Official website of the Department of Homeland Security
U.S. Department of
Homeland Security
Presidential Policy Directive / PPD8: National Preparedness
Presidential Policy Directive / PPD-8 is aimed at strengthening the security and resilience of
the United States through systematic preparation for the threats that pose the greatest risk to
the security of the nation, including acts of terrorism, cyber attacks, pandemics, and
catastrophic natural disasters.
FEMA.gov: Learn more about Presidential Policy Directive / PPD-8
(http://www.fema.gov/learn-about-presidential-policy-directive-8)
Presidential Policy Directive 8 (#)
March 30, 2011
PRESIDENTIAL POLICY DIRECTIVE/PPD-8
SUBJECT: National Preparedness
This directive is aimed at strengthening the security and resilience of the United States
through systematic preparation for the threats that pose the greatest risk to the security of the
Nation, including acts of terrorism, cyber attacks, pandemics, and catastrophic natural
disasters. Our national preparedness is the shared responsibility of all levels of government,
the private and nonprofit sectors, and individual citizens. Everyone can contribute to
safeguarding the Nation from harm. As such, while this directive is intended to galvanize
action by the Federal Government, it is also aimed at facilitating an integrated, all-of-Nation,
capabilities-based approach to preparedness.
Therefore, I hereby direct the development of a national preparedness goal that identifies the
core capabilities necessary for preparedness and a national preparedness system to guide
activities that will enable the Nation to achieve the goal. The system will allow the Nation to
track the progress of our ability to build and improve the capabilities necessary to prevent,
protect against, mitigate the effects of, respond to, and recover from those threats that pose
the greatest risk to the security of the Nation.
The Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism shall coordinate
the interagency development of an implementation plan for completing the national
preparedness goal and national preparedness system. The implementation plan shall be
submitted to me within 60 days from the date of this directive, and shall assign departmental
responsibilities and delivery timelines for the development of the national planning
frameworks and associated interagency operational plans described below.
National Preparedness Goal (#)
Within 180 days from the date of this directive, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall
develop and submit the national preparedness goal to me, through the Assistant to the
President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism. The Secretary shall coordinate this
effort with other executive departments and agencies, and consult with State, local, tribal,
and territorial governments, the private and nonprofit sectors, and the public.
The national preparedness goal shall be informed by the risk of specific threats and
vulnerabilities – taking into account regional variations - and include concrete, measurable,
and prioritized objectives to mitigate that risk. The national preparedness goal shall define
the core capabilities necessary to prepare for the specific types of incidents that pose the
greatest risk to the security of the Nation, and shall emphasize actions aimed at achieving an
integrated, layered, and all-of-Nation preparedness approach that optimizes the use of
available resources. The national preparedness goal shall reflect the policy direction outlined
in the National Security Strategy (May 2010), applicable Presidential Policy Directives,
Homeland Security Presidential Directives, National Security Presidential Directives, and
national strategies, as well as guidance from the Interagency Policy Committee process. The
goal shall be reviewed regularly to evaluate consistency with these policies, evolving
conditions, and the National Incident Management System.
National Preparedness System (#)
The national preparedness system shall be an integrated set of guidance, programs, and
processes that will enable the Nation to meet the national preparedness goal. Within 240 days
from the date of this directive, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall develop and submit a
description of the national preparedness system to me, through the Assistant to the President
for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism. The Secretary shall coordinate this effort with
other executive departments and agencies, and consult with State, local, tribal, and territorial
governments, the private and nonprofit sectors, and the public.
The national preparedness system shall be designed to help guide the domestic efforts of all
levels of government, the private and nonprofit sectors, and the public to build and sustain
the capabilities outlined in the national preparedness goal. The national preparedness system
shall include guidance for planning, organization, equipment, training, and exercises to build
and maintain domestic capabilities. It shall provide an all-of-Nation approach for building and
sustaining a cycle of preparedness activities over time.
The national preparedness system shall include a series of integrated national planning
frameworks, covering prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery. The
frameworks shall be built upon scalable, flexible, and adaptable coordinating structures to
align key roles and responsibilities to deliver the necessary capabilities. The frameworks shall
be coordinated under a unified system with a common terminology and approach, built
around basic plans that support the all-hazards approach to preparedness and functional or
incident annexes to describe any unique requirements for particular threats or scenarios, as
needed. Each framework shall describe how actions taken in the framework are coordinated
with relevant actions described in the other frameworks across the preparedness spectrum.
The national preparedness system shall include an interagency operational plan to support
each national planning framework. Each interagency operational plan shall include a more
detailed concept of operations; description of critical tasks and responsibilities; detailed
resource, personnel, and sourcing requirements; and specific provisions for the rapid
integration of resources and personnel.
All executive departments and agencies with roles in the national planning frameworks shall
develop department-level operational plans to support the interagency operational plans, as
needed. Each national planning framework shall include guidance to support corresponding
planning for State, local, tribal, and territorial governments.
The national preparedness system shall include resource guidance, such as arrangements
enabling the ability to share personnel. It shall provide equipment guidance aimed at
nationwide interoperability; and shall provide guidance for national training and exercise
programs, to facilitate our ability to build and sustain the capabilities defined in the national
preparedness goal and evaluate progress toward meeting the goal.
