7-1 Final Project Submission: Literature Review (Narcotic Violation) 1 CJ-300 Research Methods for CJ Nicole Obeni 06/23/2019 NARCOTIC VIOLATION 2 Narcotic violation is the unlawful purchase, distribution, sale, and manufacture of a controlled drug. According to American Public Health Association, which did a research on the public health aspect of drug abuse, shows the impact of drug misuse on public health, and it faults the current laws for the problem. According to the article, current U.S. drug laws are outdated and unsupportive of evidence-based practices in reducing the problem. The article is important to my topic because it shows the effects of narcotics violations on public health. It relates to other articles herein used in the sense that it extends on their ideas to include the impact of narcotics violations on public health. The article is a qualitative research paper clearly brings out various opinions of through participation, something that brings out its authenticity and encompasses the opinions and reasons of interviewed groups/ individuals. Bronson et al. (2017) research in their article about drug abuse among state prisoners and jail inmates, gives statistics on cases of drug use, abuse, and dependence in major prisons and correctional facilities. The statistics indicate a rising trend in these cases, and this is worrying especially considering the impacts this has on inmates’ health. The research presented in this article is related to narcotics violations because it shows the trend and prevalence of violations. The research is also related to other articles in the sense that it builds on them by outlining specific statistics. The methodology of quantitative chosen is advantageous as it gives definite figures on the number of inmates affected by drug abuse and the rising trend, this can, therefore, be used in prevention measures to be taken. The methodology is however disadvantageous as it does not address the underlying issues that lead to the figures obtained from the research. For example, it does not explain the reasons for the rising trends in drug about at the penitentiary. A qualitative research study conducted by Johnson et al. (2018) shows the widespread NARCOTIC VIOLATION Narcotic consumption in a Southwestern U.S. university campus. The study employed Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to establish an estimate of consumption rates of twelve narcotics in the study area, and the number of respondents was 80. The research relates to narcotics violates because it presents a model for estimating the consumption rates among students. The information presented agrees with the research by Bronson et al. (2017) on the increased prevalence of narcotics violations. The qualitative research was advantageous as the respondents were issuing their facts without any compromise of either having to pinpoint an individual or issue an accurate figure on the students involved. It is however disadvantageous as it would be very difficult to determine the actual extent of the drug use in the institution thereby making it difficult to design measures on how to tackle the issue. In their quantitative Journal of hazardous materials, Gushgar et al. (2018) summarize some of the factors that have caused the increasing rates of drug abuse. According to the article, the drug industry which includes pharmacists and doctors has gone rogue by making available narcotic drugs to potential abusers. Law enforcement that is supposed to protect against such occurrences "has gone to sleep," meaning it has failed. This research relates to my topic because it helps define the source of the problem. Thus, the article relates to the others herein used in the sense that it connects the problems to the source. This article is advantageous as it addresses the issue from the root course, giving facts and figures on where the problem starts. The authors went out of their way to investigate the root cause of the narcotic violation and found it to be those in charge of distributing the same drugs. However, the methodology used did not investigate/ research the issue fully, for example, there are other clients who come in with fake prescriptions in order to get their hands on certain drugs. It also does not talk about the main reason that leads the practitioners to make available narcotic drugs to potential abusers. 3 NARCOTIC VIOLATION 4 On their article about Anesthesia & Analgesia, Soelberg et al. (2018) research about the opioid crisis in the U.S. The article summarizes some of the causes of the crisis as well as how the various levels of government can work together to manage the crisis. The article relates to my topic because it not only provides statistics on narcotics violations, but it also shows the causes of these violations and what can be done to prevent further deterioration. The research agrees with Bronson et al. (2017) and Johnson et al. (2018) on the rising incidences of drug abuse, including fatalities, and the causes. The research combines a series of researches done previously and the fact that it is qualitative research, gives facts pertaining to both the causes and how well to manage narcotic violations. The article does not, however, issue the various agencies that are tasked with managing the spread of narcotics violations. Despite that, and not issuing actual figures, I believe the quality of the information in the article can best be used to prevent if not address the issue of narcotic violations. The data point applies to the research question in the way that the control was efficient to tackle the menace. The number of individuals addicted to the narcotic drugs which in turn are harmful to the body significantly reduced as per the research conducted. Studies show that due to the