To Hook Up or Date Which Gender Benefits Article Reaction Paper

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Reaction Paper Prompt and Rubric • • • Select an article, chapter, podcast, or film from the course materials list and provide a thoughtful analysis or evaluation. You can choose to argue for or against the argument that the author, filmmaker, or podcaster is trying to make. Use evidence to support your argument from the film/article/podcast and from outside sources as well. Sources should be cited appropriately within the text and in a references section at the end of the document. This paper should be 3-5 pages in length and written in APA style, Times New Roman 12pt font, 1” margins all around, and double-spaced. Please do NOT include your references section in the page count. Upload via the upload link on Canvas by Monday, June 10th at 11:59pm. Papers submitted late will be penalized 10% of the grade for each day late. In other words, if you turn it in 5 days late, you will receive credit 50% of your score. Rubric (100 points total) • Selected an appropriate source from the course materials (5pts) • Clearly summarizes the author/filmmaker/podcaster’s argument (5pts) • Includes a thesis clearly stating your argument (10pts) • Discusses information from the source to support your argument (25pts) • Discusses information from outside sources (at least 2) to support your argument (25pts) • Acknowledges counterarguments and refutes them (15pts) • Conclusion summarizes your main argument (5pts) • Grammar/spelling is correct, APA format, includes references section (10pts) Sex Roles (2010) 62:661–669 DOI 10.1007/s11199-010-9765-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE To Hook Up or Date: Which Gender Benefits? Carolyn Bradshaw & Arnold S. Kahn & Bryan K. Saville Published online: 13 March 2010 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 Abstract Hooking up on college campuses has become more frequent than dating in heterosexual sexual interaction. Analysis of the relative benefits and costs associated with dating and hooking up suggest that women benefit more from dating while men benefit more from hooking up. U.S students (150 women, 71 men) at a midsized southeastern university indicated preferences for dating and hooking up across a number of situations and indicated the perceived benefits and risks associated with each. As hypothesized, in most situations women more than men preferred dating and men more than women preferred hooking up. Both genders perceived similar benefits and risks to dating and hooking up; differences provided insight into the sexual motives of college women and men. Keywords Dating . Hooking up . Gender differences Introduction Because hooking up has replaced dating as a means for heterosexual sexual interaction on U.S. college campuses, we sought to explore the perceived benefits and costs of hooking up versus dating for U.S. college women and men. We exposed college students to a variety of situations and asked the extent to which they would prefer dating or C. Bradshaw : A. S. Kahn (*) : B. K. Saville Department of Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA e-mail: kahnas@jmu.edu C. Bradshaw e-mail: carolynabradshaw@gmail.com B. K. Saville e-mail: savillbk@jmu.edu hooking up in each situation. Although past research has examined gender roles in college students dating (Laner and Ventrone 2000; Morr Serewicz and Gale 2008; Rose and Frieze 1993), as well as hooking up (Lambert et al. 2003; Paul and Hayes 2002; Paul et al. 2000), research has not explored college student preferences for the two forms of heterosexual interaction. Traditionally, among heterosexual college students, courtship includes the practice of dating. Although dating can take many forms, research suggests that when asked what happens on a typical date, college students report a predictable pattern that is consistent with traditional gender roles, the man being active and the woman being reactive (Laner and Ventrone 2000; Morr Serewicz and Gale 2008; Rose and Frieze 1993): The man asks the woman to go out with him and informs her where he would like to take her and at what time. He then picks her up and takes her to the location of the date, pays any bills, initiates sexual activity (if any), and takes the woman home, ending the date. The woman waits to be asked out on a date, takes extra effort to groom, waits to be picked up, accompanies the man to the place he has chosen, accepts or rejects the man’s sexual overtures, and is taken home. Typically, drinking alcohol is mentioned by both college women and men as occurring on a date (Laner and Ventrone 2000; Morr Serewicz and Gale 2008). This dating pattern is the predominant one across various date contexts and assessment methods (Bartoli and Clark 2006; Morr Serewicz and Gale 2008) and seems to be what college students think of when asked what happens on a date. A date differs from “going out with a friend”; whereas a date implies romantic or sexual interest, going out with a friend does not. On college campuses, in recent years, “hooking up” appears to be as popular as, if not more popular than, the traditional date (Gute and Eshbaugh 2008; Lambert et al. 662 2003; Paul and Hayes 2002; Paul et al. 2000). A hook up is defined as “a sexual encounter which may or may not include sexual intercourse, usually occurring between people who are strangers or brief acquaintances” (Paul et al. 2000, p. 76). Although casual sex or one-night stands are certainly not new phenomena, hooking up appears to have become normative on college campuses. In their survey, Lambert et al. (2003) found that 77.7% of female and 84.2% of male college students indicated they had hooked up. Paul et al. (2000) found that 78.4% of college students reported having hooked up, with a mean of 10.8 and a range of 0–65 hook ups. Paul and Hayes (2002) found that 75% of men and 84% of women had hooked up during their college career, with a mean of 10.28 hook ups. When casual sex is more narrowly defined as vaginal, oral, or anal sex with a non-dating partner, over one-half of male students (52%) and over one-third of female students (36%) reported having engaged in such behaviors (Grello et al. 2006; see also Gute and Eshbaugh 2008). Hooking up is not limited to college students. Of 7th, 9th, and 