• • • In this Workshop, you will describe your analysis plan. Post responses to the following: Restate your research question, your chosen approach, and your sampling plan. Identify the key elements of data analysis that are consistent with your chosen approach to propose your analysis plan. Be sure to cite sources specific to your approach as well as your textbooks. Choose one coding method and code both interviews. Indicate the codes in the text of the transcript or summary. You can use Excel or Word. Attach this document to your post. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx Search the Internet to find examples of QDA software. These can include free versions as well as proprietary purchased applications. Note that some applications indicate they are a good fit for certain qualitative approaches. • • • Choose two examples of QDA software to investigate. Go to their respective websites and explore the FAQs, demos, customer feedback, and other resources that inform you about their capabilities and limitations. Develop a 3- to 5-page paper describing considerations for choosing to use QDA software. Include your responses to the following: Hands-on: Summarize your experience with coding using Excel or Word. Identify what worked well, where you struggled, and how the process of coding evolved. Research: Summarize your research on your two choices by comparing and contrasting features. Describe why you chose these two versus the others and, given your experience in this course, what you are considering for your capstone. http://www.bu.edu/tech/services/cccs/desktop/distribution/nvivo/comparison/ https://www.predictiveanalyticstoday.com/top-qualitative-data-analysis-software/ https://www.predictiveanalyticstoday.com/top-free-qualitative-data-analysis-software/ The Final Project is a stepwise process, and its goal is to leave you well-prepared by the end of this course to execute on your qualitative research study plan. In Week 10, you will complete Step V of the Final Project. Step V allows you to develop your skills in selecting the right coding strategy for your study approach and in reporting the appropriate codes and categories for your study. In this Assignment, you will complete Step V. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX • • • • Submit the following: A draft Analysis Plan (which you will continue to revise later in the week) A summary of the codes and categories you identified in your transcribed documents A 2- to 3-page paper comparing your hand-coding experience with what you researched on QDA software A final analysis plan, with feedback from your peer debriefer integrated into the document You will need to have completed all 4 tasks in order to be eligible for full credit on this Assignment. Be sure to allow adequate time for each task as you structure your week. A suggested schedule is included here: Draft your analysis plan, including steps based on the research question, chosen approach, and sampling criteria. Note: You’ll be posting this to your Workshop thread in order to receive peer feedback. By Day 5: Summarize the codes and categories you identified in your transcribed documents. By Day 5: Draft a 2- to 3-page paper comparing your hand-coding experience with what you researched on QDA software. By Day 6: Integrate the feedback you received from your peer debriefer. Note: You are required to submit this week’s Assignment to your Instructor for feedback. However, this week’s submission will not be graded. It will be graded along with the other steps of the Final Project in the Week 11 Assignment. Student 2 ter S For the research questions for the final assignment include one central question and two sub-questions. Central question What are emergency managers’ views of social media as a tool for obtaining situational awareness? Sub-questions What information is needed by the emergency managers to make informed decisions during disasters? Would social media be able to provide the information that emergency managers need? The initial research approach was an explanatory case study. However, when it came to evaluating the conceptual framework and determining the coding for data analysis, the case study approach was not the best fit, so the student decided to use grounded theory. Grounded theory was the other approach that the student thought of using but felt confident that the case study approach would help provide results for the research questions. The sampling plan was purposeful. Purposeful is also the recommended sampling strategy for grounded theory (Moser & Korstjens, 2018) before switching to theoretical sampling. The sample size for this course is 2, but the recommended size for grounded theory is between 20-50 (Morse, 1994; Creswell, 1998). The method of collecting the data is semi-structured interviews. For grounded theory, the data analysis utilized for this research study is the Initial (open), and axial coding (Saldaña, 2016). Open coding is the first cycle in the coding process. In open coding, the student examined the data line by line looking for similarities and differences (Saldaña, 2016). Axial coding is the second cycle and is where the data from the open coding are grouped together based on categories. Initially, the student thought selective coding would be necessary, but according to Saldaña (2016), selective coding is not necessary, and a researcher should not be forced to try and determine selective coding. However, for this course, the student did attempt using selective coding. The student tried to do some of the codings by hand and noticed that there were parts that seemed like phrases and not one worded codes. The amount of time spent on trying to determine the coding by hand took longer than expected even though there were only two interviews to read and code. Since this week’s assignment was to use and experiment with computer-aided data analysis software (CADAS), the student decided to use Nvivo to see if the codes were easier to identify. To the surprise of the student, they were. The use of the CADAS was helpful and took less than trying to code by hand. The student will have to spend more time with Nvivo to get a better understanding of how it works. The student also plans on testing out ATLAS.ti for the assignment for this week as well. The codes that Attached to this post is a copy of my excel spreadsheet, which shows the open, axial, and selective coding for the participants. The other excel spreadsheet contains the coding from Nvivo. As you can see the Nvivo coding allowed the student to focus on the coding, but some of the data and the importance of it as it relates to the research – is missed. Like Saldaña (2016) mentioned, there is no one or right way to conduct coding for data analysis. The importance is being able to use the data to find emerging themes and patterns. Reference Morse, J. M. (1994). Designing funded qualitative research. In Denzin N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S., The Sage handbook of qualitative research (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Moser, A., & Korstjens, I. