Minimum BOD (mg/L) Maximum BOD (mg/L) 1 600 2400 3 200 800 5 120 480 10 60 240 30 20 80 50 12 48 100 6 24 200 3 12 300 2 8 After the required incubation period (5 or 7 days), remove the BOD bottles from the incubator and measure the final dissolved oxygen levels. 7 Check the dilution water blank to be certain that the DO uptake (DOinitial – DOfinal) was not more than 0.2 mg/L. If the value is above 0.2 mg/L, the results are suspect. A valid dilution is one that has a final DO greater than or equal to 1 mg/L and a DO uptake of at least 2 mg/L. Place 6 ml of the glucose-glutamic acid standard in two BOD bottles. Then add 15 mL of wastewater effluent for seed. Fill the remainder of the bottle with dilution water. Use one bottle to determine the initial DO. Incubate the second bottle with the other samples and measure the final BOD after 5 days. Also prepare two blank samples of dilution water. Use one bottle to determine the initial DO. Incubate the second bottle with the other samples and measure the final BOD after 5 (or 7) days. Make sure to properly label all bottles. The label should state what is in the bottle, the concentration, the date, and your name. Analysis As stated earlier, a valid dilution is one that has a final DO of at least 1 mg/L, and a DO uptake of at least 2 mg/L. The BOD of the sample is determined from the DO uptake and the fractional dilution (F): BOD = DOinitial − DO final F The fractional dilution of the sample is the volume of sample divided by the BOD bottle volume. Because the BOD test is a bioassay, the results can be influenced greatly by the presence of toxic substances. Distilled waters, which is used to prepare the dilution water, are frequently contaminated with copper. Use the bottles with the glucose-glutamic acid to check for water quality as well as seed effectiveness and the quality of your analytical technique. The BOD5 for this 300 mg/L mixed primary standard should be 198 ± 30.5 mg/L if a nitrogen inhibitor was used. Elements of Report Within your report, you should include the following items specific to your experiment: • Name, location and general description of wastewater facility • Specific equipment (manufacturer and model) used and accuracy • Which dilution provided the best estimate of BOD5 for the influent and the effluent? • Identify any BOD samples that should be eliminated based on the final DO or the minimum DO depletion. 8 • What is BOD5 of the influent and effluent, and how does this value compare to typical values reported in the literature? • What are the different compounds added to the dilution water? What purpose does each serve? • If you conducted a 7 day BOD test, calculate BOD5 and the ultimate BOD (Lo) of the sample assuming k=0.35/day (base e). Generate a graph showing the change in BOD over time. Extend this graph to at least 0.9Lo. • If you conducted a 5 day BOD test, calculate BOD7 and the ultimate BOD (Lo)of the sample assuming k=0.35/day (base e). Generate a graph showing the change in BOD over time. Extend this graph to at least 0.9Lo. References Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Ed. Published jointly by APHA, AWWA and WPCF, 1998. Laboratory Manual for CE 310: Introduction to Environmental Engineering, Spring 2000, Ray, B.T., Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, 3rd Ed., Metcalf and Eddy, McGraw-Hill, 1991. Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering, Corbitt, R.A., McGraw-Hill, 1990. 9 Biochemical Oxygen Demand Lab Data Sheet Name _________________________ Date _________________________ Laboratory Section _________________________ Treatment Facility _________________________ Initial Date and Time _________________________ Final Date and Time _________________________ Volume WW mL Sample DO Initial DO Final DO uptake mg/L mg/L mg/L 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dilution Blank Water G-GA Standard EQUIPMENT USED (include model numbers): NOTES: 10 F BOD mg/L COLIFORM LAB Introduction Pathogenic organisms present in water and wastewater are difficult to test for, and are often in small numbers. Therefore, the typical approach is to test for the presence of indicator organisms such as the coliform group. The coliform bacteria are present in the intestinal tract of mammals. Although not pathogenic themselves, the presence of coliform bacteria in large numbers may indicate the possibility of contamination of the water supply by fecal matter or insufficient treatment of a wastewater. One analytical method commonly used by regulatory agencies and water utilities to test for coliform is the membrane filter technique. The objective of this laboratory is to conduct this experiment, using different sources of water and wastewater. Materials and Equipment • Vacuum System • 0.45 m membrane filter • Filtration apparatus • Pipets • Graduated cylinder • Petri dishes (pre-sterilized plastic dishes are available commercially) • Absorbent pads • Tweezers • Incubator (35±0.5°C with a relative humidity of at least 60%) • M-Endo medium (prepared by lab instructor) • Sterilized buffered dilution water (prepared by lab instructor) • Water and/or wastewater sample collected in sterilized glass or plastic bottles 11 Note: Anything contacting the sample