Final Why did trade and international competition drive the exploration of the new world? What drove the exploration of the “New World” Money, religion, power? What do you think the most important trait developed in the “Old World” contributed to the development of the “new world”. This is a thinking question and it allows you great latitude in your answer. Please make sure your response is consistent with the historical writing style outline in the syllabus. Clovis Points First discovered In Clovis New Mexico 1929 Date to 15,500 years ago. Flosom Points Discovered in Folsom New Mexico 1927 Found in the bones of Bison. Date to 9,500 to 8,000 years ago Why Were Colonies Established? 3G’s What were the 3G’s Gold-Economic Reasons God-Religious Reasons Glory-Political, Personal reasons The 3G’s came th together in the 15 Century Economic Search for Gold or Goods End of Feudalism Birth of Capitalism Mercantilism Economic Assumptions to support Exploration. Amount of wealth in the world is fixed. Goal of each nation to maximize its wealth. Maximizing exports, Minimizing imports. ◼ Trade. Produce Manufactured goods. Govt. needs to have a large role in driving these ideas. Mercantilism The theory and system of political economy prevailing in Europe after the decline of feudalism, based on national policies of accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade. Mercantilism = Competition amongst nations Goings On To Get Them Here 1497 John Cabot –first English explorer to make North American Land fall- Newfoundland. Henry 8th Takes Throne in 1509 ◼ Marries Katherine of Aragon-No Male Heirs Henry asks Pope Julius for Annulment. Pope says no. Henry outlaws Catholic Church in England and seizes all church property. Establishes the Church of England-Anglican church. Goings On Chapter 2 No Pope in England- King is head of the Church Henry divorces Katherine marries Ann Boleyn. Ann produces no son. One daughter Elizabeth. Ann is beheaded Henry marries Jane Seymour, she produces a son but dies in childbirth. What does all this mean to America? The establishment of the Church of England creates vast political turmoil and delays England’s exploration by almost 100 years. Henry dies in 1547 Edward 6th takes throne at 9 years old and dies at 15 Mary Becomes Queen-Bloody Mary 1558 Elizabeth becomes Queen and reigns until 1603 ElizabethNow we are getting some where. Exploration begins 1583 Elizabeth gives charter to Sir Humphrey Gilbert ◼ He is lost at sea Elizabeth then gives Gilbert charter to his half brother Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585 Raleigh sails south and establishes the Colony of Roanoke Island-the lost colony. He calls it Virginia after the Queen. Roanoke Island Colony fails but shows that the land was productive -Rich fertile soil -Good climate -Long Growing season -No large powerful Native American population that needed to be conquered in order to use it. How are English and Spanish Explorations compared? Spanish found mineral wealth in large established populations (Incas) English grew their wealth in a new colony. 1590 Roanoke experiment came to an end. Elizabeth dies shortly there after and brings and end to the House of Tudor. What Next? 1606 James I becomes King and gives charter to: The Virginia Company- a Joint Stock Company A charter gave the ability to make money in some colony in the new world. Charter = Royal monopoly What is all the Charter Stuff? Three kinds of charters. ◼ Corporate-Granted to a company Va. And MBC = corporate colonies ◼ Proprietary=Individual or group charter NJ,PA,MD. Proprietary colonies ◼ ◼ ◼ Who held NJ’s charter? Berkley and Carteret New Jersey was first a proprietary colony when it separated from New York but in 1702, New Jersey became a royal colony and was under the direct control of the English crown. Royal- Given by an King or Queen. Usually given to someone else but taken back. None of the US Colonies were founded by Royal Charter. Jamestown Founded 1607 by Christopher Newport. 105 settlers- all men- on the James River. Colony 70-80 miles up the James river at the river salt plug. Swampy land difficult access to fresh water. Powhatan Confederacy Three Weaknesses of Jamestown? All Men Middle of Native American Confederation Water More on Jamestown Problems Population declined No farmers in first Jamestown group First farmers and women arrive in 1609 What Made Jamestown take off? 1612 John Rolfe , 1st Virginian to plant tobacco. Demand for tobacco very high throughout Europe. Prices are high Tobacco is very labor intensive Va. Population problem = Labor problem The lost colony Exercise. You are going to form groups and decide on a colony. I just gave you a charter. ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Where will it be? What is the basis of this colony? Who are you taking to the new colony? What are you bringing with you? Is there a gov’t in this colony? Who leads it? How is it funded? How will you measure its success or failure? Break Clovis Points First discovered In Clovis New Mexico 1929 Date to 15,500 years ago. Atlantic Triangle Trade Europe, Africa, and the Americas 24 Atlantic Triangle Trade Caribbean, New England, and Africa 25 Slavery and the Making of America The Capture https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/slavery/videos/themiddle-passage 26 SLAVE SHIP To transport as many slaves as possible and to make the most profit as possible the hulls of the slave ships were divided into holds with little headroom. Slaves were packed in and chained with barely no room to move, very often chained tightly to plank beds. Conditions on the ships were horrific with lack of air and unhygienic conditions. This led to high mortality rate. 27 Head right System Three parts to System ◼ ◼ ◼ Va. Company will give 50 acres of land for every person whose passage you pay Labor of person you bring to colony is an Indentured Servant for 4-7 years. Servants got 50 acres of land when their service is complete. 1630-30% of VA population were Indentured Servants 90% died Labor Numbers 1650 ½ of VA. Population is I.S. 1720 ½ of VA. Populations are Slaves 1680 Slaves and IS approximately equal. Development of Slavery. 1619 First Blacks arrive in America First Africans could not be sold as slaves for life under English law, because they were baptized on the ship coming to America. Servitude needed to be for a defined time period. Mid 1600’s definition of slavery began to change from Christian to Race. Slavery evolved one law at a time. What we know today as a race based issue started as a labor and religious issue. More On Slavery 1660’s -70’s Fewer Englishmen were coming to the colonies. Slavery is more desirable as a result. 1672 Royal African co Chartered. As a result the cost of slaves dropped as a result of greater numbers. Virginia and Slave laws Evolve. Virginia decides that Slavery is: ◼ ◼ ◼ Racially based Permanent Inheritable Even though slaves were property, they were subject to penalties for crimes committed. Shows the conflict between Slavery and Freedom. http://www.dailymotion.com/vide o/xhqxgt_the-middlepassage_shortfilms Middle Passage1. Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629 M.B.C. Chartered by Charles I Joint Stock Company owned by the Puritans Who Were the Puritans? English Calvinists ◼ Followers of John Calvin England =Puritans Scotland= Presbyterians France= Huguenots ◼ Puritans gave U.S. religious values Why Did the Puritans Need to Come? A result of the Protestant Reformation. ◼ Martin Luther-Catholic Priest begins to challenge Catholic Theology Catholic church teaching the practice of good works ◼ ◼ Faith = access to Heaven. Works Not biblically based, doctrine is wrong. Luther believed Faith alone gets you to Heaven. What Else? Luther critical of: ◼ ◼ Indulgences- Money paid to church to reduce time in Purgatory. Statues. Icons, Idol worship Bible should be the literal guide 1517 Wittenberg Germany Luther posts points on door of church. What is Calvinism? God is Omnipresent Salvation is determined by: ◼ Predestination Calvin’s logic takes him to a dead end. Why bother! Solution Calvin found solution in the Bible. ◼ Those chosen were Saints Elect God had a covenant with them. Obligation falls on everyone. The chosen are required to make sure that humanity’s behavior conforms with the bible. Covenant is binding on the Saints. If the covenant is broken everyone goes to Hell. Tenants of Calvinism Predestination Covenant Intolerance No difference in Public vs. Private behavior No separation of Church and State Puritans were English followers of John Calvin Summary of Confusion 1620 Pilgrims came to U.S. At Plymouth Mass. 1630 Puritans arrived in Massachusetts Bay (Boston) Confusion Continued Puritans were separatists of the Church of England. COE did not remove itself far enough from the Catholic Church. Puritans wanted more. Pilgrims left England and never planned to return. Puritans left England but would return some day. Puritans religious leader in Mass was John Winthrop, he was also selected as the first Gov. Of the Colony of Mass. John Winthrop Great Puritan Migration. Puritans to New England Lasts 20 years 1630-1650 25, 000 Immigrants between 1650 and 1700 By 1700 very little new immigration. 1700 NE Population close to 100K Immigration to Mass. Family based All ages. Gender Ratio close to 1:1 Growth based on natural population growth And! Town Based Society ◼ Church is the center of town ◼ By 1700 87 Towns in Mass 113 in all of New England. Va. has 7 towns in same period ◼ Education is important in NE. Every town required to have a school and it is ALWAYS the church. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBzJGc kMYO4 Mosaic Readings. How do the two stories of creation compare? Similarities- differences.
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