Drugs and Crime Discussion

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1. In unit #3, the text discusses drug trafficking gangs and narco-terrorism. Of the groups/gangs provided (i.e. street gangs-Bloods, Crips, etc.; Narco-terrorists-ISIS, Taliban, etc.; Cartels-Medellin Cartel, Cali Cartel, Juarez Cartel, etc.) identify which one you believe to be the most dangerous to our society and why.  Explain your answer and support your position.

2. In chapter 6, “Drugs & the Criminal Justice System,” the text discusses profiling and drug law enforcement. As it pertains to drug smugglers profiling, the text lists eight indicators of possible airline smuggling.  List two of the eight most important indicators to you.  Explain your answer and support  your position.

3. In unit 5, the text discusses four general present-day drug law enforcement methods. Identify two of the four methods of enforcement.  Of the two methods you identified, which enforcement method is the most important and why.  Explain your answer and support your position. 

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M05_LEVI0484_03_SE_C05.qxd 11/24/10 3:46 PM Page 87 chapter 5 R I C A R D In the last couple of years we have found a, large number Drugs and Crime of marijuana plots in the Chattahoochee National Forest. A to escape Growers are planting their marijuana in this area D that I never forfeiture laws. So I came up with this idea thought would work but I figured was worth R a try. I typed a I found in the letter and left it at one of the larger plots we E caught by national forest. The letter said, “You have been After you have completed this chapter, you should have an understanding of ● The relationship between drug use and crime ● The structure of the illicit drug trade ● Production and trafficking of heroin ● Production and trafficking of cocaine ● Production and trafficking of marijuana ● Production and trafficking of methamphetamine N had you the Lumpkin County Sheriff’s Office. We have ● Production and trafficking of hallucinogens N E by calling the following number, your penalties for growing ● Drug-related crime and gangs marijuana will be doubled.” ● Common methods of money laundering under constant surveillance. If you do not turn yourself in 2 4 grower call me and turn himself in. He claimed that he was 7 only growing marijuana for personal use. I didn’t even 9 have to pick him up. He drove to the sheriff’s office and T turned himself in. Incredible but true! S I couldn’t believe it, but it actually worked. I had one —A sheriff’s deputy from Lumpkin County, Georgia Drugs, Society and Criminal Justice, 3E by Ken Charles F. Levinthal. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education. M05_LEVI0484_03_SE_C05.qxd 11/24/10 3:46 PM Page 88 For law-enforcement officers and other criminal justice professionals who contend with drugs and crime on a daily basis, the drug–crime connection is all too real and an inarguable fact of contemporary society. As stated in a training manual sponsored by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, “If there is a reduction in the number of people who abuse drugs in your community, there will be a reduction in the commission of certain types of crime in your community.” For the general public, the news headlines reporting acts of social violence linked to the world of illicit drugs are relentless. Wherever we look, illicit drugs and crime are seen as being bound together in a web of greed and callous disregard for human life. Currently, research on drugs and crime is supported primarily by two federal agencies, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). There is an increasingly close collaboration between NIJ and NIDA as they tackle the complex issues surrounding a major social problem in the United States today. This chapter will concern itself with the facts as well as the still-unanswered questions about drugs and crime in our society.1 Defining Drug-related Crime Crimes that involve illicit drugs can be divided into two general categories: (1) drug-defined offenses and (2) drugrelated offenses. Drug-defined offenses are violations of laws prohibiting the possession, use, distribution, or manufacture of illegal drugs. The possession of cocaine, the cultivation of marijuana, and the sale of methamphetamine are all examples of drug-defined offenses. Today, more than 50 percent of all federal prison inmates are serving time for drug-defined offenses, more than for any other type of criminal offense. While rates of illicit drug use in the United States have declined by roughly 50 percent since 1979 (see Chapter 2), the number of adult drug arrests has tripled. In 2009, the number of arrests for drug-abuse violations exceeded 1.6 million. It is reasonable to conclude, therefore, that the increase in incarceration rates of drug drug-defined offense: Violation of laws that prohibit the possession, use, distribution, and manufacture of illegal drugs. drug-related offense: Offense in which a drug contributes to the commission of a crime, either by virtue of the drug’s pharmacological effects or the economic need to secure the drug itself. 88 ■ Part One offenders reflects an intensified effort to step up druglaw enforcement rather than an increase in drug use. Since the mid-1980s, state and federal legislatures have enacted a wide range of criminal laws with respect to the selling and possession of illicit drugs, and judges have imposed longer prison sentences for drug offenders. The average time currently served by someone convicted of a drug offense is 42 months, slightly less than the length of sentence for those convicted of arson and possession of explosives or weapons.2 Drug-related offenses are offenses that do not involve a violation of a drug law per se, but rather a violation of a law of some other type. The crime a drug user comR might be caused by the acute effects of the drug mits itself or the need on the part of the drug user to gain I money to purchase drugs. While these crimes most C come to mind as those associated with drug use, it often is A important to recognize that a drug-related crime can also relate to violent behaviors that are associated with a R drug-dealing life. Violence can result from disputes over territory between rival gangs involved in drug dealing, D punishment for defrauding a buyer, retaliation toward , informants, or acts committed simply to enforce police discipline. Drug use, the drug business, and the violence connected with both are all aspects of a lifestyle that A increases one’s risk of becoming a victim or perpetrator ofD drug-related crime. As we will see, it is the character of the drug-use lifestyle that is primarily responsible for the R complex relationship between drugs and crime. I E Understanding Drug Use N and Crime N E use and the commission of criminal Drug acts are strongly correlated. It is virtually impossible to find an empirical study that has failed to find a relationship 2 between these two behaviors. Not surprisingly, individuals4who drink alcohol and/or use drugs are significantly more likely to commit crimes than are individuals who 7 drink nor use drugs. neither 9 Historically, the process by which drug use and crime is linked has been explored through three T perspectives. The first perspective is called the major enslavement model, also referred to as the “medical S model.” It asserts that individuals become forced into a life of crime and drug abuse, either from social situations such as poverty or from a personal condition such as a physical disorder. In other words, criminal activity and drug use or abuse arise together from a common adverse circumstance in one’s life. The predisposition Drugs and Society: The Criminal Justice Perspective Drugs, Society and Criminal Justice, 3E by Ken Charles F. Levinthal. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education. M05_LEVI0484_03_SE_C05.qxd 11/24/10 3:46 PM Page 89 model, also referred to as the “criminal model,” asserts that drug abusers are far from law-abiding citizens in the first place and that they have already been involved in criminal activity prior to initial drug use. A predisposition toward criminal activity is increased by the fact that criminals exist in social subcultures in which drug use is readily accepted and encouraged. The intensification model, essentially a combination of the previous perspectives, asserts that drug use tends to perpetuate a life of crime. In the words of one prominent researcher, “Drug use freezes its devotees into patterns of criminality that are more acute, dynamic, unremitting, and enduring than those of other [non-drug-using] offenders.” In R short, criminal careers have already begun, but they are intensified by one’s involvement with drug use. The I intensification model is able to account for two basic C facts in the drug–crime research literature: (1) criminal careers typically begin prior to drug use and (2) crimiA nal activity declines substantially during times of drug R abstinence.3 D , Collecting the Statistics on Drugs and Crime Figure 5.1 shows information gained from a recently A revised version of the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Percentage Testing Positive for Any of Ten Drugs 0 Atlanta, GA Charlotte, NC 20 40 60 80 100 65 56 Chicago, IL Denver, CO 82 70 Indianapolis, IN 62 Minneapolis, MN 63 D R Marijuana I 37 E 36 N 49 N 45 E (ADAM) Program, known as ADAM II, conducted on an annual basis since 2006 by the U.S. Department of Justice. In ADAM II, a sampling of individuals who have been apprehended for a serious offense in ten selected U.S. metropolitan sites are tested through urinalysis for a number of illicit drugs within 48 hours of arrest. ADAM II statistics indicate that drug use among an arrestee population is much higher than in the general U.S. population. In 2009, the majority of arrestees tested positive for at least one illicit drug, with the percentage varying from 56 percent in Charlotte, North Carolina to 82 percent in Chicago. From 12 percent to 28 percent of arrestees (depending upon the region of the country) tested positive for more than one substance. In general, the most common substances identified during testing were, in descending order: marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine. ADAM II statistics confirm our suspicions about the correlation between drug use and criminal behavior.4 But do they indicate a causative relationship? Can we conclude from the ADAM II statistics that drug use caused crime to occur because drugs were in an arrestee’s bloodstream? That prison inmates are more likely than not to have been drug users prior to their sentencing may suggest that drug users are more likely than nonusers to commit crimes, but does this imply that Percentage Testing Positive Cocaine Heroin Methamphetamine Multiple Drugs 37 3
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Running head: DRUG AND CRIME

