Week 3 quiz Central TendencyWhat test score was the most common in the class? What is the median income for an urban city in the Midwest? Central tendency answers those questions. The goal of central tendency is to find the scores that best represent a set of data and its distribution. It's also a way to analyze trends of any given set of numbers. The common terms related to central tendency are the mean, median, and mode, which you will explore in your textbook. Privitera, G. J. (2018). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Chapter 3, "Summarizing Data: Central Tendency," pages 76–106. This chapter covers the measures of central tendency. You will learn about the characteristics and how to calculate the mean, median, and mode. Understanding how to appropriately apply the different measures of central tendency to various distributions and scales of measurement is of utmost importance. The measures of central tendency are crucial to understanding all other statistics—the backbone of the rest of what we will cover in this course.Central Tendency and Variability Activity. Practice your knowledge of common terms and definitions related to central tendency and variability.VariabilityIn simple terms, variability relates to how different your data is from each other within a data set. If you have a data set that has a large number range with no pattern, it may be difficult to attribute meaning and to find trends in your information. If the numbers are very different from each other, will you know what they are telling you? For example, if a class of 5 students score 42, 59, 68, 84, and 99 after participating in a critical thinking exercise, it will be hard to assume the impact of the exercise because the scores are so varied.Variability is measured by range and standard deviation. We use the range to measure the difference between the largest and smallest number in the data set. Understanding the mean and standard deviation tells us about variability. The standard deviation gives us a sense of the average distance between the numbers in a data set from the mean, showing variability. For example, a researcher measures stress levels of patients when taking different exams. The researcher would measure trends in the levels to attribute meaning to the data. However, if the levels are at 0, 5, and 10, it can be difficult to find trends or patterns in what exam is causing the stress in the patients. However, if the numbers are closer together, the researcher has more ability to find those trends.Privitera, G. J. (2017). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Chapter 4, "Summarizing Data: Variability," pages 106–137. This chapter introduces you to variability, another key concept needed to understand the rest of the way we analyze data. You will learn how to compute and interpret a range, including interquartile range and semi-interquartile range. The variance and standard deviation for a given population and study will also be explored.

For this Discussion, you will explore statistical significance and meaningfulness.To prepare for this Discussion:Review the Learning Resources related to hypothesis testing, meaningfulness, and statistical significance.Review Magnusson’s web blog found in the Learning Resources to further your visualization and understanding of statistical power and significance testing.Review the American Statistical Association’s press release and consider the misconceptions and misuse of p-values.Consider the scenario:A research paper claims a meaningful contribution to the literature based on finding statistically significant relationships between predictor and response variables. In the footnotes, you see the following statement, “given this research was exploratory in nature, traditional levels of significance to reject the null hypotheses were relaxed to the .10 level.”By Day 3Post your response to the scenario in which you critically evaluate this footnote. As a reader/reviewer, what response would you provide to the authors about this footnote?