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 3: Sampling, data collection and analysis. European Journal of General Practice, 24(1), 9-18. Doi: 10.1080/13814788.2017.1375091 Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding method for qualitative researchers (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. LaL RE: Week 10 Workshop COLLAP SE Good Evening Dr. Fadgen & Class, 1. My research question is as follows: The Impact That Positive Men Can Have On At-Risk Teenage Males. 1A. My chosen approach will be phenomenological research. Phenomenology is considered both a research method as well as a philosophy (Goulding, 2005), and it is largely attributed to the philosophy of Edmund Husserl (Creswell, 2013; Moustakas, 1994; Schwandt, 2015). I have chosen the Phenomenological research method because of the interest that I have in the participants lived experiences of a phenomenon such as them using the illicit substance, drinking alcohol, dropping out of school, becoming teenage fathers, and or wanting to commit suicide. The purpose of the phenomenological research will be for me to identify phenomena through how the participants are perceived by the actors in various situations. The Phenomenological research method will include me exploring a phenomenon with a group of individuals. The data collection will include me conducting interviews. Interviewing will not be my only source of data collection, data collection will also include participant observations. For me to understand the individuals lived experiences, I may also employ the process of bracketing, which is referred to as epoche or phenomenological reduction (Gearing, 2004). This would allow me to set aside my everyday assumptions, biases, theories or presuppositions. 1B. The sampling plan will be Inductive grounded and emergent theory sampling utilizing open-ended fieldwork will reveal concepts that become the basis for subsequent sampling, Participants are selected according to the descriptive needs of the emerging concepts and theory (Morse, 2010, p. 235). Grounded theoretical sampling becomes more selective as the emerging theory focuses on the inquiry. Additional cases are added to support constant comparison as a theory sharpening analysis process. 2. The key elements of the data analysis that are consistent with the phenomenological approach will be the in-depth interviews and what I have studied after the interviews have been completed. The data are the words, stories, observations, and any documents. Qualitative findings are based on three kinds of data this would include in-depth, open-ended interviews and direct observations and written communications. Interviews will yield direct quotations from the participants about their experiences, opinions, feelings, and knowledge. My plan will be to utilize the data from the observations and this will consist of detailed descriptions of the participant's activities, behaviors, actions, and their full range of interpersonal interactions as well as the organizational processes that are part of observable human experience. 3. I will conduct inductive research and I will let the themes arise naturally from the data. I will gather the data from the interviews that I asked the participants using email. As I analyze the data I use the coding method which is a word or short phase. Charmaz (2001) describes coding as the "critical link" between data collection and their explanation of meaning. Reference Patton, M. Q., (2015). Qualitative Research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Chapter 1, "The Nature, Niche, Value, and Fruit of Qualitative Inquiry" (pp. 2-44) Chapter 5, "Designing Qualitative Studies" (pp. 244-326) Chapter 8, "Qualitative Analysis and Interviewing" (pp. 520-651) Ravitch, S. M., & Carl, N. M. (2006). Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Chapter 1, "Qualitative Research: An Opening Orientation" (pp. 1-31) Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2012). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data (3rd.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Chapter 12, "Data Analysis in the Responsive Interviewing Model" (pp. 189-212) Meyer, D. Z., & Avery L. M. (2009). Excel as a qualitative data analysis tool. Field Methods, 21(1), 91-112. doi:10.1177/1525822X08323985 Saldana, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Laureate Education (Producer). (2017). QDA software packages [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author. Laureate Education (Producer). (2017). Voices from the field [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author. Coding Method For Both Interviews: The coding sample that I have decided to used will be eclectic coding. Eclectic coding profiles the process, then demonstrates how it proceeds toward a second cycle of coding. Research Question: The Impact That Positive Men Can Have On At-Risk Teenage Males. The participants were asked the following questions: 1. Let’s begin with what can you tell me about your childhood – What has your childhood been like. 2. What were (are) your friends like? 3. What have been your experiences growing up? 4. What types if any extracurricular activities were you allowed to engage? 5. Were you allowed to play any sports? If yes, what sport(s) did you play? 6. What was your favorite subject while attending school? 7. What are your dreams, goals, & aspirations? 8. What did you value growing up? 9. What do you value now? 10. Where would you like to see yourself in five years? 