Outstations on Asian American Women Ethnicity Paper

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Remember to refer to the specific assigned reading and/or class activity you use to frame your response. • Explore an example of Asian/Pacific Islander American women’s leadership in the US. Include the importance of using a feminist approach, with its inclusion of the concept of intersectionalities, as a more comprehensive (and useful) analysis of various oppressions Asian/Pacific Islander American experience. • Select one of the assigned readings from Weeks 11-15 that resonated for you, and explain how its main argument translates into a relevant lesson for your current/future life. ###### Asian Immigrant Women and Global Restructuring, 1970s-1990s Rhacel Salazar Parrenas Asian/Pacific Islander American Women: Chapter 16 Shirley Hune and Gail M. Nomura (eds) WOMS 118 / Asian American Women - CSUS . Many immigrant women face severe underemployment...their participation in the US labor market entailing a sharp decline (compared to their home countries) in occupational and social status. Recent labor migration of Asian Pacific American women takes place in context of global economic restructuring. (271-272) Global Restructuring Under globalization.... Manufacturing activities have moved from advanced capitalist countries to both developing countries and newly industrialized nations. Export-oriented economies have emerged worldwide. (272) Global Restructuring There is difference between the growth potential of nations that export primary goods versus those that export more highly demanded manufactured goods. The latter are more likely to achieve rapid economic growth (refer to East Asian Tigers). (272-273) Global Restructuring Globalization induces... Labor migration from export-oriented developing countries to both newly industrialized nations and advanced capitalist nations. (273) Global Restructuring For newly industrialized nations, the traditional proletariat female workforce, who would otherwise perform low-wage service jobs, now seek higher-paying manufacturing positions. For advanced capitalist nations, secondary tiers of manufacturing and service industries have expanded. Corporations increasingly rely on post-Fordist modes of production (assembly lines, sweatshops). Low-wage service jobs have also increased in order to maintain lifestyles of specialized professionals. (273) Global Restructuring Migration of skilled workers to both newly industrialized nations and advanced capitalist nations. Fill labor shortages by recruiting professionals from developing countries...brain drain. (273) Global Restructuring Immigration Act of 1990 Legislation that responded to economic needs for US workforce to have supply of highly skilled professionals and technicians. Acknowledged need for US economy to maintain supply of low-wage workers. (273) An Overview of the Labor Market Activities of Asian Immigrant Women War Brides Act of 1945; Immigration Act of 1965 Shift from male- to female-dominated flow of immigrants. Asian American population grew exponentially. 1970: 1.5M 1980: 3.7M 1990: 7.3M (majority of Asians in US were foreignborn). (274) An Overview of the Labor Market Activities of Asian Immigrant Women Most Asian women migrate as part of a family unit. Primary migrants who sponsor the migration of families. Secondary migrants to create or reunite families. They contribute to family income and maintain dual-wageearning households to make up for husband’s earnings, which are generally lower than those of native-born men. (274) An Overview of the Labor Market Activities of Asian Immigrant Women Filipina immigrant women Rate of labor force participation far exceeds that of general population and of other Asian groups, and is much higher than in the Philippines. Better command of English language. Concentration in wage labor. (275) An Overview of the Labor Market Activities of Asian Immigrant Women Filipinos have lowest rate of self-employment in the US, 32 per 1,000. General US population’s rate of self-employment is 69.74 per 1,000. Korean’s rate of self-employment is 180.46 per 1,000. Chinese’s rate of self-employment is 72.77 per 1,000. Likely that rate of labor market participation for other Asian immigrant women is undercounted because the assistance they offer as wives in family businesses is not officially recognized as paid labor activity. (275) An Overview of the Labor Market Activities of Asian Immigrant Women Filipina and Chinese women occupy a wide variety of jobs in the labor market, while other Asian ethnic groups are more highly concentrated in particular occupational categories. (275) An Overview of the Labor Market Activities of Asian Immigrant Women Skilled Asian immigrant women have turned to lower-skilled occupations because of restrictive measures against foreign-trained professionals as well as language barriers.(276) An Overview of the Labor Market Activities of Asian Immigrant Women In summary, Asian immigrant women have a high rate of labor market participation and a diverse range of levels of educational attainment. (276) Asian Immigrant Women and Global Restructuring Women migrate from countries of origin formally colonized by the US, or currently neocolonized by US corporate capital and come to labor here as racialized women of color. (276) Asian Immigrant Women and Global Restructuring Lisa Lowe: There are material continuities between the conditions of Chicanas and Latinas working in the US and the women working in maquiladoras and low-cost manufacturing zones in Latin America, on the one hand, and Asian women working both within the US and in Asian zones of assembly and manufacturing, on the other. (276) Asian Immigrant Women and Global Restructuring: Low-Wage Workers Asian immigrant women fill the labor market need for low-wage manufacturing and service workers in urban centers of the US. Garment industry (low-wage assembly jobs). Manicurists, restaurant workers. Midwest meatpacking plants, Silicon Valley production work. Domestic workers, hotel housekeepers, certified nurse’s aides, elder caregivers, childcare workers. (277-279) Asian Immigrant Women and Global Restructuring: Small-Business Entrepreneurs They spur economic growth with operation of small businesses. Dry cleaning, contracting shops. gasoline stations, groceries, liquor stores etc. Small ethnic businesses could not possibly survive without family labor, most importantly the often unrecognized labor of women. By relegating the less-skilled and seemingly less important work to women, men are able to justify their own lower contributions to housework...”double day” plagues women in small businesses as well as in low-wage work (women expected to perform bulk of domestic chores in household besides keep long work hours). (279-280) Asian Immigrant Women and Global Restructuring: Professional Women Asian professionals provide cheap labor in that their educational training did not cost the US any money. The highly skilled labor of Asian immigrants, particularly women, is arguably cheaper than that provided by their native-born counterparts. That they have done so more than any other group is a legacy of US colonialism. (280) Conclusion The high rate of labor market participation of Asian immigrant women as well as the diversity of their labor market activities attest to the feminization of the wage labor force under globalization. However, the conditions of their labor market incorporation and their low standards of employment suggest that women still hold a fairly low status in the labor market. From their specific location in global restructuring, Asian immigrant women contribute some form of “cheap labor” to the US. (282) ##### Remember to refer to the specific assigned reading and/or class activity you use to frame your response. • Explore an example of Asian/Pacific Islander American women’s leadership in the US. Include the importance of using a feminist approach, with its inclusion of the concept of intersectionalities, as a more comprehensive (and useful) analysis of various oppressions Asian/Pacific Islander American experience. • Select one of the assigned readings from Weeks 11-15 that resonated for you, and explain how its main argument translates into a relevant lesson for your current/future life. • (I AM MALE STUDENT , STUDYING ABRODE IN THE U.S)IF NEEDED !! ######
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Surname 1
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May 15, 2019
Outstations on Asian American women ethnicity
Prompt 1
Gender bias is widely known that women tend to be neglected in various instances as
compared to men. This is worsened further if the women are from minority racial groups such as
black or Asian. The main challenge of being an “American” is being criticized based on one’s
race. This means having their lives being overlooked due to their race. To be an American refers
accepting the notion that ethnicity and race is a crucial fact...


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