DRUGS AND CRIME DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
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DRUG AND CRIME
Drugs and Crime Discussion Questions
In unit #3, the text discusses drug trafficking gangs and narco-terrorism. Of the
groups/gangs provided (i.e., street gangs-Bloods, Crips, etc.; Narco-terrorists-ISIS,
Taliban, etc.; Cartels-Medellin Cartel, Cali Cartel, Juarez Cartel, etc.) identify which one
you believe to be the most dangerous to our society and why. Explain your answer and
support your position.
Drug trafficking and Narco-terrorism gangs have increased in the recent past. Some of
these gangs include ISIS, Taliban, Cali Cartel among others. This is as a result of high demand for
illegal drugs like cocaine and the rest in various parts of the world. Of all the groups the Taliban
is known to be the most dangerous. This is because they indulge themselves in activities like
killing, raping, and constantly peddle drugs (Ken, 2012). Needless to mention, the Taliban Islamic
group has been accused several times of killings. The gang uses explosives and other assault rifles
to kill innocent young and adult persons. The attacks are usually directed to their rivals and
government in a bid to control more regions. The impact is that many people have died and many
have vacated their homes and left to safe refugee camps.
According to various reports, the Taliban gang members rape their victims. When the group
launches attacks to villages in Afghanistan, women and underage girls are raped. These heinous
acts lead to physical and psychological torture to the victims causing stress and depression. Also,
they also sodomize young boys. Additionally, the Taliban is feeding society with illegal drugs.
The group finances its operation by selling opium. This has led to increased consumption of illegal
drugs like opium and cocaine leading to more incidences of pharmacological and economic
violence because of excessive consumption of drugs and desire to get money to buy dru...


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