MILH422 AMU History Of The Peacekeeping 1988 To The Present Research Paper

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Week 7 - Research Paper - By its very design, the research paper assignment will test your ability to construct a well-written paper that shows your comprehension of the topic through analysis of various resources. For many students, writing a research paper may be intimidating. In reality, a research paper is only a series of tasks using several intellectual skills. Once you understand this assignment not as a large paper that requires weeks of research and writing, but a series of skills, the easier writing the paper will be.

As addressed earlier in the Week 3 assignment, the initial step in writing the paper is choosing the topic, the second is choosing a your sources, and the third step is creating an outline. You will complete all three of these steps in the Research Proposal Paper, which you should view as a work in progress.

The next steps include gathering information from your sources to assist you in writing the paper, keeping notes of your sources, and writing a rough draft, As you write the rough draft, if you use any of the information from your sources word-for-word you must cite the source with an in-text citation. If you read the information and write it in your own words and it is not common knowledge, then you must cite the source because you are paraphrasing someone’s information. Important: Do not use footnotes or endnotes to hold the source information. See below under “Citations and References List.”

After you complete your rough draft, you need to read it again and revise the paper into your final draft. Once you have the final draft complete, proofread the paper and submit it to your instructor. The paper should be double-spaced, 12 point font, and presented in a Word file with your name on the file.

Elements of the research paper

  1. Cover page - The research paper must include a cover page with your name, course number and title (MILH422 – History of the Peacekeeping 1988 to the Present), instructor’s name, and date.
  2. Body of paper (4-6 pages).
  3. Citations and References List - We ask you to use in-text citations to hold your sources (author date, page) or (author date) if no page. These will be listed at the end of your paper on a separate page as “References List.”
  4. Supplemental information presented in footnotes or endnotes - You also may use footnotes or endnotes to provide “extra” information – things you would like your reader to know but would break the flow of your argumentation. Sometimes the most interesting tidbits from your research find their way into the footnotes but not the paper.

This paper should use the 80/20 rule (80% or more in YOUR OWN words and only 20% or less paraphrased or quoted). Turnitin is being used for this assignment.

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I. Introduction • II. In 1978 the communist party of Afghanistan participated in a coup where they took power and introduced several radical reforms throughout the country. The United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan, or UNGOMAP, was implemented to aid the Afghan Government against these rebellious actions. History of the Soviet- Aghan War A. Events that led to the Afghan Civil War. 1. 1960’s King Mohammed Zahir Shah began to modernize by implementing democratic reform. (i.e. democracy) 2. 1973 Former Prime Minister, and cousin of the king, Mohammed Daoud Khan staged coup 3. 1978 People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan led a coup, which Mohammad Daoud Khan and family were killed. Nur Muhammad Taraki. B. Events that led to the Soviet- Afghan War 1. Afghanistan government responded to counter revolution activity with imprisonment and execution, which led to revolts. 2. People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan reached out to USSR during revolts. 3. 1979 the Soviet Union launched invasion an on Afghanistan. C. 1. Support 2. Support III. Implementation of UNGOMAP A. Example 1 1. Support 2. Support B. Example 2 1. Support 2. Support C. Example 3 1. Support 2. Support IV. Impact of UNGOMAP A. Example 1 1. Support 2. Support B. Example 2 1. Support 2. Support C. Example 3 1. Support 2. Support V. Conclusion • Conclusion/ Restate thesis I. Introduction • II. In 1978 the communist party of Afghanistan participated in a coup where they took power and introduced several radical reforms throughout the country. The United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan, or UNGOMAP, was implemented to aid the Afghan Government against these rebellious actions. History of the Soviet- Aghan War A. Events that led to the Afghan Civil War. 1. 1960’s King Mohammed Zahir Shah began to modernize by implementing democratic reform. (i.e. democracy) 2. 1973 Former Prime Minister, and cousin of the king, Mohammed Daoud Khan staged coup 3. 1978 People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan led a coup, which Mohammad Daoud Khan and family were killed. Nur Muhammad Taraki. B. Events that led to the Soviet- Afghan War 1. Afghanistan government responded to counter revolution activity with imprisonment and execution, which led to revolts. 2. People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan reached out to USSR during revolts. 3. 1979 the Soviet Union launched invasion an on Afghanistan. C. 1. Support 2. Support III. Implementation of UNGOMAP A. Example 1 1. Support 2. Support B. Example 2 1. Support 2. Support C. Example 3 1. Support 2. Support IV. Impact of UNGOMAP A. Example 1 1. Support 2. Support B. Example 2 1. Support 2. Support C. Example 3 1. Support 2. Support V. Conclusion • Conclusion/ Restate thesis I. Introduction • II. In 1978 the communist party of Afghanistan participated in a coup where they took power and introduced several radical reforms throughout the country. The United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan, or UNGOMAP, was implemented to aid the Afghan Government against these rebellious actions. History of the Soviet- Afghan War A. Events that led to the Afghan Civil War. 1. 1960’s King Mohammed Zahir Shah began to modernize by implementing democratic reform. (i.e. democracy) 2. 1973 Former Prime Minister, and cousin of the king, Mohammed Daoud Khan staged coup 3. 1978 People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan led a coup, which Mohammad Daoud Khan and family were killed. Nur Muhammad Taraki. B. Events that led to the Soviet- Afghan War 1. Afghanistan government responded to counter revolution activity with imprisonment and execution, which led to revolts. 2. People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan reached out to USSR during revolts. 3. 1979 the Soviet Union launched invasion an on Afghanistan. C. Middle East demands that Soviet Union withdraws from Afghanistan 1. Rebel groups and local warlords unite and form the Mujahideen which became backed by the United states, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Pakistan. 2. Mujahedeen engaged in guerilla warfare against Soviet Union. 3. Soviet Union fought several battles from 1980-1985 against Mujahedeen. III. Implementation of UNGOMAP A. The UN sought to find a resolution to the matter under the, “A Uniting for Peace” procedure. 1. Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar was appointed as the Personal Representative to the Afghanistan mission. 2. Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar visited Afghanistan in April and August 1981 and held thorough deliberations with both Afghanistan government officials and Pakistan government officials to come to a resolution. B. The Geneva Accords 1. The Accords were a four part agreement: “a bilateral agreement between the Republic of Afghanistan and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on the principles of mutual relations, in particular on non-interference and non-intervention; a declaration on international guarantees, signed by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America; a bilateral agreement between Afghanistan and Pakistan on the voluntary return of refugees; and an agreement on the interrelationships for the settlement of the situation relating to Afghanistan” ("UNGOMAP: United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan - Background", 2019) 2. UNGOMAP was organized as part of the Geneva Accords which asked for a timely withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. C. Deploying UNGOMAP 1. UNGOMAP would oversee monitoring the withdrawal of Soviet forces. 2. UNGOMAP received detailed reports from Soviet Union military representatives and met with Afghan military representatives. 3. UNGOMAP had three permanent outposts in Afghanistan and entailed visiting garrisons during and after the departure of Soviet Forces. IV. Impact of UNGOMAP A. Phase one of UNGOMAP 1. During the first phase of implementation in August 1988, the Soviet military reported to UNGOMAP that the main 10 garrisons had been evacuated and given back to the Afghan government. 2. Around fifty percent of Soviet troops remained in Afghanistan after only three months of the Accords being in place. 3. By May of 1988 the first phase had been complete. B. Phase two of UNGOMAP 1. In January of 1989 the UNGOMAP was informed that the final withdrawal of troops would be completed. 2. By February 1898 UNGOMAP had confirmed by visiting the remaining garrison, that the evacuation was completed as of February 12. C. Termination of UNGOMAP 1. UNGOMAP received several complaints of violations of the first instrument of the Accords and made every effort to investigate these complaints. 2. Fighting in Afghanistan continued, conditions remained unstable and limited refugees were able to return; however, the UNGOMAP was able to monitor in the Agreement on the Voluntary return of Refugees. 3. UNGOMAPS formally ended on March 15 1990. V. Conclusion • The implementation of UNGOMAP was not only important, but necessary in aiding the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan. Works Cited: UNGOMAP: United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan - Background. (2019). Retrieved from https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/ungomap/background.html Neack, Laura. “UN Peace-Keeping: In the Interest of Community or Self?” Journal of Peace Research 32.2 (1995): 181–196. Web. Afghanistan: Peace and Repatriation? [Final Text of Geneva Accords Included], 1988. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1679060135/. Ana Caras. “Review for the Volume The Soviet-Afghan War (1979– 1989). Study of Oral History. Perceptions. Documents, Ion Xenofontov, Lumen Publishing House, 2011.” Postmodern Openings 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 109–113. https://doaj.org/article/a4c0b19bf4074bed94d97d0551d6e97b. Mooneyham, Ryan, Rosenberg, Emily S., LeVine, Mark, and Perlman, Allison. “The Enemy of My Enemy: American Print Media and the Soviet-Afghan War”. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2013. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1411382174/. Asian Missions. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.military.ie/en/overseas-deployments/pastmissions/asian-missions/
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Attached.

