University of Maryland Significant Role of Social Psychology in Naples Project

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See attachment. 2 part project. This will be only part 1. Only the proposal for the final project, which i will be adding in 2 weeks.

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1 APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS & EXAMPLES The components of the Applied Research Project are presented below on separate pages. Each component begins with the instructions, includes an appropriate example, and finishes with the checklist from that component’s grading rubric. Most of the components included in the Proposal and Final Paper are very similar, so I have presented them here together. For the components that have significant differences, I have included both the Proposal and Final Paper directions, examples, and checklist items from the grading rubric so you can see the differences. For the components that are only required for the final paper (e.g., title page, results & conclusion), this is noted. Please note that the examples given below are from a variety of different papers. Additionally, single spacing was used here to present examples succinctly, but double spacing is expected in your actual products. WARNING: These examples are meant illustrate what is expected for the Applied Research Project assignments. However, they should not be considered the only way to document an observational project; there are many ways to do this and do it well. Additionally, the writing in these examples was adapted from actual student submissions and may contain minor errors. Title Page DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER ONLY - Title Page: Give your project an appropriate title (you can be creative, but make sure you include the major point of your observational study). Below the title, report your name and your school’s name (not the abbreviation) on separate lines. If you would like to add an APA-style running head, that is fine but not required. There should be no extraneous information on the title page (e.g., dates, instructor name, course number). [Formatting notes: The title page is the first page of your paper and should be included in page numbering. Do not use fancy colors or fonts. Capitalize all major words (even though you don’t do this for article titles in the Reference List).] EXAMPLE: 1 Social Norms on a Train in Tokyo: Conforming and Deviancy Pat Smith University of Maryland University College Title Page Checklist from Grading Rubric 1. 2. 3. 4. Appropriate title Author’s name School’s name (not abbreviation) Does not contain extraneous information 2 Literature Review DIRECTIONS: PROPOSAL – Literature Review Sample*: Copy and paste one abstract from social psychological literature relating to your intended observation, and below the abstract explain how it helps form the research question or observational methodology for your observation (this explanation should be labeled “Contribution”). DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER - Literature Review*: Locate five appropriate abstracts from social psychological literature relating to your observation. Copy and paste these abstracts in this section of your paper; below each abstract, explain how this article helped form the research question or observational methodology for your observation (this explanation should be labeled “Contribution”). Note that an abstract is one of the first elements included in professionally published articles; it serves as the summary of the entire article. In most cases, the articles you will consider will be research based (meaning that the authors actually conducted an experiment), but you may also choose articles that are more theoretical in nature as long as they have an abstract. Many websites contain unprofessional “stories” that do not contain abstracts; this makes them inappropriate for this assignment, although you can still use such information with proper citation in your paper’s Introduction. *Please read the Literature Review section of the Final Paper instructions for more information on choosing appropriate abstracts. [Formatting notes: Clearly number and label the beginning of each abstract with an appropriate APA-style in-text citation (i.e., the author’s last names and publication year); e.g., Abstract 1: Smith & Jones, 2015. Also, clearly label your explanation of how each abstract contributes to your research question or observational methodology with the subheading “Contribution”.] EXAMPLE: Abstract 1: (Moussaid, Perozo, Garnier, Helbing & Theraulaz, 2010) “Human crowd motion is mainly driven by self-organized processes based on local interactions among pedestrians. While most studies of crowd behaviour consider only interactions among isolated individuals, it turns out that up to 70% of people in a crowd are actually moving in groups, such as friends, couples, or families walking together. These groups constitute medium-scale aggregated structures and their impact on crowd dynamics is still largely unknown. In this work, we analyze the motion of approximately 1500 pedestrian groups under natural condition, and show that social interactions among group members generate typical group walking patterns that influence crowd dynamics. At low density, group members tend to walk side by side, forming a line perpendicular to the walking direction. As the density increases, however, the linear walking formation is bent forward, turning it into a V-like pattern. These spatial patterns can be well described by a model based on social communication between group members. We show that the V-like walking pattern facilitates social interactions within the group, but reduces the flow because of its “non-aerodynamic” shape. Therefore, when crowd density increases, the group organization results from a trade-off between walking faster and facilitating social exchange. These insights demonstrate that crowd dynamics is not only determined by physical constraints