11. Is there anything else that you would like for me to know? Interview #1 Participant’s Gender: Female Participant’s Age: 17 Participant’s Ethnicity: African American Participant’s Experience growing up Participant’s dreams, goals Participant’s favorite subject (Attribute Code) (Attribute Code) (Attribute Code) (Description Code) (Emotional Code) (Description Code) Interview #2 Participant’s Gender: Male (Attribute Code) Participant’s Age: 15 (Attribute Code) Participant’s Ethnicity: African American Participant’s Value in life Participant’s Value Now Participant’s Future Goals (Attribute Code) (Emotional Code) (Emotional Code) (Description Code) Participant # Gender: Interview Question 1 M Participant Response 1st Cycle Concept 2nd Cycle Patterns 3rd Cycle Categories How would you define situational awareness as it relates to disaster? Its a matter of having an understanding of what is happening and comprehend the information about the situation. I think situational awareness comes down to that you have data, and you have to somehow analyze that data so that it is actionable information to include environmental elements, different events, and respect for time, space, and future projections of the incident. I think it is kind of having an overview of what is happening. Wanting to understand, comprehend. Elements of situational Wanting to have complete awareness understanding of the situation What disaster-specific situational awareness information do you need to aid in the decision-making process? I think it is about looking at the information requirements you need and the EIs are you need to look at the information, the sources, analyze it, and then how you are going to share that information and for us in the city – the technology that we are going to use to disseminate it. Information requirements, What is needed to make Decision-making process EI (emotional intelligence), decisions the sources, analyze it, share that information, technology used for dissemination How would your emergency management agency obtain situational awareness during a disaster? They get it from a multitude of sources. In the EOC they have a situational analysis unit or the situational awareness analysis position in planning, and they are looking at regional websites, WebEOCs, state WebEOC, the local media and social media we look at email broadcast, surrounding jurisdictions, information from the intel center. So we pool in a bunch of data and that person kind of gathers it and analyzes it and they share it with the EOC Managers and the community. The biggest part is where they all get their information from depends on the situation. If its weather we might be pulling it from the national weather service or paid weather service system. If it’s a police incident the we might be working with the intel center or the RIC. They pull that data from all different places depending on the situation. Desire to obtain disasterMethods of obtaining specific information by information during a having a person staff disaster situational analysis unit. Actively seeking information using multiple sources and analyzing the data. Is there a specific training that this person had to go to in order to sit and do that position in the EOC? Sent them to situational analysis training. Looking for staff that are Encouraging EOC staff EMI offers a class. A lot of them have gone proficient in role; additional to attend specific through the planning class and some of them training not required training. have gone through the IMT situational unit class. It is nothing that they require. We just require proficiency in the job. So a lot of them will seek out other classes as well. Wanting to be proactive in utilizing the EOC staff effectively What role does mainstream media have on providing emergency managers with situational awareness? It gives us an idea. We do not rely on it whole heartedly. Because it is still something we do not take action upon it. We can get more information from social media than we can from the media. I think it is another way of fact check or data check what is coming out. Social media more reliable source for information Provides basic idea of what Information obtained is happening; not reliable not acted upon. used for fact checking. "We can get more information from social media than we can from the media." Current situational awareness practices What are the benefits and limitations of using mainstream media for situational awareness during a disaster? None of it is actionable. You will always going to verify it and have to check it. The media can report thing that are false and you do not want to see that going. By reporting something that is false. You want to check your facts. We do not rely on it in XXXX jurisdiction a lot of times is there confusing between XXX locality and our locality. We always have to check and make sure that the incident is in our locality and not XXX locality. We check to see what they really mean and where they are at and what is kind of happening. We always have to fact check and we cannot rely on everything and sometimes social media is ahead of the news and sometimes they are behind the news. It is just how you get your information, where and what you do with that. Does your emergency management agency use social media? If so in what capacity? Yes Being so close to XXX college and so many students that rely on social media for their information. A lot of them do not have home phones, do not have cable boxes and they get their news from social media, and they post on social media. That is a good way for us to get information, to verify information, or realize when things are happening before it is pushed out to us from other means. Information provided by More work involved mainstream media is not with using mainstream actionable, takes time to media verify the data, media provides wrong or inaccurate information and everything needs to be verified. A resource of pushing information out to the public; verify information; realizing when things happen before receiving information from other sources. Not as reliable source for accurate information compared to social media Seeing an usefulness of Filling a need with social social media media. Do you use social media for any other purpose besides situational awareness during disasters? We don’t a lot of people go in and out, and we all send anything through the XXX jurisdiction official social media account. So we can post stuff, but we can’t or don’t have a specific emergency management agency social media account. We just go through the XXX jurisdiction our official accounts. Not using social media to Used