Leadership Steps Needed for Positive Organizational Changes for Upper Management Roles Paper

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ENY04

Business Finance

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The purpose of the research proposal is to explain the significance of your research project and your ability to carry it out. The proposal will also help you and your instructor see what parts of the project you have completed and what remains to be done. You can use the following outline for your proposal. Please double space your paper, use first line indent on all your paragraphs, and a 12-point standard font.

1) Introduction

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2) Research Questions – List 3-5 questions you plan to answer with this research paper.

3) Background and Discussion

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4) Annotated bibliography

You should have 10 relevant reliable sources for your paper and at least 5 of them should be from scholarly or academic sources. Please review the material in the “Library Resources” module in the Content area of the course for help with this section.

Each reference should have a 50-100 word annotation. The annotation should describe the type of reference (book, journal, website, etc.), the research findings, and how you plan to use the reference in your paper. Remember to use APA formatting for your sources.

Some of your references may change before your project is completed. You may decide not to use one or two of those listed or find an additional one or two, but this list should be most of your references.

5) Major Arguments – Develop at least 3 arguments for your thesis and write at least 100 words describing the basis for each of these points and the sources that support your argument. They should be related to the Research Questions above. See the Sample Proposal for a good example of how to do this.

6) Conclusion

Write a brief one paragraph summary of your topic and proposal.