induced by other pedestrians and the environment, but also significantly by communicative, social interactions among individuals.” Contribution: The authors delve into specific social interactions that tend to be made by pedestrians. This information can assist with the research regarding mall observations because the author separates the groups in a similar fashion as I intend to with my observation. There is an observation of friends, family members, couples, etc. Furthermore, there is an assessment of the dynamic between all of the groups and if the social interactions are impacted by any specific triggers. Based on the research questions that have been formulated regarding the mall observation, that information will be beneficial when assessing the different types of interactions that are seen on a daily basis. Literature Review Checklist from Grading Rubric The only difference between the proposal and final paper is the number of abstracts required (1 or 5). 1. 1 (proposal) or 5 (final paper) appropriate abstracts 2. 1 (proposal) or 5 (final paper) appropriate explanations for how information contributed to your study 3. Properly labeled 3 Introduction & Research Question 1. DIRECTIONS: PROPOSAL - Proposed Introduction & Research Question: Identify the general social psychology principle you will be looking for in your observation, describe how the abstract you’ve included in your Literature Review section relates to your observation (and include a required APA-style citation), and provide your research question(s). Make sure that your research question is worded as a question and is capable of being answered through observation alone. The proposal’s introduction will be much briefer than what is expected for the final paper as you have not done all the research necessary to fully develop these points yet. You will need to include much more detail in the introduction for your final paper; at this point, I just want to make sure that you have some initial support for your research question. Note: You should read ahead in your in-class readings if you intend to investigate a topic that comes at the end of the class. Remember to include APA-style text citations where appropriate, including any references to things you have learned from your class readings. 2. See the “How APA-Style Citations and References Can Help You Prevent Plagiarism” section at the end of the syllabus (which was referenced in the Plagiarism Tutorial & APA-Style Citations/References Discussion). Read the Introduction and Research Question sections of the Final Paper instructions for more details on what kinds of information to include for this section. 3. NOTE: This section only applies to the proposal; Proposed Introduction will be replaced by Introduction for the final paper. EXAMPLE FOR PROPOSAL: Proposed Introduction & Research Question Persuasion techniques are often used when attempting to get people to donate to charities (Saylor Academy, 2012). Getting people to donate money when it is requested can also be thought of as way of getting them to conform to your demands (Saylor Academy, 2012). According to Lankenau (1999), some panhandlers increase the likelihood that people will donate to them by engaging in unusual behavior. My research question is: Will a beggar’s behavior influence whether or not passersby donate when money is requested? DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER – Introduction: This section will “introduce” your reader to the general social psychology topic you will be observing and summarize what you’ve learned from the abstracts in your literature review (most, if not all, of the abstracts included in your literature review section should be cited in the Introduction). This section must build the case for your research question. When you outline your introduction, think of an upside-down triangle or funnel shape; begin with the most general information, then progress to information that is more specific to your research question. Start by introducing the topic in general (this could be a few sentences or a paragraph long) and make sure you include appropriate citations from your classroom text or any other sources. Next comes the literature review; this is where you will summarize what you’ve learned from the abstracts (with citations) included in your literature review. The final portion of your introduction should summarize what you’ve learned from your literature review and end with your research question. Note: You should read ahead in your in-class readings if you intend to investigate a topic that comes towards the end of the class. Remember to include APA-style text citations where appropriate, including any references to things you have learned from your class readings. [Formatting notes: This section should be about 1-2 double-spaced pages long. See the “How APA-Style Citations and References Can Help You Prevent Plagiarism” section at the end of the syllabus.] DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER - Research Question: For this observation study, you must have a specific question (or small set of related questions) that you are trying to answer. This does not have to be labeled as a separate section of your paper; it can come at end of the introduction section. But you must make sure 1) you clearly state the question(s) you are trying to answer, 2) your questions are supported by information you included in your Introduction, and 3) your question can be answered through observation alone. Your question(s) must be detailed and specific. For example, are there distinguishable behaviors that lead a man to ask a woman to dance in a bar setting? What are the specific behaviors of people who are paying attention in church? Do older people influence the behavior of younger people? Note that one good question is better than multiple weak questions, and too many weakly related questions will make your paper difficult to write. [Formatting notes: This section will only be a sentence or few sentences long and does not have to be a separately labeled section (but it can be, if you prefer).] 