for official fullest potential. Relying on messaging through jurisdiction's main social media pages for disseminating information Inconsistent use of social media What are the benefits and limitations of using social media for situational awareness during a disaster? It can be full. It might not be true. Sometimes it takes a lot longer to verify it. You have to be and have to take it as raw data, and you have to analyze it and turn it into actionable information. Just because it is posted there does not mean that it is good or that it is going to work they way that it should. Take longer to verify; raw Things to consider when benefits and limitations of data; must analyze it; needs using social media social media to be turned into actionable information What are your views on social media as a tool for obtaining situational awareness? It can be, but you have to understand that Need to do something with Not a source of you need to do something with it. That you it. Cannot take it as the informational cannot take it as the word to be. Sometimes word. Follow up on it. awareness on its own you might have to follow up on it. Or produce stuff. I have seen where people post for help on Twitter and instead of calling 911. You don’t want them to always have that happen. You want people to follow processes that are there. I think so long as you have a process and the means to verify the information that it can work well for you. In conjunction with other situational awareness methods In your opinion, why is social People don’t truly understand it and they do media is or not utilized for not want to understand it. Sometimes social situational awareness purposes? media does trend and they are not able to stay up on that trend. Certain ages ranges, genders, or even financial classes they break all that data down on social media use. People don’t stay up on that. People need to stay up on that the metrics and millennials love social media. A good portion of people in charge in emergency management are not millennials from a different age generation. They don’t always like technology. We went through that in the NCR with some of our retirements of people that did not want to use televideo conferencing. They would only use conference calls because they did not know how to start a video conference. The same thing goes with social media. If you are not comfortable with it you don’t know how to use it you don’t know who to use it then you’re not going to believe in the metrics that it can obtain for you. Exactly what would be helpful? Would it helpful if they actually tested it out during an actual disaster and documented it in an after action report? Generational gap Preconceived notion of Slow embrace of social acceptance; negative social media media by those in attitude towards usefulness; emergency management don't like change or embracing new technology. Yeah. Because then you can see how it works Want examples of social Practical guidance for and obtain some lessons learned. I think media in practice. See how it social media sometimes when they give us information should work saying this is the way you should do it if you do not know how it should work you cannot see that. But a good after action report shows you it in use and progress and I think that would be perfect. What are other sources of social Best practices, things that we get from EMI media guidance do you use? classes. Some folks in PIO training. We take best practices from all sorts of places and that kind of guides how we are going to do things. Example of social media use Seeking best practices in real-world Real-life situations where social media is used Looking for guidance In your opinion, why is the emergency management field slow to incorporate social media into situational awareness strategies? That is a good question. I don’t know why Generational gap; not they are so late to get to the game. I really comfortable with social think in part it is the generation that is media working. They are not comfortable with social media and social media changes. They have google hangouts. You have Instagram twitter. I mean there is are 23 different social media types out there. Who is proficient in all 23? No one wants to be accused of putting out bad or wrong type of information. In the EOC sometimes you might not have time. It comes down to understanding social media and the use of it. Lack of understanding of social media Slow embrace of social media by those in emergency management Participant # 2 Gender: F Interview Question Participant Response 1st Cycle Concept How would you define situational awareness as it relates to disaster? Situational awareness being that you are aware of all aspects of the event and the response activities so not just what is going on with the weather or cascading events but also being aware of community happenings as well as responder activities and whatever your jurisdictional activity are. So if its what is the state or local – what are they doing? Being aware of all aspect of event; response activities; cascading events; community happenings; jurisdictional activities; What disaster-specific situational awareness information do you need to aid in the decision-making process? Current and future weather is the most critical. Community member response how is the community the individuals that live there what are they handling the event of what is happening to them as the result of the event. Atlanta ice storm where people got stranded on the interstate knowing that was happening soon as possible would have been critical but also being aware of what the community is doing in response to it. Gathering information on weather, communities and individual; handling the event How would your emergency management agency obtain situational awareness during a disaster? Our situational awareness activities are obtained through various established reporting procedures. So state agencies would report in WebEOC, scheduled conference calls with various stakeholders. Awareness of community activities and responses there is some social media monitoring but there are not typically enough staff members in a JIC to substantially comprehensively monitor community actions. Using estbalished reporting procedures. Some monitoring of social media What role does mainstream media have on providing emergency managers with situational awareness? It is kind of minor. So the information flows