ETHN201W Perspectives on African Americans Project Paper

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Table of Contents Cover Page ………………………………………………………………………………..1 Introduction to MLK………………………………………………………………………2 NAACP……………………………………………………………………………………3 Gandhi’s Method………………………………………………………………………….4 Introduction to Malcom X………………………………………………………………...5 X…………………………………………………………………………………………..6 Same Goal………………………………………………………………………………...7 Work Cited………………………………………………………………………………..8 Sanguma & Swearegene 1 MLK vs. Malcolm X “I Have a Dream” “By Any Means Necessary” By: Gene Sanguma & Darius Swearegene ETHN 201W Dr. Kebba Darboe Sanguma & Swearegene 2 Gene Sanguma & Darius Swearegene ETHN 201W Dr. Kebba Darboe April 26, 2017 Martin Luther King Jr vs. Malcolm X Probably one of the two most influential people during the civil rights movement was Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. One believed in a peaceful approach, and the other believed in a more direct approach. Both wanting the same goal, equal rights for all people of color. How can 2 very different individuals with 2 very different visions on how to get equal rights get along so well? Maybe it was the amount of respect they had for each other or maybe it was the fact that they needed both sides of the approach to accomplish their goal. Martin Luther King Jr. was born January 15th, 1929. Born in Atlanta, Georgia Martin was the middle child in his family. His father Michael King Sr. and mother Alberta Williams King resided in rural Georgia. With a deep family history in ministry Martin Luther King Jr’s grandfather A.D. Williams was a minister in rural Georgia, he then moved to Atlanta where he took over Ebenezer Baptist church. The church had a vibrant 13 members. Michael King Sr. was born into a family of sharecroppers, married Alberta, MLK Jr’s mother. Michael King Sr. then inherited the small church and he too became a prominent member of this church and community. Eventually passing it onto Michael Jr, but they both inherited the name Martin Luther in honor of German protestant leader Martin Luther. Martin Luther King Jr. was a staple in not only the black community but in the United States and other countries as well. Martin Luther King Jr’s peaceful philosophy was adapted from Gandhi MLK took a non-violent approach to overcome adversity and find common ground Sanguma & Swearegene 3 for civil rights for minorities. MLK gained acceptance into Morehouse college at the age of 15 in hjkk1944. Martin Luther King Jr originally questioned religion but his faith was renewed his junior year of college after taking a bible course. Martin Luther King Jr. graduated with a sociology degree in 1948. After graduating college, he then attended his theology seminar in Chester, Pennsylvania. Now that’s where it all began with the Montgomery bus boycott on March 2nd, 1995. A young woman named Claudette Colvin whom was 15 years of age at the time refused to give her seat up to a white man. The NAACP wanted to use this instance as a spark for change in the Montgomery segregation policy in place, but Claudette Colvin was a pregnant teen. The NAACP was then skeptical because of Claudette’s creditability. Once again, the NAACP had another opportunity to when Rosa Parks refused to give her seat up. Parks was then arrested and booked for violating the bus policy at the Montgomery bus company. When word got out about Rosa Parks arrest the head of the NAACP Ed Nixon met with Martin Luther King Jr and many other civil rights leaders to begin to organize a citywide boycott of the Montgomery bus company. All the other civil rights leaders seemed to have taken a liking to King. They liked him so much they elected him to lead the boycott. King was chosen to lead because of his strong family ties, young age, and professionalism. Also, being a fresh new face in the black community, King had little to no enemies at all almost giving him a strong hand in the African American Community. One of the first acts of nonviolence that King took was delivering a speech stating “We have no alternative but to protest. For many years, we have shown an amazing patience.”. King spoke clearly and precisely, after delivering that speech the civil rights struggle ensued while boycotting. The bus boycott lasted 382 days and African Americans found themselves walking to work and being harassed by white people. African Americans also started to take Sanguma & Swearegene 4 more legal action although very costly with many losses, the Supreme Courts separate but never equal helped Brown v. Board of Education. Which also forced Montgomery to lift their segregation policy. Overjoyed with victory African American civil right movement leaders formed a national organization called “The southern Christian leadership conference. Made up of ministers, King being one of them. This gave King a huge threshold in the south. All of this was established in 1957. Martin Luther King Jr visited Gandhi’s birthplace, this trip changed his life juristically. African American Bayard Rustin was also an activist and soon to become Kings associate. Rustin studied Gandhi’s method and soon helped King realize how vital a nonviolent approach is. In Greensboro, North Carolina “sit-in” method became another boycott strategy in 1960. Sit Ins were when an African American would sit at a lunch counter or restaurant or other segregated places and seat peacefully until their equal rights were given. Martin Luther King Jr. started to gain a national presence. King then organized a demonstration in Birmingham, Alabama. Many attended this event and police attacked them, beat them, and used dogs to attack and used high power water hoses on attendees. King and many others found themselves arrested and he preached his nonviolence approach to the masses. He states in the article that “nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such tension that a those who refuse to negotiate, are forced to confront the issue”. This was all a build up to the infamous “I have a dream” speech. This speech knocked racial barriers in rubble, making citizens question Jim Crow laws and ponder why African Americans were treated as second hand citizens. In 1965 to 1967 Kings nonviolent approach gained popularity amongst middle class white citizens but the African Americans who saw this as weak started to push more toward Malcolm X’s ‘By any means necessary” approach. King Was assassinated April 4th, 1968 while in doing his soon to be Sanguma & Swearegene 5 known as the last crusade. Kings death ensued riots all over the nation but he still had a gigantic impact on racial relations in the United States. Years after his death he is still honored as a wholesome black figure who had flaws but approached racism fearlessly and with a nonviolent approach. Malcolm X, born as Malcolm Little, was born on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. Malcolm, just like Martin was born in a Christian household. His father, Earl Little, was a Baptist minister and an avid supporter of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. Sadly, Earl Little’s body was found dead lying across train tracks. The police told the Little family that it was an accident but “accidents” do not just happen to black folks especially in the south. The toll of losing her husband and raising 8 children