11th grade students who were sexually active, Manning et al. (2006) reported that 68.5% of the boys and 51.8% of the girls engaged in non-dating sexual intercourse. Like dating, hooking up in a college student population tends to follow a pattern, although the script appears to be less detailed. Two people, usually strangers or casual friends, meet at a party or bar where they have been drinking alcoholic beverages; indicate their interest in one another through flirting, eye contact, or dancing; and engage in sexual behaviors ranging from kissing to sexual intercourse, with no commitment to a future relationship (Paul and Hayes 2002). Although much research has addressed who hooks up and what happens during a hook up, little is known about the situations that facilitate or inhibit dating and hooking up. Likewise, research has not explored the perceived benefits and risks of hooking up and dating. Because, as indicated below, hooking up can have many negative consequences for women, including rape, we were interested in exploring the extent to which women and men prefer hooking up or dating. Based on previous literature of what happens on a traditional date and a typical hook up, we conducted a cost-benefit analysis of dating and hooking up for women and men. Gender and Dating Men and Dating Traditional heterosexual dating among college students is a highly patriarchal affair in which the man usually has more control than the woman because he is both the initiator and decision-maker; the woman, for the most part, only has Sex Roles (2010) 62:661–669 veto power (Bartoli and Clark 2006; Morr Serewicz and Gale 2008; Rose and Frieze 1993). Having this control can be difficult for men, who risk rejection from the outset when they attempt to initiate a date. Dating is also costly for a man both in terms of responsibility and finances. He is responsible for getting himself and his partner to the location of the dating activity, paying for himself and his date, and making sure the woman has a good time. The man also risks rejection if he attempts sexual overtures. These decision-making responsibilities can lead to stress and anxiety in college students who may be shy and lack confidence in their ability to successfully carry out all the dating functions (Himadi et al. 1980). Unlike women who date infrequently, college men who date infrequently report more anxiety about dating and fewer dating-related social skills (Leck 2006). Traditional dating is not without benefits for college men: They decide who to ask out; they arrange the date at a time of their convenience; they choose to engage in activities they enjoy; and they decide when to end the date (Laner and Ventrone 2000; Rose and Frieze 1993). Nevertheless, the risks and stresses of dating may outweigh these benefits for some men. Women and Dating Traditional dating presents a very different set of circumstances for college women. Women tend to play a more reactive role in order to complement the man’s behavior (Rose and Frieze 1993). The woman chooses to accept or reject the man’s invitation to go out. If she chooses to accept, she becomes a passive participant. She is picked up by the man and taken to the dating location. Her activities are paid for by the man, and she is then taken home. If the man initiates sexual behaviors, the woman can choose either to engage in these behaviors or reject them (Bartoli and Clark 2006; Laner and Ventrone 2000; Rose and Frieze 1993; Morr Serewicz and Gale 2008). Although gender roles may be changing, research suggests the changes have had little effect on traditional dating. Laner and Ventrone (2000) reported that 92% of college men and 78% of college women believed the man has to pay the bill on a date. Likewise, only 29% of women and 16% of men stated that a woman as well as a man can ask the other gender for a date. A female-initiated date leads to different sexual expectations than a male-initiated one; specifically, college men expect more sexual activity to occur when the woman initiates the date (Lenton and Bryan 2005; Mongeau and Carey 1996; Mongeau et al. 2004; Morr Serewicz and Gale 2008). Although date rape was perceived as unjustifiable regardless of the gender of the date initiator, Muehlenhard et al. (1985) found that college students perceived date rape as more justifiable during a Sex Roles (2010) 62:661–669 female-initiated than a male-initiated date. Thus, men who receive date initiations from women may have expectations of enhanced sexual activity, which may be one of the reasons why women are reluctant to initiate them. Despite women’s passive, reactive role, they receive many benefits in traditional dating situations. They have the power to reject a date initiation. They do not have the responsibility of planning the details of the dating activity and do not have to pay for those activities. They are usually expected only to look nice and be pleasant. They usually have the ability to accept or reject a man’s sexual overtures. The costs of traditional dating for women include not being asked out in the first place, engaging in activities in which they have little or no interest, and fending off unwanted sexual advances. Compared to men, it would appear that traditional dating involves fewer costs and responsibilities and is often less stressful for women. Finally, college women more than college men report relationship goals for dating such as companionship, intimacy, and having fun that can more easily be achieved through dating than through hooking up (Mongeau et al. 2007; Mongeau et al. 2004; Roscoe et al. 1987). Gender and Hooking Up Hooking up can be a much more egalitarian relationship than traditional dating. A college-student hook up involves two people, typically casual acquaintances or individuals, who have met earlier that evening, agreeing to engage in some sexual behaviors for which there is little or no expectation of future commitment. The sexual experience can either be completely spontaneous, or a person may plan to hook up with someone that evening without knowing his or her future sexual partner’s identity (Paul and Hayes 2002; Paul et al. 2000). Hooking up has become such a common occurrence on college campuses that students, even those who have never hooked up, report very consistent stories when asked to describe a typical hookup (Paul and Hayes 2002). Paul and Hayes (2002) collected data from college students on what they would characterize as a typical hook up. They found that a hook up was preceded by activities such as flirting, drinking alcohol, hanging out and talking, attending parties, and dancing. Hook ups typically occurred at parties, in dorms, fraternity houses, at bars and clubs, and in cars. Alcohol and drugs were frequently involved and, unlike traditional dating, 60% of college students believed that either a man or a woman could initiate a hook up. The sexual behaviors during a hook up ranged from kissing to sexual intercourse. Participants reported that there was typically little or no communication between hook up partners, and the hook up ended when one partner left, fell asleep or passed out, or when one or both partners reached sexual climax. 