4 EXAMPLE FOR FINAL PAPER: Introduction & Research Questions Persuasion techniques are often used when attempting to get people to donate to charities (Saylor Academy, 2012). Getting people to donate money when it is requested can also be thought of as way of getting people to conform to your demands (Saylor Academy, 2012). Persuading others to conform their behavior by donating money involves techniques that are not used only by formal charities. According to Lankenau (1999), some panhandlers capture attention by using dramatic techniques to increase compliance. Pedestrians serve as an audience and respond to panhandling by selecting form a menu of responses. One common response amongst the everyday commuters is the nonperson treatment or passing by a panhandler as if they do not exist. This sort of behavior is often displayed by those who believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get (Begue, Charmoillaux, Cochet, Cury, & Suremain, 2008). In other words, these people are unlikely to participate in altruistic behavior toward beggars and panhandlers. Persuasive techniques, such as the Pique technique, are often used by beggars and panhandlers to increase compliance from passersby in situations where little attention might be paid otherwise (Burder, Hornisher, Martin & Newman, 2007). This technique is practiced by presenting individuals with an unexpected request in an attempt to catch the attention of the intended audience. For instance, in the study by Burder, et al., 313 passersby were either asked by beggars for a common amount of change or for 37 cents. Those asked for the uncommon amount of 37 cents were more likely to comply with the request for money due to their heuristic process being disrupted. Deviant behavior displayed by beggars and panhandlers may also discourage passersby from complying with their requests. In a study done by Abbate and Ruggieri (2008), a fake beggar was instructed to either approach passersby and invade their personal space or allow passersby to make the decision to approach them. For the purpose of the above-mentioned study, personal space was defined as a moveable, invisible barrier surrounding individuals. When the beggar acted in a deviant way by invading the personal space of passersby, this effectively heightened discomfort and negative feelings of the passersby who were approached, which resulted in decreased compliance amongst those passersby. Because the behavior of those asking for money could have positive or negative influence on the likelihood of their requests being met, I would like to investigate how their behavior influences the behavior of those being targeted for donations. Specifically, will engaging in deviant behavior positively or negatively influence the likelihood of compliance by passersby when donations are requested? And what techniques used by street beggars are most persuasive in increasing compliance with their monetary donation requests? Introduction Checklist from Grading Rubric Research Question Checklist from Grading Rubric 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Starts with appropriate social psychological concepts Includes summarized information from abstracts in literature review Information is related to observational topic and presented with appropriate level of detail Does not contain extraneous information Supports research question(s) All information from external sources cited Related to literature review Supported by introduction Able to answer with observational methodology Appropriate number/scope Worded as a question 5 Subjects & Setting DIRECTIONS: PROPOSAL - Proposed Subjects & Setting: Describe your proposed subjects (e.g., age ranges, gender, race), including how many people you intend to observe. Also describe the specific setting where you intend to conduct your observation, including some description of the general geographic area. These may change after you do more research; I just want to make sure you are on the right track at the proposal stage. Read the Subjects and Settings sections of the Final Paper instructions for more on what kinds of information to include for these sections. NOTE: Proposed Subjects & Proposed Setting will be replaced by Subjects & Setting for the final paper. PROPOSAL EXAMPLE: Proposed Subjects My observations will focus on adults who appear to be between the ages of 25 and 65 years of age. I intend to avoid a population of people that look to be younger than 25 or older than 65 because I feel like they could be in a different developmental place. I intend to observe males and females, but I am not interested in gender differences for my study. Similarly, I will include people of any and all racial/ethnic groups. I will observe at least 20 people. Proposed Setting I plan to conduct my observations in the local mall of a small, suburban town in Wyoming. I will make my observations during relatively busy times for the mall in the area where people order food, as this is a place where lots of lines form. This will increase the diversity of the people I am observing and allow me not to be noticed. DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER – Subjects: Describe the general group of subjects you have observed, including the number of subjects, estimated ages or age groups, gender(s), racial/ethnic groups represented, and any other observable information that makes these people special. DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER – Setting: In this section, discuss the setting in which your observation occurred (e.g., Where did you make your observation? Were you outside or inside? What was special about this setting? Why did you need to perform your observation here?) Also name and describe the general geographic area for your setting (e.g., Was it in an urban/suburban/rural setting? What are the racial, ethnic, and/or socioeconomic characteristics of the area [with citations