MILH422 – History of the Peacekeeping 1988 to the Present

MILH422 – History of the Peacekeeping 1988 to the Present
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course Code
Date

1

MILH422 – History of the Peacekeeping 1988 to the Present

i.

2

Introduction

In 1979, several groups which were commonly known as mujahedeen along with other
smaller groups known as Maoist were involved in guerrilla wars which were mostly targeted to the
Soviet army as well as the government of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan which later
became to be known as Soviet-Afghan war. The war lasted for over nine years. It was catapulted
by a coup by the communist Afghanistan party in 1978. The coup was characterized by the
introduction of radicalized reforms.
These reforms were rebelled against. In addition, the war led to the implementation of the
United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan, commonly known as the
UNGOMAP, which was key in helping the Afghan Government counter the rebellious actions and
withdraw the Soviet forces from Afghanistan (Caras, 2011).
i.

History of the Soviet- Afghan War
a. Events that led to the Afghan Civil War.

Several factors contributed to the Afghan Civil War. One of the contributing factors was in
1960 by King Mohammed Zahir Shah. He started by implementing democratic reforms such as
democracy, which was his road to modernization. King Mohammed Zahir Shah also expanded the
country's diplomatic relations, even to the cold war nations. His tenure was characterized by peace
and stability in Afghanistan (Caras, 2011). He was overthrown in 1973 by Mohammed Daoud Khan
an act that contributed to the war. The coup happened While King Mohammed Shah was in Italy
for a medical visit. Mohammed Daoud Khan was then a former prime Minister and also his cousin

MILH422 – History of the Peacekeeping 1988 to the Present

3

King Mohammed Shah tried to form a government while in exile but failed. Although,
Mohammed Daoud Khan declared himself the king in 1978, he was, together with some of his
family members, killed in a coup organized by People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan during the
Saurs Revolution. The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan preferred Khan to Daoud because
of his contribution to modernization which boosted the labor force, his efforts in women rights
improvement, progressive policies as well as the Pashtun nationalism (Laura, 1995). The
assassination of Daoud in 1978 immediately led to civil war in Afghanistan. After the assassination,
Nur Muhammad Taraki, who was a renown communist, took over the leadership and power.
b. Events that led to the Soviet- Afghan War.
The civil war later led to the Soviet-Afghan war....


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