663 Men and Hooking Up Men have consistently expressed more comfort than women for engaging in sexual behaviors (e.g., Cohen and Shotland 1996; Knox and Wilson 1981; Mongeau et al. 2007; Oliver and Hyde 1993). Consistent with this research, Lambert et al. (2003) found that college men were more comfortable than women in engaging in a variety of hooking up behaviors ranging from petting above the waist to sexual intercourse. College men would appear to benefit more from hooking up than from a traditional date. The flirting and brief interactions that precede a hook up make rejection less likely; and women sometimes initiate hook ups (Paul and Hayes 2002). The frequent presence of alcohol or drugs helps lessen men’s (as well as women’s) inhibitions and reduces the anxiety many men feel interacting with women (Himadi et al. 1980; Leck 2006; Öner 2000). Furthermore, at least within college samples, men are more likely than women to have sexual goals as the primary motivation for dating (Mongeau et al. 2007; Mongeau et al. 2004; Roscoe et al. 1987), as well as more positive attitudes towards casual sex (Oliver and Hyde 1993). These sexual goals can be more easily obtained at less cost by hooking up than by dating. Although frequent casual sex is associated with greater depression in women, this is less true for men (Grello et al. 2006). Women and Hooking Up College women consistently express less comfort engaging in sexual behaviors than do men (e.g., Cohen and Shotland 1996; Knox and Wilson 1981; Oliver and Hyde 1993). Lambert et al. (2003) found that in hooking up, college women expressed less comfort than men with petting above the waist, petting below the waist, oral sex, and sexual intercourse. Paul and Hayes (2002) reported that college women’s descriptions of their worst hook ups involved being pressured by aggressive partners to engage in unwanted sexual behaviors, including behaviors that would legally be considered rape. As mentioned previously, college women are more likely than college men to mention dating goals of companionship, intimacy, and fun, whereas men are more likely than women to mention sexual goals (Mongeau et al. 2007). The sexual double standard can make women feel guilty about hooking up. Although there is some evidence this double standard has disappeared (Marks and Fraley 2005), most research suggests this double standard continues to affect the perceptions of women and men, such that women are derogated and men rewarded for frequent sexual activities (e.g., Crawford and Popp 2003; Smith et al. 2008), and the double standard continues to be endorsed by 664 the media (Medley-Rath 2007). Paul and Hayes (2002) reported that following a hook up, college women often felt regret and shame for uncommitted sexual behaviors with a stranger they might never see again; men, on the other hand, rarely expressed regret and shame following a hook up. Hooking up can also be costly to women who risk unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Depression is also associated with hooking up. Eshbaugh and Gute (2008) found that feelings of sexual regret in college women were associated with having sexual intercourse with someone only once, having intercourse with someone they had known for less than 24 h, and receiving oral sex from someone known for less than 24 h— behaviors more likely associated with hooking up than with dating. Of course, hooking up can provide benefits to women. College women can have an enjoyable sexual experience, feel wanted and cared for, and feel excitement (Paul and Hayes 2002); they can also enjoy a break from the traditional gender role restrictions associated with dating. However, on balance, men would appear to gain more by hooking up than would women. Hypotheses The evidence appears to suggest that women are likely to perceive more benefits from traditional dating than from hooking up, whereas men appear to be likely to perceive more benefits from hooking up than dating. Based on this cost-benefit analysis, we hypothesize that, overall, when given the choice between a traditional date and hooking up, women, more than men, will prefer a traditional date to hooking up. Given that women more likely than men seek more long-term relationships, we hypothesize that a woman’s preference dating over hooking up should be greater in situations that imply the possibility of a long-term relationship. In contrast, we hypothesize men, more than women, will prefer hooking more than a traditional date. We also examined gender differences in the perceived risks and benefits of dating and hooking up, but we did not make specific hypotheses. Because the risks and benefits differed slightly for women and men, we were unable to conduct statistical analyses for these items. Although not based on it, we note that the same predictions can be made from an evolutionary psychology framework (Buss and Schmitt 1993; Trivers 1972). According to this perspective, women have higher parental investment than men and should therefore seek a longterm relationship. If a woman gets pregnant, she will have to carry the fetus until birth and then care for the infant. As a result, she will be careful with whom she mates, seeking to choose a partner who will help her care for the infant and provide resources for the family. Dating, more than hooking Sex Roles (2010) 62:661–669 up, would give a woman the opportunity to assess the likelihood that her date would provide such resources. Men, whose parental investment