to support the characteristics you report]?). Include sufficient detail so that it is clear how the setting might have affected behaviors discussed throughout your paper. Think like a social psychologist and describe the details that you would want to know in order to have a better understanding of what you report about in your project. [Formatting notes: For some observations, the setting will be more important and need to be described in detail than other observations. You may choose to combine this section with the preceding section to make a “Subjects and Setting” section.] FINAL PAPER EXAMPLE: Subjects I limited my observations to groups of females who were in a similar age range. While I did not record race or ethnicity, it is important to note that my subjects were predominantly white. My ability to estimate age is limited, and to attempt to account for error, I kept the age groups in 10-year increments until the age of 60 at which point I just recorded the person as 60 or more years of age. I ended up observing 16 women (8 in the 20-30 year range, 5 in the 30-40 year range, 2 in the 40-50 year range, and 1 in the 60+ range). Setting This observation was conducted at the only shopping mall in Cheyenne, Wyoming, a primarily urban area with approximately 64,000 residents (http://www.city-data.com/city/Cheyenne-Wyoming.html). The racial makeup of this area is primarily white (77%) while the gender distribution approximately equal. The median household income in Cheyenne of $59,877 per year is similar to the average income for the state of Wyoming. Francis E. Warren Air Force Base is located at the edge of town, and the city also has a community college. All walks of life may be found at the shopping mall at any given time which made it a good spot to catch a population sample of Cheyenne, and the public setting facilitated my ability to observe behaviors unobtrusively. In order to observe behavior of people as they joined lines, I assumed a position in the eatery area of the mall which provided a good vantage point of a variety of store fronts where lines routinely formed. Subjects Checklist from Rubric Setting Checklist from Grading Rubric 1. Appropriate information about subjects given research topic (e.g., age, gender, race) 2. Good details included 3. Number of subjects included 1. Appropriate setting description given research topic 2. Description of general geographic area 3. Good details included 4. Includes appropriate citations (if necessary) 6 Observational Methodology DIRECTIONS: PROPOSAL - Proposed Observational Methodology: Describe how you plan to conduct your observations in such a way that you will be able to answer your proposed research question. Include as much information as you can. You can modify before conducting your actual study; this is just to see if you are on the right track. Read the Observational Sessions section of the Final Paper instructions for more on what kinds of information to include for this section. NOTE: Proposed Observational Methodology will be replaced by Observational Methodology for the final paper. PROPOSAL EXAMPLE: Proposed Observational Methodology I plan to start my observations in downtown Pyeongtaek. This is a very busy urban area filled with shopping and market districts, as well as the train station, and all of these areas are full of clearly marked trash receptacles. My observations of people here will determine whether people litter in public places with available receptacles. I will then observe in the town square near my apartment, where there tends to be a lot of trash on the ground and no available trash receptacles. My observations of people here will determine if people are more likely to litter in public places without available receptacles. I also intend to note whether people are alone or with others when they either litter or deposit trash in an appropriate trash receptacle. DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER - Observational Methodology: In this section, explain how you engaged in your observation and detail the behaviors that you observed. Include information that is relevant to your research question and observational methodology. For example: How did you make your observations (making sure it’s clear that you are able to answer your research question based on these observations)? What day of the week and/or time of day did you make your observations? If you had multiple observational sessions, why did you do this and what made them different? What behaviors were you looking for? Did you code your observations in any way? How did you keep your observations from being noticed? [Formatting notes: This section may range from a paragraph to a page or so, depending on the topics discussed for your specific observation.] FINAL PAPER EXAMPLE: Observational Methodology My observations took place over two days. On the first day, I visited Anjeong-ri around 2:00 pm on a Sunday, observing for 3 hours. The Bazaar was in town. I chose to observe people from within a plaza area at a popular small restaurant where I could observe the people at the Bazaar across the street from the café. Food vendors could be found along the street, selling chicken on a stick. I watched as people ordered from those vendors, and ate their chicken, to see if those sticks would be thrown on the ground or disposed of properly. Despite there being a market set up here where people could buy food and other items, there was only one trash can in my viewing area. In addition, there was already plenty of trash on the ground, so many people comfortably added their trash to the bulk of it. I observed 11 people litter (5 were alone, 6 were with at least one other person) and 3 people used the trash can (all of the non-litterers were with other people). On the second day, I took a train to Myeong-Dong in Seoul, arriving during the afternoon. The time was approximately 3:30 pm. I thought it would be best to sit in the strip of the business district, for a better view of everyone’s behavior