legislations enforced, the number of addicts has gone down meaning low consumption of the drug (Wisehart, 2019). Additionally, the International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR) recently released a report giving positive improvement in the fight against the abuse. The data point applies in the way that the penalties reduced the abusers. The research found out that there are heavy penalties imposed on the offenders which significantly led to the reduction in the human population engaging in the abuse. Such penalties that are even still in force include jailing of the abusers, heavy fines, and so on. Statistically, penalties as a form of control is effective in regulating drug abuse (Albonetti, 2016). NARCOTIC VIOLATION 5 Age was a significant component and applied in the research to know the age limit that embraced the narcotic violations and those that gave in concerning the abuse. The bigger portion was made up of the youth. Generally, youths are the part of the population that engage in abuse of the narcotic drugs (Schwinn et al., 2015). Also, the sampled population currently abusing the drugs had poor health status. The data point gives a clear picture of the drugs that were responsible for the addiction and narcotic violations at large. Methadone, morphine, marijuana, and heroin are examples of the dangerous drugs that affects the population in the community. Methadone and heroin were the major types of the drugs that majority of the population abused and as well had far-reaching consequences health wise. What is evident in the articles, is they all suggest in one way or the other, the increase in narcotic violations from schools, prisons, pharmacies, and other health care facilities. This trend if not addressed sooner or later might turn into a national disaster. The main objective of this article by Yamamoto & Ran (2013) is to conceptualize the role of a community newspaper in drug abuse violations and the negative effects either directly or indirectly. The author of the article has used social learning theory, which revolves around the learning process where the social structure, interaction and situations result in a deviant behavior from people. The research design in this article is a correctional design that explores the relationship between the community newspaper and drug violations. The main data collection is through random sampling of United Stated counties and the data was analyzed using OLS and negative binomial regression models. Conclusively, a declaration of no possible conflict of interest, as acknowledged by the author, in respect to the results, the research, and data collected. NARCOTIC VIOLATION 6 The article by Hsing (1996) is based on an analysis of arrests in 48 states regarding narcotics and illegal drug violations. The question in this study is determining the legal and policy implications of these arrests. The author of the article has used social control theory, which presumes that some people can get to an extent of devising and implementing any form of criminal activity. The author has used a descriptive design of research that seeks to describe the status of the given phenomenon. In my opinion, the research was done in an ethical manner and the author has copyrights to this research in order to protect the validity of the results. The article by Abeyratne (2008) has its research based on the objective of researching more trafficking of narcotics and illegal drugs through the air. According to the author, this problem has blown into unmanageable proportions thus; the main criminological theory used in this research is routine activities theory, which put forward that routine-based activities in the social order create openings for criminal actions. The author used descriptive design to answer the question of why air transport has increasingly been using to transport narcotics especially in countries like Mexico. This study used raw data to get results to their study so no ethical implications were raised in this case. Spapens, Müller, & van, (2015) provides a study, on a regulatory perspective, the Dutch drug policy on soft drug. The article empirical conclusions are based on statistical data from the year 1965-1970 of the prosecutions of violations of the Opium Act. The authors have also used strain theory where they have provided reasons to explain why people in Dutch engage in drugs. Therefore, there are no ethical implications in this research it is only based on existing data. The research answers whether the current situation in Dutch that revolves around the legalization of cannabis in Dutch thus the country becomes an example of other countries struggling with developing regulatory policies of soft drugs. NARCOTIC VIOLATION 7 Finally, the article by Bartilow (2014), answers the question on the correlation between drugs and narcotics war and human rights in the United States. The author uses Simultaneous Instrumental Variable Model that is designed to yield equitable estimates, which mainly relies more on the existing research and data. Phenomenology, a type of qualitative research design, which provides the study of phenomena such as experiences, events, and situations have been used in this study to show the results of war on drugs and narcotics to the human rights. Therefore, no ethical implications are highlighted in this research. Methods have been put in place to regulate narcotic violation, some of them are the Act of Controlled Substances which is part of the federal statute, and it is responsible for regulating the manufacturing as well as the distribution of the controlled substances like narcotics. Narcotic violation is viewed by the general population along with the media as a medico-criminal issue, the likely future pattern. A good