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Topic Statement I am researching leadership steps needed for positive organizational changes to find out the necessary practices for those in upper management roles. My readers will be able to identify and know requirements needed for successful improvements in an organization. Problem statement How can leaders effectively increase positive change? In order to successfully lead you have to be open for change. Leadership requires the will to allow the need for change and also the ability to lead change. Some issues are that not enough upper management know the proper steps to lead. While most organizations know that change can be a positive advantage, some companies still are not receptive to change and as a result their organization declines. Portrayals of AIDS in Popular Culture and Their Impact on Community AIDS Outreach: A Research Proposal I. Introduction I am researching depictions of AIDS in popular culture to find out whether or not they are accurate reflections of people living with AIDS, whether or not these portrayals have an impact on community understanding and opinions of AIDS, and in turn, if there is a correlation, if it bears an impact on AIDS research and funding so that my readers are aware of the impact of popular culture on public opinion, funding and policy. Film and television have always sought to reflect the times in which they occur. Since the rise of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, it is impossible to ignore the disease in contemporary popular culture. However, because AIDS has been considered by many people to be an illness that only affects the margins of society, it has proven difficult to accurately represent the demographics affected through methods of fiction. While these portrayals have been commonly reviewed for their artistic merit, it is equally if not more important to cross compare them to determine their social impact. AIDS as an epidemic has permeated popular culture. Characters representing the AIDS affected community have evolved from single episode story arcs to the main characters of Academy Award winning films. An examination of these works compared to the public reception and immediate response may reveal a correlation between art and AIDS education and prevention. Finding that correlation opens a new set of tools that AIDS outreach programs can potentially use in their efforts to prevent the further spread of such a devastating illness. Additionally, it could show that an accurate portrayal of demographics affected by AIDS can assist in targeting messages of prevention to specific communities. Awareness education through the form of entertainment media is potentially a key weapon in the battle against a devastating epidemic. II. Research Questions: Are the demographic representations of AIDS patients in films and television programs accurate? How do these representations affect public awareness and understanding of the HIV/AIDS epidemic? How can entertainment be used to educate the public about the HIV/AIDS epidemic? III. Discussion Entertainment media has always been used as a vehicle to explore social problems. This use of media allows a community to relate to these problems without having to directly involve themselves in a social struggle. Since the Centers for Disease Control first clinically observed AIDS cases in the United States in 1991, entertainment media has explored the disease in film, television, and on stage. While the portrayals of people affected by AIDS are widespread, the demographic accuracy and the characterization of what it means to be living with AIDS have been less than accurate. Sociologists have examined these depictions of AIDS for their impact within at-risk communities as entertainment-education. This research has proven not only that targeted outreach can have a dramatic effect on public awareness and understanding of the epidemic, but that inaccuracies can breed a backlash against affected communities and promote behaviors that foster the further spread of AIDS. While over the past thirty years entertainment media has progressed in the accuracy of its portrayal of AIDS victims, it has yet to genuinely encapsulate and reach out to the highest at risk communities. IV. Annotated Bibliography Hart, K.P. (1999). Retrograde representation: The lone gay white male dying of AIDS on Beverly Hills, 90210. Journal of Men�s Studies, 7, 201-213. This is essay gives a qualitative examination of a three-episode story arc involving a character dying from AIDS on the 1990s television drama �Beverly Hills, 90201.� Hart criticizes the characterization of AIDS as being a �gay disease.� He also lambasts the program for appropriating the illness to create sympathy for a character who is not herself suffering from the illness, while simultaneously using unsafe sex between heterosexual couples as a device for entertainment. Hart, K.P. (2002). Representing Men with HIV/AIDS in American movies. Journal of Men�s Studies, 11, 77-89. This quantitative analysis examines 46 feature-length films produces during the first two decades of the American AIDS pandemic to examine the demographics of characters portrayed as HIV/AIDS positive. Hart�s finding reveal that the vast majority of HIV/AIDS positive roles are characterized as homosexual, white males, in contrast to the real world face of the illness. Hart also supposes a correlation between the misrepresentation of the disease and the marked increase in incident among heterosexual and minority populations. Johnson, M.A. (2013). More than pop culture: depictions of HIV in the media and the effect on viewer�s perception of risk. Journal of Homosexualtiy, 60, 1117-1142. This article examines sixteen episodes from contemporary dramatic television shows to determine the accuracy and the agency of AIDS portrayal in single-episode story lines. The author uses a narrative analysis of the storylines to determine whether or not each episode qualifies as affective entertainment-education. She also creates a frame to apply social cognitive theory to the consumption of education through media by teenagers and young adults. Kennedy, M.G., O�Leary, A., Beck, V., Pollard, K., Simpson, P. (2004). Increases in calls to the CDC National STD and AIDS Hotline following AIDS-related episodes in a soap opera. Journal of Communication, 54, 287-301. This article measured phone calls placed to a Centers for Disease Control created National STF and AIDS Hotline made during and after two episodes of day-time soap opera �The Bold and the Beautiful.