around the high-end outlets, stores, and restaurants. There were plenty of places to eat and buy water; however, this place was still very clean. Newer recycling bins and garbage cans sat strategically in convenient parts throughout the strip. As I carefully observed people who purchased food for three hours, I saw that not many people littered here. During my observation I saw 17 people put their trash in bins (9 were alone, 8 were with at least one other person) and 2 people littered (both were alone). Observational Methodology Checklist from Grading Rubric Proposal - Proposed Observational Methodology 1. Appropriate description and level of detail explaining how observations will be made 2. Planned observations address research question(s) 3. Does not contain extraneous information Final Paper - Observational Methodology 1. Appropriate description and level of detail explaining how observations were made 2. Observations address research questions 3. Does not contain extraneous information 7 Results & Conclusions DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER ONLY - Results & Conclusions: In this section, you will summarize the results of your observations and relate what you observed back to information reported in your Introduction section (with appropriate citations). For results, you should report some actual data (summary values, averages, and percentages are good to report, but raw data should not be included). Some observation topics will lend themselves more or less to including data (some students have actually included graphs or charts to illustrate what they observed; this is not required but is encouraged where appropriate). After reporting your results, explain what conclusion(s) you have drawn based on the results you obtained. Describe how appropriate social psychology theories, principles, or concepts help explain the results you have reported (with citations). Make sure you clearly state the answer to your research question(s). You should also include your personal opinion of your experience with this project, the observations, and results (e.g., Is there something you wish you had done differently? Is there something you’d like to see done as a next step in this research area?) [Formatting notes: This section will usually run about one page. You may include graphic summaries of data if your observations lend themselves to it, but this is not required. You may choose to combine this section with the preceding section to make an “Observational Methodology, Results, and Conclusions” section, or have a separate “Conclusions section” – as long as all the necessary information is included. See the “How APA-Style Citations and References Can Help You Prevent Plagiarism” at the end of the syllabus.] EXAMPLE: Results & Conclusions During my observations, I determined that more people (11/14 or 79%) littered in Anjeong-ri where there was a lack of trash receptacles than in Myeong-dong where trash receptacles were prevalent (2/19 or 11%). I believe the reason for this is because Anejeong-ri is not a clean place in comparison to Myeong-Dong, which is a clean and attractive area. This difference may be the result of social norms and cues. Many of our actions will be due to following what we have seen in the past (Saylor Academy, 2012), so if we are in an environment that is already littered, we are much more likely to litter, as opposed to an environment where littering is not the norm. Another reason for this may be due to what was in place to promote pro-social behavior. While Anjeong-ri had few trash bins, Myeong-Dong had a plethora of garbage bins within the strip of their business district and not only did they have garbage bins, they also had recycling bins, which helped to promote the pro-social behavior of recycling and proper disposal of waste, making such behavior a norm for the majority. I believe littering was a violation of social norms in Myeong-Dong, while in Anjeong-ri it was not because so many people had littered there already based on the trash already on the ground. From what I observed, it did not matter if people were alone or with other people when they littered. It was close to an even split in both locations; 7/13 or 54% littered alone and 6/13 or 46% littered with company. This surprised me because I expected there could be some social pressure from being with others while littering (Reich & Roberson, 1979). At least in my observation, what mattered was the norm for that particular setting. Additionally, I noticed that young males seemed to litter most, especially when in groups. One explanation for this is that that men litter more than women because they feel less responsible for environment impacts and consider recycling to be feminine (Brough, Wilkie, Ma, & Gal, 2016). But since gender differences was not something I set out to study, this could be an interesting topic for a later study. I have had similar personal experiences in the past. I found that I did not participate in much “green behavior” when I lived in Michigan; however, this changed when I relocated to Georgia. The reason why I stopped littering was because Georgia promoted prosocial behavior through their laws. When driving down an interstate, you could always find signs that said you would be fined $500 for illegal dumping and littering, which made me more environmentally aware. This could not be said for Michigan. Also, Georgia seemed to be a lot cleaner than Michigan from my experiences and you could always find public workers picking up trash, so there was just a big difference in norms that changed my littering behavior. I hope that more places take advantage of the findings of the research I reviewed, as well as observed, and install trash receptacles to promote cleaning up our environment. Results & Conclusion Checklist from Grading Rubric 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Appropriate description of behaviors observed Results reported address research question(s) Results linked back to literature