attention deal is focused towards the changing epidemiology together with sociology for narcotic abuse since the changes with the government policy are not intelligible without the knowledge of a changing demographic along with social backgrounds for users themselves (Courtwright, Joseph, and Des Jarlais, 2013). There have been many debates due to the narcotic violation, with some individuals supporting the policies put in place to address the violation while others are opposing the policies. Those supporting the policies argue that these policies have a track record that is successful suppressing the use of the illicit drug because they were developed one hundred years ago. They support these policies put in place to address the narcotic violation because the violation has highly increased, which affects many young people aged between 14 years to 25 years. While the people who opposes the policies for addressing the violation of narcotics argue that the spectacular drives by police, stringent laws, vigorous prosecution along with addicts as NARCOTIC VIOLATION well as peddler’s imprisonment has proved to be useless, enormously expensive ways of correcting the evil, unjustifiably as well as unbelievably cruel at their application towards the unfortunate victims of drug. The negative aspects of narcotic violation are not balanced to the positive outcomes because you find that the negative aspects are many and have more severe impacts to the health of a person as compared to the positive results. For instance, whenever individuals use drugs, they manipulate the pleasure as well as a reward system within their brain to gain some advantage, as well as more than the perceived benefit. The drugs such as narcotic tap inside the wiring along with modifying the users' feelings for pleasure together with their emotion, movement along with motivation (West and Brown, 2013). Several hard drugs like narcotic may have around two to ten times impact to the natural behaviors at triggering the users' pleasure along with reward Centre. The strong response makes the users take narcotic drugs repeatedly. Thus the repeated use, mostly at high doses, is mainly associated with considerable harm. Some of the harms are caused by using more narcotic in one time, i.e., violation of narcotics as well as try being immediate. The harms caused by the violation of narcotic are; injury, heart disease, cancer as well as even death if one continues violating the drugs and do not seek medical attention. Individuals can make changes in their lives to reduce the negative aspects as well as positive outcomes brought up by narcotic violation through seeking medical attention as well as abiding by the policies put in place by the state to curb the abuse of narcotics. For instance, specialized treatment may break the drug use cycle along with the bad behaviors which ensue among the long-term drug users. The treatment goes far up to the extent of ending the drug use, although this requires close medical supervision. The treatment is done through; detoxification, 8 NARCOTIC VIOLATION 9 treatment assistant through medication, behavioral counseling, evaluation as well as co-occurring disorders treatment and the relapse prevention long-term plan (Klingemann, Sobell, Barker, Blomqvist, Cloud, Ellinstad and Junker, 2012). NARCOTIC VIOLATION 10 References Courtwright, D. T., Joseph, H., & Des, Jarlais, D. (2013). Addicts who survived: An oral history of Narcotic use in America before 1965. Univ. of Tennessee Press. Klingemann, H., Sobell, L. C., Barker, J., Blomqvist, J., Cloud, W., Ellinstad, T., & Junker, C. (2012). Promoting self-change from problem substance use: Practical implications for policy, prevention, and treatment. Springer Science & Business Media. West, R., & Brown, J. (2013). Theory of addiction. John Wiley & Sons. Abeyratne, R. (2008). The illicit transport of narcotic drugs by air. Journal of Transportation Security, 1(4), 229-255. Bartilow, H. A. (2014). DRUG WARS COLLATERAL DAMAGE: US counternarcotic aid and human rights in the americas. Latin American Research Review, 49(2), 24-46,295,299. Hsing, Y. (1996). An analysis of arrests regarding illegal drugs: The determinants and policy implications. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 55(1), 53. Spapens, T., Müller, T., & van, d. B. (2015). The Dutch drug policy from a regulatory perspective. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 21(1), 191-205. Yamamoto, M., & Ran, W. (2013). Drug abuse violations in communities: Community newspapers as a macro-level source of social control. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(4), 629-651 American Public Health Association. (2013). Defining and implementing a public health response to drug use and misuse. Policy, (201312). Bronson, J., Stroop, J., Zimmer, S., & Berzofsky, M. (2017). Drug use, dependence, and abuse among state prisoners and jail inmates, 2007–2009. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. NARCOTIC VIOLATION 11 Albonetti, C. A. (2016). Mandatory minimum penalties. Advancing Criminology and Criminal Justice Policy, 155. Schwinn, T. M., Thom, B., Schinke, S. P., & Hopkins, J. (2015). Preventing drug use among sexual-minority youths: findings from a tailored, web-based intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(5), 571-573. Wisehart, D. (2019). Drug Control and International Law. Routledge. Gushgari, A. J., Driver, E. M., Steele, J. C., & Halden, R. U. (2018). Tracking narcotics consumption at a Southwestern US university campus by wastewater-based epidemiology. Journal of hazardous materials, 359, 437-444. Johnson, M., Eriator, I., & Rodenmeyer, K. (2018). Backstories on the US opioid epidemic. Good intentions went bad, an industry has gone rogue, and watchdogs gone to sleep. The American journal of medicine, 131(6), 595-601. Soelberg, C. D., Brown, R. E., Du Vivier, D., Meyer, J. E., & Ramachandran, B. K. (2017). The US opioid crisis: current federal and state legal issues. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 125(5), 1675-1681. Running head: SCIENTIFIC METHOD CJ-300 Research Methods of CJ Nicole Obeni 5/21/19 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1 Scientific Method Research is a crucial undertaking that is used by scientists to systematically investigate a phenomenon and answer a particular question. A research project usually aims at understating a particular problem that the scientist is interested in and from which they are to provide solutions to a problem (Osterburg, 2000). Scientists come up with theories and hypotheses that are usually tested in a research project using various approaches. Scientific method in psychological studies is an approach used in conducting a research study in order to understand the psychological aspects of a study group or population in which the researcher is interested in. A psychological research projects usually aims at understanding the behavioral patterns of a particular study population with respect to the cognitive and biological properties. Scientific method helps a researcher to conduct the research in a systematic manner. The approach starts by derivation of educated guesses that will provide the fundamentals for the hypotheses and the study variables which will be measured. The research can collect data through an experimental study or case study description while testing the theories. Writing the report is considered a crucial part in scientific research that involves documenting the research exercise that will discuss the findings of the research. In order for a researcher to document the findings, they need to conduct a background study on the topic which in chosen. The background study analyses the problem from which the research project is based and also provide a justification for the need of the research undertaking (Nuzzo, 2014). The background analysis is considered as the beginning of a research report and usually comes in the first chapter to provide the goals and objectives of the research. A literature review of similar research and theory justification is also reported in the second chapter of a report as well as the research gap. SCIENTIFIC METHOD 2 The research report will document the research methodologies used in data collection and analysis in the third chapter. The researcher discusses the findings of the data collection process in details using various data presentation and analysis methods such as tables, charts and graphs (Richard, 2013). The results of the study are used to justify the theory or reject the hypothesis. SCIENTIFIC METHOD 3 References Nuzzo, R. (2014). Scientific method: statistical errors. Nature News, 506(7487), 150. Osterburg, J. W. (2000). The scientific method and criminal investigation. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 9(2), 135–142. Richard, T. (2013). Qualitative versus quantitative methods: Understanding why qualitative methods are superior for criminology and criminal justice. SCIENTIFIC METHOD 4 [Title of Your Paper] Header 2 References 5-2 Journal: Literature Review on Cybercrimes CJ-300 Research Methods for CJ Nicole Obeni 6/6/2019 Most criminals engage in cybercrimes to generate profit through cyber extortion or to destroy the reputation of an organization, its clients, and employees. Cybercrimes have evolved at a fast pace since the internet and new technologies have facilitated the increase in these crimes. Studies have shown that cybercrime has some serious impact on society since they LITERATURE REVIEW ON CYBER CRIMES 2 promote economic disrupt, psychological disorder and they become a threat to the defense of the nation. Cybercrime offenses may be in the form of activities like phishing, spamming, identity theft and cyberstalking are advancing every other day. Hence, this requires governments to be vigilant by identifying ways of handling such cases. In a case study on social media fraud (SMF) the authors Paquet-Clouston et al., (2018) reveal that the profits from cybercrime have motivated many online offenders mainly the youths to indulge in these heinous acts. The authors point out that offenders normally get assistance from online illicit markets where they advance their skills by engaging in illegal buying and selling of data. The authors have used facts to emphasize that social response to cybercrime is low which is why there are many online offenses. In a recent journal by Gravrock (2019), it is evident that poor security measures have allowed cybercriminals to attack vulnerable systems. This source generally provides a profound understanding of the advanced approaches that help them avoid being detected by authorities. With that in mind, the common theme in these two sources is the presence of system vulnerabilities which has made it easy for the offenders to acquire unauthorized information. The authors hence conclude that offenders are usually aware of the level of security integrated into organizations’ information systems. Therefore, they have emphasized the need for advanced security auto updates that keeps the security systems up to date with the latest security threat. References Gravrock, E. (2019) Here are the biggest cybercrime trends of 2019. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/03/here-are-the-biggestcybercrime-trends-of-2019/ LITERATURE REVIEW ON CYBER CRIMES 3 Paquet-Clouston, M., Décary-Hétu, D., & Bilodeau, O. (2018). Cybercrime is whose responsibility? A case study of an online behavior system in crime. Global Crime, 19(1), 1-21.
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