for emergency managers to the media to the public. Sometimes that information flows from the media to emergency managers and the type of information that comes from the media that is beneficial is identification of rumors and identification of correlates events that we are not aware of for example the Charlottesville incident we saw on social media and the news that someone had driven into the crowd through the media first before anyone reported it to us. In the Boston marathon bombing, the media reported stuff that was captured and was going to arraigned however, that was untrue and was a rumor that had been going around and the Boston Police Chief corrected it on twitter. So that was an interesting social media case with the media. Information flows from them to media. Sometimes it is the other way around. Can provide benefiicial information What are the benefits and limitations of using mainstream media for situational awareness during a disaster? Boston marathon bombing they are not always correct they also filter what they report on us. I don't think we live in a day of unbiased journalism anymore. So you have to understand what they report if a fraction of the story or someone’s interpretation of what I going on, rather than entirely factual reporting. So when you use traditional media, you still have to be careful with how you use the information as you do with social media. Not as accurate. Use of filter when reporting stories. Not objective; personal spin What are your views on social media I think it can be an excellent tool. I as a tool for obtaining situational think it comes with the need to awareness? understand to know where the information is coming from. So is it bright Bart posting all over the media you might take it with a grain of salt. However, if t is a group that is self launched on social media to help coordinate resource distribution and donations, then that is a different story. You have to look at what is happening whose providing the information about what is it about, and it can be very useful. Knowing where information is coming from; need to consider the source and information offered In your opinion, why is social media There are two primary reasons. is or not utilized for situational There is a lack of adequate trained awareness purposes? staff to monitor social media and the second one is that the information cannot be trusted. And it inherently false just because it is on social media. Would it be helpful if the Federal No. FEMA does not understand Emergency Management Agency state or local level operations. The provided guidance on the use of second part of the answer is that it social media during disaster has already been done by the DHS response with documented best science and technology directive. practices and lessons learned? So if its already been done, why do Because the products of the social localities not know its out there for media working group are not them to use as a guide to marketed well. Some of the incorporate social media? products of the group have a tendency to be too academic rather than practical. Inadequate training; does not trust where information comes from Does not understand state or local oeprtaions. Guidance is available Failure to reach out to emergency managers with gudiance. If there was a way to implement and utilize social media during a disaster or couple of disasters as a case study along with a development of an after action report would that help localities and state with the processes to incorporate social media for situational awareness purposes? I think it could. I think what would be important is the after action reports and the case studies need to come from a variety of agencies and need to be local and state agencies and need to be localities that are well resourced and those that aren’t. Because as you know, a lot of emergency managers at the local level are older and less tech savvy and will not give a rats behind about social media. So there need to be some case studies that appeal to that demographics of emergency managers. A lot of the case studies I have seen is how New York utilized social media might not apply to anywhere else except maybe Los Angles and Seattle. But if you would do a case study from Farmville or Roanoke that would be much more credible to emergency managers. after-action reports, case stuies; loal and state perspectives. Proven examples of how social media works Would you say that most of the case studies on social media are on public information and pushing messages to the public and not actually receiving situational awareness information? Yes, we use social media more for pushing information out. I think most emergency managers are totally comfortable with disseminating social media and are much less navigating social media and what to use and why. Pushes social media messaging out- not good on using infromation received In your opinion, why is the emergency management field slow to incorporate social media into situational awareness strategies? An inherent mistrust of the system Mistrust of system; and not understanding that social lack of media is self-correct when rumors understanding; come out and that misinformation occurs less frequently with disaster information than it does with political information. That’s why I think emergency managers are slow to incorporate it as part of our situational awareness. Additional comments on social media? I just think that social media as a tool for disseminating information is very broadly embraced and if it done correctly in an immediate aftermath of a disaster – social media is a source of information on impacts and needs that is just unparalleled and that makes its absolutely critical for us to find a way to use it and to use it well. Broadly used for disseminating information; provide neeeds of public and impacts of disasters 2nd Cycle Patterns 3rd Cycle Categories Being aware of what is happening Common operating picture. Gaining an Situational understanding of Awareness what is happening Not reliant of social media to get situational awraeness information. Current situatinal awareness practices Limited reliance on mainstream media Role of mainstream media Limitations of mainstream media Not effective method for situational awareness Usefulness of socia media Potential tool for situational awareness Emergency Managers relunctance to accept Slow embrace of social media Different