at a minimum is to provide sperm, should be more interested in short-term relationships in order to impregnate as many women as possible and increase the likelihood of reproducing their genes. Hooking up provides men with such short-term sexual relationships. In summary, we predict that women more than men will prefer dating to hooking up and men more than women will prefer hooking up to dating. We tested these relative preferences by presenting college students with an overall preference question followed by preferences across a variety of situations. Method Participants Two hundred twenty-one undergraduate students (men=71, women=150) from a southern, public university volunteered to participate in the study through the Psychology Department participant pool. Most participants were firstyear students (81.4%), White (89.1%), and heterosexual (96.4%), with an average age of 18.72 years (SD=.47). Asked to identify their current relationship status, 115 reported being single, 29 were in a relationship of 6 months or less, 76 were in a relationship of 7 months or more, and 1 was engaged. Materials Participants were given a definition of traditional dating and a definition of hooking up. Traditional dating was defined as “one person asks another person to do something together on a date and this may or may not turn into a committed relationship.” Hooking up was defined as “a sexual encounter, usually only lasting one night, between two people who are strangers or brief acquaintances. Some physical interaction is typical and may or may not include sexual intercourse.” They first answered 11 questions concerning the extent to which they prefer traditional dates or hooking up across a number of different situations: (a) overall, (b) when there was potential for a relationship, (c) when you had a friend with whom you could see the potential for a relationship, (d) when partner has a great personality, (e) when partner was physically attractive, (f) when you are interested in a long-term relationship, (g) when the person and you lived in the same residence hall or apartment, (h) when drinking was involved, (i) met an attractive person in class and there was no risk of rejection, (j) when you met an attractive person at a party and there was no risk of rejection, (k) when you met an attractive Sex Roles (2010) 62:661–669 person when you were consuming alcohol, and (l) when you met an attractive person and no alcohol was consumed. Participants indicated on 7-point scales their relative preferences: 1 = greatly prefer traditional dating to hooking up, 2 = prefer traditional dating to hooking up, 3 = slightly prefer traditional dating to hooking up, 4 = no preference, 5 = slightly prefer hooking up to traditional dating, 6 = prefer hooking up to traditional dating, 7 = greatly prefer hooking up to traditional dating. Next, participants indicated from a checklist the top three benefits and the top three risks to traditional dating and hooking up. We generated the checklists by asking other undergraduate students from the same university to indicate what they believed were the benefits and risks of each practice. Women responded for women in general (e.g., “What are the benefits to dating, such as the man paying for things?”); and men responded for men in general (e.g., “What are the benefits of dating, such as being able to choose where to go and what to do on a date?”). Because the benefits and risks of traditional dating and hooking up differed for women and men, our checklists were somewhat gender-specific. For the benefits of traditional dating, we listed 36 possible benefits for men and 34 possible benefits for women. Twenty-seven of these benefits were identical for both genders (e.g., “Traditional dating is romantic”), with the remaining possible benefits gender specific (e.g., for men, “You can ask anyone you are interested in on a date”; for women, “You have the power to reject a date”). For the risks of traditional dating, we listed 27 risks for men and 29 risks for women. Seventeen of these risks were identical for both genders (e.g., “Risk of a broken heart) with the remaining risks gender specific (e.g., for men, “You are expected to initiate sexual advances”; for women, “You are expected to deflect sexual advances”). We listed 32 possible benefits to hooking up for both women and men, the potential benefits of which were identical (e.g., “Hooking up is fun and exciting,” “Hooking up is sexually gratifying”). We listed 28 possible risks of hooking up for both women and men. Twenty-six of these possible risks were identical for men and women (e.g., “You risk being with a ‘bad’ partner,” “Risk of feeling shame/self-blame after the hook up”). Two items were gender specific. (“Risk getting pregnant” vs. “Risk of getting partner pregnant” and “Can get a bad reputation of being ‘easy’ or a whore” vs. “Can get a bad reputation of using women”). Finally, after answering several demographic questions (gender, age, class year, ethnicity, religious involvement, Greek involvement, dating status, and sexual orientation), participants reported (a) how many times in the last 2 years they had been on a first date, (b) how many times in the last 2 years they had initiated a first date, and (c) the number of people with whom they had hooked up in the last 2 years. 665 Procedure Participants signed up for the research through the Psychology Department participant pool and received partial course credit for their participation. Up to 45 participants at a time reported to a large classroom and were seated in every other seat, with women in the front half of the room and men in the back. The first author then distributed an information sheet containing general background information about the study, informed consent information, and a statement regarding participants rights. After everyone finished reading the information, she answered questions and then distributed the survey. Upon completion of the survey, participants returned the surveys to a box by the door. The survey took approximately 20 min to complete. Results An independent-samples t test revealed that men (M=2.79, SD=3.09) initiated significantly more first dates in the past 2 years than women (M=.45, SD=.90), t (218)=−8.56, p
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Running head: HUMAN SEXUALITY