� The episodes contained a storyline concerning HIV/AIDS, and CDC created public service announcements featuring the hotline�s toll free number aired during the commercial breaks. The study proved a correlated increase in hotline calls during periods where viewers were immediately confronted with information about HIV/AIDS. Murphy, M., (1988, October 22). The AIDS scare- what it�s done to Hollywood� and the TV you see. TV Guide, 4-9. In this entertainment expose, Murphy interviews Hollywood insiders, from actors to studio executives, about the impact of the AIDS epidemic on the entertainment industry. She explores the increase of AIDS related storylines in network television and their impact on public awareness. Alternatively, Murphy also delves into the backlash against gay men in the entertainment industry as fear and misunderstanding cloud public response to what it means to be living with AIDS. Musto, M. (2013, December/January). AIDS, interrupted. Advocate, 1070, 61-62. This magazine article examines the resurgence of AIDS as a plot topic in major Hollywood motion pictures. Musto focuses on �Dallas Buyers Club� and �Test.� While he lauds the heroic agency applied to main characters suffering from AIDS, the author is critical that the stories are set at the dawn of the AIDS pandemic in the 1980s. He expresses concern that this will mislead viewers to perceive the pandemic as a convention of the past. Pearl, M.B. (2007). Epics AIDS: Angels in America from stage to screen. Textual Practice, 21, 761-779. In the article the author applies artistic criticism to compare and contrast the original1993 stage production of Tony Kushner�s �Angels in America� against the 2003 HBO production that aired as a miniseries on cable television. Pearl uses the ten year gap to examine the different public opinion of the AIDS pandemic. She also uses it as a vehicle to examine the advancement in HIV/AIDS treatment between the early 1990s and the beginning of the 21st century. Pilipp, F., Shull, C. (1993). TV movies of the first decade of AIDS. Jounral of Popular Film & Television, 21, 19-26. This retrospective qualitative analysis examines the characterization of AIDS in madefor-TV movies during the first decade of the AIDS pandemic. The authors review four productions, finding nearly identical themes marginalizing HIV/AIDS as a �gay disease� and creating a story arc of personal redemption by the inflicted victim before his inevitable demise. They criticize this portrayal as both mischaracterizing the disease and the gay community. Treichler, P.A., (1989, October). Seduced and terrorized: AIDS and network television. Artforum, 147-151. Treichler uses this artistic review to make a critical examination of depictions of AIDS in both news media and entertainment. She introduces tropes such as �the staging of the epidemic� and �the ADS epidemic� to characterize the contrivance of public presentations to fit a predefined social construct of what AIDS means to American culture. While heavily biased against contemporary portrayals, Treichler does cite many specific examples to illustrate her criticism. Waites, K. J. (2006). Invisible woman: Herbert Ross� �Boys on the Side� puts HIV/AIDS and women in their place. Journal of Popular Culture, 39, 479-492. This social critique of Herbert Rodd�s 1995 film �Boys on the Side� examines the use role of gender in both the context of the HIV/AIDS community and contemporary motion picture norms. Waites criticizes the film for alleging to champion women in untraditional roles but eventually falling back on traditional gender roles in its conclusion. Additionally, she discounts the agency given to the portrayal of an AIDS victim as female due to the desexualization of that character. V. Major Arguments Point 1: When the HIV/AIDS epidemic first reached the United States, there were little to no option for treatment, affectively rendering a diagnosis as a death sentence. Additionally, the first population to be dramatically affected by the illness was the already largely oppressed homosexual community. This led to the majority of portrayals of people suffering from HIV/AIDS in popular culture as gay, white males who were inevitably killed by a disease characterized as a punishment for their deviant lifestyles. This myopic view of HIV/AIDS directly led to the rapid real-world spread of the disease into far broader communities. Point 2: As viable treatment options became available increasing the survival rate of men and women affected with HIV/AIDS, pop-cultural characterizations of the disease shifted from condemnations to death through deviancy to a less severe plot device used to drive entertainment. Additionally, demographic depictions of people living with AIDS expanded from solely gay, white males to women and people of color. However, these instances were still rare and have continued to misrepresent the methods through which the disease is contracted. There has also been a fictional diminishment of the severity of HIV/AIDS. Point 3: The social cognitive theory of entertainment-education describes the use of popular entertainment sources as a method of disseminating information to the public about social problems and educating people to methods that can protect and prevent the further promotion of said social problems. The CDC has proven that this is affective in AIDS education and prevention through targeted efforts using television programming to reach specific at-risk populations. Sociologists have also examined how non-coordinated efforts have spread misinformation about HIV/AIDS and promoted high-risk behaviors through negative portrayals of sexual relations between uninfected characters. VI. Conclusion While over the past thirty years entertainment media has progressed in the accuracy of its portrayal of AIDS victims, it has yet to genuinely encapsulate and reach out to the highest at risk communities. The retrospective sociological analysis of depictions of AIDS in popular culture, compared with the examinations of CDC data, illustrate the direct correlation between accuracy of fictional portrayals of HIV/AIDS and public understanding and perception of the disease.
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Running head: LEADERSHIP STEPS FOR POSITIVE ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES 1