response needs Perspectves on information needs differs Not relatable to emergency mangers perspectives Emergency managers needs missing Gudiance on real Creditable life examples documentation on usefulness One-way flow of information limited use of social media Misconception of slow embrace of social media social media potential Source of immediate disaster-specific information Critical for emergency managers to embrace. Participant Gender: Interview Question Participant Response 1st Cycle Concept #1 M How would you define situational awareness as it relates to disaster? Its a matter of having an understanding of what is happening and comprehend the information about the situation. I think situational awareness comes down to that you have data, and you have to somehow analyze that data so that it is actionable information to include environmental elements, different events, and respect for time, space, and future projections of the incident. I think it is kind of having an overview of what is happening. 2nd Cycle Patterns What is happening; Information needed comprehend the information about the situation; situational awareness ; you have data; analyze the data; actionable information; envrionmental elements; respect for time and space; future projections 3rd Cycle Categories Situational awareness What disasterspecific situational awareness information do you need to aid in the decision-making process? I think it is about looking at the information requirements you need and the EIs are you need to look at the information, the sources, analyze it, and then how you are going to share that information and for us in the city – the technology that we are going to use to disseminate it. Look at Process information required; Eis; the information, the sources, analze the infortion, share that information; the technology used to disseminate it. Decision-making How would your emergency management agency obtain situational awareness during a disaster? They get it from a multitude of sources. In the EOC they have a situational analysis unit or the situational awareness analysis position in planning, and they are looking at regional websites, WebEOCs, state WebEOC, the local media and social media we look at email broadcast, surrounding jurisdictions, information from the intel center. So we pool in a bunch of data and that person kind of gathers it and analyzes it and they multitude of Current practices sources; situational analysis unit; looking at regional websites, WebEOC, the local media and social media; local jurisdictions, intel center; weather forecast; person analzes the data Situational awareness Is there a specific training that this person had to go to in order to sit and do that position in the EOC? Sent them to situational analysis training. EMI offers a class. A lot of them have gone through the planning class and some of them have gone through the IMT situational unit class. It is nothing that they require. We just require proficiency in the job. So a lot of them will seek out other classes as well. Situational analysis Training training; EMI offers a class; IMT situational unit class Situational awareness What role does mainstream media have on providing emergency managers with situational awareness? It gives us an idea. We do not rely on it whole heartedly. Because it is still something we do not take action upon it. We can get more information from social media than we can from the media. I think it is another way of fact check or data check what is coming out. give us idea; don't Current practices rely on it; domething er do not take action upon; fact check or data check Mainstream Media What are the benefits and limitations of using mainstream media for situational awareness during a disaster? Does your emergency management agency use social media? None of it is actionable. You will always going to verify it and have to check it. The media can report thing that are false and you do not want to see that going. By reporting something that is false. You want to check your facts. We do not rely on it in XXXX jurisdiction a lot of times is there confusing between XXX locality and our locality. We always have to check and make sure that the incident is in our locality and not XXX locality. We check to see what they Yes Not actionable; fact check data; report false or incorrect information Limitations Mainstream Media If so in what capacity? Being so close to XXX college and so many students that rely on social media for their information. A lot of them do not have home phones, do not have cable boxes and they get their news from social media, and they post on social media. That is a good way for us to get information, to verify information, or realize when things are happening before it is pushed out to us from other means. Get information; Current practices very information; realize what is happening; information pushed out before other means Social Media Do you use social media for any other purpose besides situational awareness during disasters? We don’t a lot of people go in and out, and we all send anything through the XXX jurisdiction official social media account. So we can post stuff, but we can’t or don’t have a specific emergency management agency social media account. We just go through the XXX jurisdiction our official accounts. limited number of Limitations people monitoring; use locality official social media accounts to push out information Social Media What are the benefits and limitations of using social media for situational awareness during a disaster? It can be full. It might not be true. Sometimes it takes a lot longer to verify it. You have to be and have to take it as raw data, and you have to analyze it and turn it into actionable information. Just because it is posted there - does not mean that it is good or that it is going to work they way that it should. Take longer to Social Media verify, raw data, still have to analyze data into actional information Situational awareness What are your views on social media as a tool for obtaining situational awareness? It can be, but you have to understand that you need to do something with it. That you cannot take it as the word to be. Sometimes you might have to follow up on it. Or produce stuff. I have seen where people post for help on Twitter and instead of calling 911. You don’t want them to always have that happen. You want people to follow processes that are