reviewed in Introduction Results linked back to social psychology concepts presented in Introduction Conclusions properly related to results Personal opinion included about appropriate topics Does not contain extraneous information All information from external sources cited 8 References DIRECTIONS: PROPOSAL & FINAL PAPER - References: In this section, list the references you cited in your paper using proper APA style. Note that you must have references for all the abstracts included in your Literature Review, as well as any other citations you chose to include in your paper. There should be perfect 1:1 correspondence between information cited in your paper and references in your list. [Formatting notes: The reference list should appear on its own page. References should be double-spaced, listed in alphabetical order, and use hanging indentation. See the “How APA-Style Citations and References Can Help You Prevent Plagiarism” section at the end of the syllabus.] Proposal Note: The only required reference in your proposal is the abstract from your literature review, but if you include any other citations in your proposal, they must also be listed in references. FINAL PAPER EXAMPLE: References American Psychological Association. (2016, January 4). Self-esteem gender gap more pronounced in western countries. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/01/self-esteem-gender.aspx. Atherton, M. (2015). Measuring confidence levels of male and female students in open access enabling courses [Abstract]. Issues in Educational Research, 25(2), 81-98. Retrieved from http://www.iier.org.au/iier25/atherton.pdf Baumeister, R., Campbell, J., Krueger, J., & Vohs, K. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1529-1006.01431 Furnham, A., Badmin, N., & Sneade, I. (2002). Body image dissatisfaction: Gender differences in eating attitudes, self-esteem, and reasons for exercise. The Journal of Psychology, 136(6), 581-596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980209604820 Kearney-Cooke, A. (1999). Gender differences and self-esteem [Abstract]. The Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine, 2(3), 46-52. Retrieved from http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11252852. Kling, K., Hyde, J., Showers, C., & Buswell, B., (1999). Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis [Abstract]. Psychological Bulletin, 125(4), 470-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.4.470 Saylor Academy. (2012). Principles of social psychology. Retrieved from http://www.saylor.org/site/textbooks/Principles%20of%20Social%20Psychology.pdf APA Style Checklist from Grading Rubric 1. Perfect correspondence between citations & references 2. Perfect APA style in citations 3. Perfect APA style in references 9 Organization, Writing Quality & General Formatting Please make sure to carefully proofread your submissions for proper grammar, mechanics, and punctuation. If you struggle in any of these areas, I strongly suggest you submit your paper to UMUC’s Effective Writing Center and get feedback BEFORE submitting to me for grading. In the Proposal, you will begin documenting your intended observation of social behavior and submit it for review before engaging in the actual observation to make sure you are on the right track. The proposal should be written in future tense as you will not yet have engaged in the observation and should be about two doublespaced pages long. In the Final Paper, you will document your actual observational project. You should be able to modify information included in your proposal, but make sure that your final paper is written in past tense, as the project will now be complete. Appropriate content and quality writing are more important than length or quantity; however, I expect your paper will be somewhere around 10 pages long in its entirety in order to address all the requirements. DIRECTIONS: General Formatting: Your paper should be double-spaced, use 10-12 point font, and have 1-inch ragged-right margins, numbered pages, and indented paragraphs. You are to follow APA style for proper in-text and reference list citations (that means in the text whenever you are referencing someone else’s ideas and in the reference list that comes at the end of the paper), but APA style does NOT need to be followed otherwise as this is not a formal research paper (e.g., you may label the required sections in whatever format you like, as long as they are all included and clearly identified). Make sure you pay careful attention to your writing style - proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation, as well as organization, will be graded. Additional Organizational Information: You need to document the who, what, when, where, why, and how of your observational project in your paper, and this information should be included in only one section (take care to avoid redundancy). These topics apply to the sections of your paper like this: • • • • • • Introduction = Why Subjects = Who Setting = Where Methodology = When & How Results = What Conclusions = connects What you found (through Who, Where, When & How) back to the Why in the Introduction Depending on your particular topic, you may choose to combine some sections (e.g., Subjects & Setting are often presented together), but you still need to cover all the information clearly. Your goal is to make sure your reader understands your observational research project; putting appropriate information in appropriately labeled sections facilitates this mission. I hope this helps you better organize your writing. Writing & Formatting Checklist from Grading Rubric 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Excellent organization of information within all sections Proper transitions between ideas Lack of redundancy Perfect spelling Perfect grammar Perfect punctuation Proper formatting (e.g., double spaced, ragged right margins, paragraphs indented, pages numbered) Proper section headings
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