must be sterilized to prevent contamination. This includes, but is not limited to, glassware, filters, pipets and the filtration apparatus. Procedure Collect two different water samples from different sources. If collecting from a treatment facility, collect the sample prior to chlorination if possible. Otherwise, the chlorine must be neutralized with sodium thiosulfate immediately after collecting. Drinking water samples should also be dechlorinated. Some manufacturers of sample bottles place sodium thiosulfate in the sample bottles prior to distribution. Using sterile forceps, place a sterile membrane filter (grid side up) over the porous plate of the flask of the filter device. Place the funnel unit over the flask and lock it in place. Shake your sample 25 times to assure that it is well mixed. Pipet the required volume of sample into the top of the filter apparatus. For drinking water, 100 mL is the standard sample size. Filter the sample under a partial vacuum. A satisfactory filtration time is within five minutes. If this cannot be obtained, the required volume may be distributed among numerous membranes (i.e. 100 mL may be filtered in two 50 mL or four 25 mL portions). For analyzing samples other than drinking water, the required volume may be estimated using Table 1. Because the range of sample volume is large, it is best to analyze other waters by filtering three different sample volumes. When less than 10 mL of sample is to be filtered, add approximately 10 mL of sterile dilution water to the funnel before filtration. Alternately, you may pipet the sample into a sterile bottle and mix with approximately 10 mL of sterile dilution water first, and then filter the entire amount. This increase in water volume aids in the uniform dispersion of the bacteria over the effective filtering surface. Table 1: Approximate filtration volume Source Drinking water Lakes Bathing beaches Streams, rivers Unchlorinated wastewater Approximate Volume 100 10-100 mL 0.01-10 mL 0.01-10 mL 0.0001-0.1 mL After filtering the sample, and with the filter still in place, rinse the interior surface of the funnel with 20 to 30 mL of sterile dilution water three times (this may be applied from a squeeze bottle). Place an adsorbent pad in the bottom of a sterilized petri dish. Saturate the pad with 1.8-2.2 mL of M-Endo medium. Decant any excess medium. Remove the filter from the filtration device using sterile forceps. Place in on the saturated pad 12 using a rolling motion to avoid the entrapment of air. The contact with the medium is important, since the colonies will not grow without this contact. Place the prepared cultures in waterproof bags and incubate in a submerged water bath for 22-24 hr at 35±0.5°C. Do not incubate beyond 24 hr. After incubating, remove the cultures. Count any colonies that develop a red color with a metallic sheen. These are colonies of coliform bacteria. Report the results as # of colonies/100 mL. Other bacteria may be present, but will not exhibit the characteristic color and sheen. These colonies may be pink, blue, or white lacking sheen. In addition to the samples, test the dilution water. Evidence of contamination in this sample indicates unsterile conditions and invalid data. A number of improper procedures can result in less than desirable cultures. Analysis A suitable quantity of the sample water results in an ideal colony count of 20 to 80 coliform colonies and not more than 200 colonies. Less than 20 colonies are considered unreliable statistically. More than 200 colonies makes counting individual colonies on the filter difficult. Compute the concentration of coliform colonies, or coliform density, using the following equation: If no coliform colonies are observed, report the coliform colonies counted as "
Purchase answer to see full attachment
User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

Explanation & Answer

Hi dude,I am sending you Lab report.Text me if you need some additional explanations :)

Lab #x
Noise Pollution

Date Submitted:
x/x/2019

Table of Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1
List of experiment ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Procedure...................................................................................................................................................... 4
Results ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
Discussion and Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 6
References .................................................................................................................................................... 6

List of figures and Tables:

Table 1. Results obtained when two weight scale (A and C) at two distances (1 and 4 ft)
were used
Table 2. Comparison of the data obtained for two different sound sources
Table 3. The result obtained by measuring SPL at two different weight scales

Abstract
The main aim of this study was the determination of sound pressure level (SPL). The
measurement of the SPL was carried out using noise meter. Different measurements were
conducted using (...


Anonymous
Excellent resource! Really helped me get the gist of things.

Studypool
4.7
Trustpilot
4.5
Sitejabber
4.4

Similar Content

Related Tags