on her own drove Louise Little into a mental breakdown, causing the children to be put into various foster homes and orphanages. Malcolm, like any other kid had big dreams. He loved playing sports and staying active at school, and was considered one of the more popular kids in school. His grades were good too, till one day his teacher asked Malcolm what he wanted to be when he grew up. Malcolm simply answered that he wanted to be a lawyer. Instead of encouraging Malcolm, and telling him that he could do anything that he put his mind to. The teacher shook his head, and suggested that Malcolm should focus on being something a negro can actually obtain, like a carpenter or something. Hearing that lack of faith really hurt Malcolm. Malcolm soon after that just stopped trying in school. What was the point? If all he could accomplish in life is becoming a carpenter? Malcolm ended up dropping out of school, and started hanging out with the wrong crowd. He and his long-time friend Malcolm “Shorty” Jarvis started committing crimes just to survive. In 1946, they were arrested and convicted of burglary. Malcolm was convicted to 10 years in prison. While in prison, Malcolm took the time to reflect on his life. Now a 21-year-old man Sanguma & Swearegene 6 stuck in prison wasn’t the way he ever thought he would end up. Malcolm began to study the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, who at the time, was the leader of the Nation of Islam(NOI). Elijah Muhammad taught that white society actively worked to keep African Americans from empowering themselves and achieving political, economic, and social success. When Malcolm was paroled in 1952, he was a devoted follower. Fresh out, Malcolm Little changed his last name from “Little” to “X”. He believed that Little was his slave name because when his ancestors were forcefully brought to this country they were given new names, so Malcolm didn’t know his African name. That’s why he went by “X”. “X stands for the unknown.” Malcolm soon became a minister and national spokesman for the Nation of Islam. Word of Malcolm spread across the country like wild fire. He was a very outspoken individual and wasn’t afraid to speak what was on his mind. A famous quote like “By Any Means Necessary” was instilled in young black men across the country. Martin Luther King’s teachings taught people to turn the other cheek when a person does them wrong. Malcolm believed in a whole different approach. He would say don’t go out looking for trouble, “but if anyone, puts their hands on you, brother you make sure that they don’t ever put their hands on you, or anyone again.” At the time, to hear an African American say those words shook the whole white population. Malcolm’s charisma, drive, and conviction attracted an astounding number of new members. Malcolm increased the Nation of Islam from 500 in 1952 to 30,000 in 1963. In March 1964, Malcolm parted ways with the Nation of Islam and decided to found his own religious organization, the Muslim Mosque, Inc. Malcolm was not a very liked individual by a lot of people, there were countless of attempts on his life. On February 14, 1965, his home where he and his wife Betty, and their four daughters lived in New York was bombed. Luckily, they all escaped with no physical harm. A week later, Malcolm was rushed and gunned down by Sanguma & Swearegene 7 three men at a speaking engagement in the Manhattan’s Audubon Ballroom on February 21, 1965. The 39-year-old, Malcolm, was announced dead when they brought his body to the hospital. Malcolm’s legacy still lives on till this day. Sure, he isn’t as liked as Martin Luther King Jr. but Malcolm was the voice of the African Americans who were tired. Tired of the mistreatment, tired of the injustice, and tired of being 2nd class citizens. He taught people to stand up to hate instead of letting it ruin your life. If you had to fight violence with violence then so be it. Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King Jr. never worked directly with one another but they did respect what each other stood for, and what each of them were trying to accomplish. They were the 2 most influential people during the civil rights era, and they deserved every bit of it. From “I have a dream.” To “By Any Means Necessary.” Two very different approaches, but two very similar goals. Sanguma & Swearegene 8 Works Cited http://malcolmx.com/biography/. Malcom X. n.d. Document . 26 April 2017. http://www.biography.com/people/martin-luther-king-jr-9365086. Martin Luther King Jr. Biography . n.d. Document . 26 April 2017. Jr., Martin Luther King. The Autobiography Of Martin Luther King, Jr. . Clayborne Carson , 1998. Book . Malcolm X, Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X . Grove Press , 1965. Book . ETHN 201W: Perspectives on African Americans Note: All topics should be related to African American Experiences Paper Topics: Suggestions 1. Slavery by another name: peonage, convict leasing, sharecropping, vagrancy statutes (laws made by a state legislative body), 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments. 2. Redlining--Housing 3. Black Lives Matter—Protest Movement 4. What are the implications of racial microaggressions? 5. Affirmative Action vs. racial gerrymandering 6. Reparations—Slavery—“40 acres and a mule (land)” compensation 7. Compare and contrast the leadership styles of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X 8. Black/White Wealth--economic inequality 9. Education--Social Inequality, i.e., Historically Black Colleges/Universities vs. White Colleges/Universities (Morehouse College vs. Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 10. Sports--opportunity costs--play for NFL or go to College 11. Inequality in Health Care 12. Racial Profiling-- “Driving While Black” 13. Welfare System--TANF 14. Inequality in the Criminal Justice System--Segregation of prison inmates by race 15. Tuskegee Airmen 16. Implications of Hurricane Katrina: A case study of New Orleans, Louisiana 17. Suppression & Disenfranchisement of the Black Vote--15th Amendment & 1965 Voting Rights Act--political inequality 18. Environmental Racism--African American Communities—eminent domain impact 19. U.S. Military--African American Experiences, for example, General Colin Powell, etc. 20. Religious leaders, for example, Bishop Thomas D. Jakes 21. Challenges of African American women leaders in the 21st century 22. Gains during the Reconstruction Period, i.e., ratification of 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution 23. Challenges of ex-felons (ex-offenders), i.e., reentry (reintegration) transition plan into mainstream society, for example, • Disenfranchisement, i.e., not allowed to vote • Expungement, i.e., sealing or destruction of individual criminal records kept by government agencies—social stigma • De jure (sanctioned by law) and de facto (socioeconomic status) employment discrimination, for example, “Ban the box,” i.e., a question on an employment application form: “Have you ever been convicted of a crime?” Yes answer eliminates applicant from the pool, • Restoration of voting rights, employment, etc.—clemency granted to ex-felons by some governors, for example, Florida
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Running head: CHALLENGES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN LEADERS