there. I think so long as you have a process and the means to verify the information that it can work well for you. Have to View of social media understand it; requires actions; proecss information; verify information; can be an excellent tool; know where information is coming from; tool for disseminating information; people use it for immediate emergency needs not using proper emergency channels for help Emergency Manager's Views In your opinion, why is social media is or not utilized for situational awareness purposes? People don’t truly understand it and they do not want to understand it. Sometimes social media does trend and they are not able to stay up on that trend. Certain ages ranges, genders, or even financial classes they break all that data down on social media use. People don’t stay up on that. People need to stay up on that the metrics and millennials love social media. A good portion of people in charge in emergency management are not millennials from Don't understand Slow to use social it; do not want to media understand it; age generational gap; not comfortable using it; many in leadeship roles not good with using social media Emergency Manager's Views Exactly what would be helpful? Would it helpful if they actually tested it out during an actual disaster and documented it in an after action report? Yeah. Because then you can see how it works and obtain some lessons learned. I think sometimes when they give us information saying this is the way you should do it if you do not know how it should work you cannot see that. But a good after action report shows you it in use and progress and I think that would be perfect. After-action Social media gudiance reports; social media in real disasters; examples of how to use it; seeing social media in practice What are other sources of social media guidance do you use? Best practices, Best practices; things that we get guidance for PIO from EMI classes. staff, EMI courses Some folks in PIO training. We take best practices from all sorts of places and that kind of guides how we are going to do things. Social media gudiance FEMA Guidance FEMA Guidance In your opinion, why is the emergency management field slow to incorporate social media into situational awareness strategies? That is a good question. I don’t know why they are so late to get to the game. I really think in part it is the generation that is working. They are not comfortable with social media and social media changes. They have google hangouts. You have Instagram twitter. I mean there is are 23 different social media types out there. Who is proficient in all 23? No one wants to be accused of putting out bad or wrong type of information. In the EOC sometimes you Generational gap; Slow to use social not comfortable media with social media, not wanting to put out bad or wrong information Emergency Manager's Views Interview Question Participant Response Participant Gender: #2 F 1st Cycle Concept How would you define situational awareness as it relates to disaster? Situational awareness being that you are aware of all aspects of the event and the response activities so not just what is going on with the weather or cascading events but also being aware of community happenings as well as responder activities and whatever your jurisdictional activity are. So if its what is the state or local – what are they doing? Being aware of all aspects of the event; response activities, cascading, community happenings What disasterspecific situational awareness information do you need to aid in the decisionmaking process? Current and future weather is the most critical. Community member response how is the community the individuals that live there what are they handling the event of what is happening to them as the result of the event. Atlanta ice storm where people got stranded on the interstate knowing that was happening soon as possible would have been critical but also being aware of what the community is doing in response to it. Weather, communiy response, individuals, what is happening; being aware of community response How would your emergency management agency obtain situational awareness during a disaster? Our situational awareness activities are obtained through various established reporting procedures. So state agencies would report in WebEOC, scheduled conference calls with various stakeholders. Awareness of community activities and responses there is some social media monitoring but there are not typically enough staff members in a JIC to substantially comprehensively monitor community actions. Established reporting procedures; WebEOC; conference calls; some social meida response What role does mainstream media have on providing emergency managers with situational awareness? It is kind of minor. So the information flows for emergency managers to the media to the public. Sometimes that information flows from the media to emergency managers and the type of information that comes from the media that is beneficial is identification of rumors and identification of correlates events that we are not aware of for example the Charlottesville incident we saw on social media and the news that someone had driven into the crowd through the media first before anyone reported it to us. In the Boston marathon bombing, the minor role, information flows from us to the media then to the public. Can provide information before posted on social media or provided in official reporting methods. Useful to correct rumors of incorrect information What are the benefits and limitations of using mainstream media for situational awareness during a disaster? Boston marathon bombing they are not always correct they also filter what they report on us. I don't think we live in a day of unbiased journalism anymore. So you have to understand what they report if a fraction of the story or someone’s interpretation of what I going on, rather than entirely factual reporting. So when you use traditional media, you still have to be careful with how you use the information as you do with social media. Not always correct, filter on what they report, not unbiased, need to be careful when using information What are your views on social media as a tool for obtaining situational awareness? I think it can be an help coordinatew excellent tool. I think it resources, use it comes with the need to carefully understand to know where the information is coming from. So is it bright Bart