Human Sexuality
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course Title
Date

HUMAN SEXUALITY

2
Human Sexuality

Human sexuality has been over the years been an interesting field of study. This is due to
the fact that this field consists of very many dynamics that all trickle down to evolution. Many
researchers have dedicated a lot of efforts and resources in a bid to try and understand the forces
or the motivation behind all the dynamics that are behind human sexuality. Evolutionary theories
affirm that the main aim of humans is to ensure their survival. That is to say that there is an
inbuilt desire for humans to pass on their genes for a new generation so as to ensure the
continuity of their lineage (Buss, 2016). But the two main gender sides have different approaches
to achieve this. Males are considered to initiate the hunt for females to reproduce with while
females are considered responsible for selecting the best possible male to reproduce with. The
authors of the article “To Hook Up or Date: Which Gender Benefits” in 2010 sought to explore
the two different dynamics that surround human sexuality, dating and hooking up. Hooking up is
defined as a sexual encounter that is between two people who may be strangers or acquaintances
which may or may not lead to sexual intercourse (Holman, 2012). On the other hand, dating is
described as an encounter in which a male and a female engaged in a romantic affair which has a
possibility of a long-term relationship.
The authors of the article presented their argument that women tend to prefer traditional
dating to hook up more than men. They also argue that men prefer hooking up to dating more
than women. In their arguments, they came up with a thorough analysis that sought to explain
their hypothesis. They argued that both dating and hooking up have both benefits as well as risks
to the two parties involved that is, the males and the females (Bradshaw et al., 2010). The
authors argued that females are found to benefit more from the traditional dating dynamic. These
benefits range from control over what will happen in the date in terms of sexual activity, less

HUMAN SEXUALITY

3

stress since there are no financial costs to the opportunity to select the most suited partner to
date. They further argued that men tend to prefer hooking up since it is a short-term encounter
with no future commitments that may hinder their independence. In addition to that, hooking up
provides an easier root for sexual encounters since there are no responsibilities as well as
finances that are typically reserved for men in the traditional dating dynamic.
The article and the premise on which it is built on succeeding in placing the preferences
of the two genders as regards to the dynamics of dating and hooking up. Men are in favor of
hooking up over dating and women, on the other hand, are more i...


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