Challenges of African American Women Leaders
Name
Institution

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CHALLENGES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN LEADERS

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Challenges of African American women leaders
Leadership refers to the ability of an individual to lead and influence a group of people
either in society or in an institution. Leaders give direction to their subjects as well as airing their
views and grievances to the relevant authorities in the government. Elected leaders, for instance,
represents the interests of their voters in various positions. In a democratic country, elections are
done after a specified time as stipulated in the constitution of that country. Holding a leadership
position, therefore, gives one a responsibility to direct and manage their followers effectively.
Women have for long fought for their rights and freedom not only in the United States but also
across the world. Some of the roles such as leadership roles in the society have been reserved for
men only hence leaving women with no opportunities. In the United States, African American
Women have made great achievements in fighting for their rights. Today, women hold a number
of leadership positions and this has made it easy for them to fight for their rights and freedom
effectively. African American women leaders face a number of challenges as they undergo
through their duties. The key challenges faced includes; lack of financial freedom, low
education levels, poor communication, and interpersonal relationship and finally, stiff
competition for leadership positions from the men.
Discussion
African Americans have for long been fighting against the discrimination they face in the
society. The whites have always seen themselves as superior beings hence great opportunities
and chances are always reserved for them. The civil rights movement that was led by Martin
Luther King Jr brought a lot of changes to the African Americans. The blacks are today treated
with a lot of respect and dignity hence they are able to lead better lives. The discrimination
practices in the society which denied the blacks a number of good opportunities in the society

CHALLENGES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN LEADERS

3

have been abolished. During the 20th century, the African Americans faced racial discrimination
and segregation and this meant that they could not attend the same school as the whites as well as
access the similar healthcare services as whites among other services. The whites viewed the
blacks or rather Negroes as second class people hence they did not deserve the same treatment
(Glass & Cook, 2016). This caused untold suffering to the African Americans and this resulted in
them fighting for their rights and freedom. The civil rights movement (1960 -1968) contributed
significantly to the better treatment of African Americans in society. The movement organized a
number of a peaceful demonstration in the fight against police brutality on African American as
well as against racial discrimination which was very rampant. Through a series of protests, the
voice of the oppressed was ...


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