posting all over the media you might take it with a grain of salt. However, if it is a group that is self launched on social media to help coordinate resource distribution and donations, then that is a different story. You have to look at what is happening whose providing the information about what is it about, and it can be very useful. In your opinion, why is social media is or not utilized for situational awareness purposes? There are two primary reasons. There is a lack of adequate trained staff to monitor social media and the second one is that the information cannot be trusted. And it inherently false just because it is on social media. Lack of adequate trained staff; information not trusted; inherently false just because its on social media Would it be helpful if the Federal Emergency Management Agency provided guidance on the use of social media during disaster response with documented best practices and lessons learned? No. FEMA does not understand state or local level operations. The second part of the answer is that it has already been done by the DHS science and technology directive. Does not under stand local jurisdiction needs during disasters; has been done So if its already been done, why do localities not know its out there for them to use as a guide to incorporate social media? Because the products of the social media working group are not marketed well. Some of the products of the group have a tendency to be too academic rather than practical. Not marketed well or useful for emergency managers to provide example of how to incorporate If there was a way to implement and utilize social media during a disaster or couple of disasters as a case study along with a development of an after action report would that help localities and state with the processes to incorporate social media for situational awareness purposes? I think it could. I think what would be important is the after action reports and the case studies need to come from a variety of agencies and need to be local and state agencies and need to be localities that are well resourced and those that aren’t. Because as you know, a lot of emergency managers at the local level are older and less tech savvy and will not give a rats behind about social media. So there need to be some case studies that appeal to that demographics of emergency managers. A lot of the case studies I have seen is how New York utilized social media might not apply After-action reports, case studies from variety of emergency response agencies; local and state examples, must appeal to different demographics and needs of emergency managers Would you say that most of the case studies on social media are on public information and pushing messages to the public and not actually receiving situational awareness information? Yes, we use social media more for pushing information out. I think most emergency managers are totally comfortable with disseminating social media and are much less navigating social media and what to use and why. Use social media to push out information. Emergency managers not using it for gathering information or how to use In your opinion, why is the emergency management field slow to incorporate social media into situational awareness strategies? An inherent mistrust of the system and not understanding that social media is selfcorrect when rumors come out and that misinformation occurs less frequently with disaster information than it does with political information. That’s why I think emergency managers are slow to incorporate it as part of our situational awareness. Inherent mistrust of social media, not understanding how it works Additional comments on social media? I just think that social media as a tool for disseminating information is very broadly embraced and if it done correctly in an immediate aftermath of a disaster – social media is a source of information on impacts and needs that is just unparalleled and that makes its absolutely critical for us to find a way to use it and to use it well. a tool for disseminating information, broadly embraced, can be a tool to provide information immediately after a disaster if done correctly, provide impacts, needs like other methods. Critical for emergency management to find a way to use and use it well 2nd Cycle Patterns 3rd Cycle Categories Information needed Situational awareness Process Decision-making Current practices Situational awareness Current practices Mainstream media Limitations Mainstream media View of social media Emergency Manager's Views Slow to use social media Emergency Manager's Views Social media guidance FEMA Guidance Social media guidance FEMA Guidance Social media guidance FEMA Guidance Slow to use social media Emergency Manager's Views Slow to use social media Emergency Manager's Views Social media Emergency Manager's Views Coding Method For Both Interviews The coding sample that I have decided to used will be eclectic coding. Eclectic coding profiles the process, then demonstrates how it proceeds toward a second cycle of coding. Research Question: The Impact That Positive Men Can Have On At-Risk Teenage Males. The participant’s were asked the following questions: 1. Let’s begin with what can you tell me about your childhood – What has your childhood been like. 2. What were (are) your friends like? 3. What have been your experiences growing up? 4. What types if any extracurricular activities were you allowed to engage? 5. Were you allowed to play any sports? If yes, what sport(s) did you play? 6. What was your favorite subject while attending school? 7. What are your dreams, goals, & aspirations? 8. What did you value growing up? 9. What do you value now? 10. Where would you like to see yourself in five years? 11. Is there anything else that you would like for me to know? Interview #1 Participant’s Gender: Female Participant’s Age: 17 Participant’s Ethnicity: African American Participant’s Experience growing up Participant’s dreams, goals Participant’s favorite subject (Attribute Code) (Attribute Code) (Attribute Code) (Description Code) (Emotional Code) (Description Code) Interview #2 Participant’s Gender: Male Participant’s Age: 15 Participant’s Ethnicity: African American Participant’s Value in life Participant’s Value Now Participant’s Future Goals (Attribute Code) (Attribute Code) (Attribute Code) (Emotional Code) (Emotional Code) (Description Code)
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