Leadership steps for positive organizational changes
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Institutional Affiliation
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LEADERSHIP STEPS FOR POSITIVE ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES

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Introduction
Leadership, according to Haake, Rantatalo, and Lindberg, (2017), refers to the process by
which one person, or many people, called leaders, motivate or influence others to act towards
achieving particular objectives. A leader is the person who provides leadership and issues
commands, organizes, and directs the people in their group to attempt and achieve the goals
of an organization (Yukl & Yukl, 2002). There are numerous types of leadership styles like
autocratic, facilitative, democratic, and team leadership styles, among many others (Yukl &
Yukl, 2002). Authoritarian leadership involves the leader making their own decisions without
the consultation of their subordinates. Autocratic leadership style is not flexible. In
facilitative leadership, the leader communicates with the team, depending on the outcome of
their task. In essence, the leader will use a light touch with the group when the group is
performing well. Democratic leadership involves the leaders making decisions while
consulting with their subordinates and in team leadership, the leader creates vivid
descriptions of the team lead with them ensuring that their aides work with their hearts and
minds as a team (Yukl & Yukl, 2002).
According to Whicker (1996), ethical leadership will help in the guidance of people,
organizations, and assists people in making significant scale decisions that will keep the
world moving. Robbins, (2019) explains that there are qualities found in leaders that make
them get defined as good leaders which include excellent communication, the ability to
delegate, creativity, positivity, confidence, commitment, honesty, sense of humor and the
ability to inspire among others. There are several benefits for having good leadership in
organizations as Yukl & Yukl, (2002) assert since it is the most critical and influential
element in all businesses. Some of the benefits that come from good leadership include the
improved ability to succeed under pressure, increased emotional intelligence, improved
workforce productivity, growth in confidence of team members, enhanced creativity and

LEADERSHIP STEPS FOR POSITIVE ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES

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innovation and the creation of a dependable, reliable and competent workforce (Robbins,
2019). The demerits that come into an organization due to poor leadership include high
turnover, low morale, and lack of collaboration (Haake et al., 2017, p. 766).
In this article, primary research gets done on the leadership steps required for positive
organizational changes to find out the necessary practices for those in upper management
roles. Leadership requires the will to allow the need for change and also the ability to lead
change. Some issues are that not enough top management know the proper steps to guide.
While most organizations know that change can be a definite advantage, some companies still
are not receptive to change, and as a result, their organization declines. The principal aim of
the research is to ensure that the readers know and understand the requirements needed for
successful improvements in an organization. This research is vital since as Haake et al.,
(2017) assert, people, trust leaders that they can respect, a virtue that gets earned through the
qualities of a good leader mentioned above like honesty. The trust and confidence from the
subordinates translate to cooperative and collaborative assistants and successful attainment of
goals (Yukl & Yukl, 2002).
Research questions
This article aims at answering the questions of how leaders can effectively increase
positive changes, whether leadership can be measured, how leadership can be made useful,
and whether or not toxic leadership results in a company’s negative change.
Background and discussion
Leadership, as stated above, refers to the process by which one person, or many people,
called leaders, motivate or influence others to act towards achieving particular objectives. As
Learmonth (2018) asserts, leadership and management studies got taken up in the early

LEADERSHIP STEPS FOR POSITIVE ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES

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twentieth century, but the topic of leadership has been of interest since the dawn of man. In
this section, the historical context of leadership gets discussed, the definitions of key terms
related to administration get given, and the gap in which this research attempts to fill gets
stated.
Historical context
In the early twentieth century, one Frederick Winslow Taylor proposed that people
practice scientific management which, although not a leadership context, promoted leadership
to delegate duties through the division of labor. Taylor, as Learmonth, (2018) asserts,
believed that leaders were born and not made, and he thought that there was one form of
effective leadership, which was his proposed delegation through the division of labor. Before
the twentieth century, however, there were people like Niccolo Machiavelli who provided
manuals for rulers to aid them in keeping their power and leadership positions. Machiavelli,
as Learmonth, (2018) further explains, in his book The Prince, which got written in the early
sixteenth century, recommended that a leader is best feared than loved. As Storey (2016)
explains, the views of leadership were different among the people in all areas, with people
having various aspects of what direction ought to be. Reviews of the leadership perspectives
prompted researchers in the twentieth century to research the matter which led to the Trait
and Great man theories. The Great man theory is a leadership theory, which became popular
in the late nineteenth century, states that only certain people are born to lead, and situational
crisis makes...


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