The national preparedness system shall include recommendations and guidance to support
preparedness planning for businesses, communities, families, and individuals.
The national preparedness system shall include a comprehensive approach to assess national
preparedness that uses consistent methodology to measure the operational readiness of
national capabilities at the time of assessment, with clear, objective and quantifiable
performance measures, against the target capability levels identified in the national
preparedness goal.
Building and Sustaining Preparedness (#)
The Secretary of Homeland Security shall coordinate a comprehensive campaign to build and
sustain national preparedness, including public outreach and community-based and privatesector programs to enhance national resilience, the provision of Federal financial assistance,
preparedness efforts by the Federal Government, and national research and development
efforts.
National Preparedness Report (#)
Within 1 year from the date of this directive, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall submit
the first national preparedness report based on the national preparedness goal to me,
through the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism. The
Secretary shall coordinate this effort with other executive departments and agencies and
consult with State, local, tribal, and territorial governments, the private and nonprofit sectors,
and the public. The Secretary shall submit the report annually in sufficient time to allow it to
inform the preparation of my Administration’s budget.
Roles and Responsibilities (#)
The Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism shall periodically
review progress toward achieving the national preparedness goal.
The Secretary of Homeland Security is responsible for coordinating the domestic all-hazards
preparedness efforts of all executive departments and agencies, in consultation with State,
local, tribal, and territorial governments, nongovernmental organizations, private-sector
partners, and the general public; and for developing the national preparedness goal.
The heads of all executive departments and agencies with roles in prevention, protection,
mitigation, response, and recovery are responsible for national preparedness efforts,
including department-specific operational plans, as needed, consistent with their statutory
roles and responsibilities.
Nothing in this directive is intended to alter or impede the ability to carry out the authorities
of executive departments and agencies to perform their responsibilities under law and
consistent with applicable legal authorities and other Presidential guidance. This directive
shall be implemented consistent with relevant authorities, including the Post-Katrina
Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 and its assignment of responsibilities with
respect to the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Nothing in this directive is intended to interfere with the authority of the Attorney General or
Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation with regard to the direction, conduct, control,
planning, organization, equipment, training, exercises, or other activities concerning domestic
counterterrorism, intelligence, and law enforcement activities.
Nothing in this directive shall limit the authority of the Secretary of Defense with regard to the
command and control, planning, organization, equipment, training, exercises, employment,
or other activities of Department of Defense forces, or the allocation of Department of Defense
resources.
If resolution on a particular matter called for in this directive cannot be reached between or
among executive departments and agencies, the matter shall be referred to me through the
Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism.
This directive replaces Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD)-8 (National
Preparedness), issued December 17, 2003, and HSPD-8 Annex I (National Planning) (/hspd-8annex-1) , issued December 4, 2007, which are hereby rescinded, except for paragraph 44 of
HSPD-8 Annex I. Individual plans developed under HSPD-8 and Annex I remain in effect until
rescinded or otherwise replaced.
Definitions (#)
For the purposes of this directive:
(a) The term "national preparedness" refers to the actions taken to plan, organize, equip,
train, and exercise to build and sustain the capabilities necessary to prevent, protect against,
mitigate the effects of, respond to, and recover from those threats that pose the greatest risk
to the security of the Nation.
(b) The term "security" refers to the protection of the Nation and its people, vital interests,
and way of life.
(c) The term "resilience" refers to the ability to adapt to changing conditions and withstand
and rapidly recover from disruption due to emergencies.
(d) The term "prevention" refers to those capabilities necessary to avoid, prevent, or stop a
threatened or actual act of terrorism. Prevention capabilities include, but are not limited to,
information sharing and warning; domestic counterterrorism; and preventing the acquisition
or use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). For purposes of the prevention framework
called for in this directive, the term "prevention" refers to preventing imminent threats.
(e) The term "protection" refers to those capabilities necessary to secure the homeland
against acts of terrorism and manmade or natural disasters. Protection capabilities include,
but are not limited to, defense against WMD threats; defense of agriculture and food; critical
infrastructure protection; protection of key leadership and events; border security; maritime
security; transportation security; immigration security; and cybersecurity.
(f) The term "mitigation" refers to those capabilities necessary to reduce loss of life and
property by lessening the impact of disasters. Mitigation capabilities include, but are not
limited to, community-wide risk reduction projects; efforts to improve the resilience of critical
infrastructure and key resource lifelines; risk reduction for specific vulnerabilities from natural
hazards or acts of terrorism; and initiatives to reduce future risks after a disaster has occurred.
(g) The term "response" refers to those capabilities necessary to save lives, protect property
and the environment, and meet basic human needs after an incident has occurred.
(h) The term "recovery" refers to those capabilities necessary to assist communities affected
by an incident to recover effectively, including, but not limited to, rebuilding infrastructure
systems; providing adequate interim and long-term housing for survivors; restoring health,
social, and community services; promoting economic development; and restoring natural and
cultural resources.
BARACK OBAMA
Last Published Date: August 14, 2018
DEFINITIONS OF
COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE: AN
ANALYSIS
A CARRI Report
Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013
Page 2 of 14
DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY RESILIENCE:
AN ANALYSIS
A CARRI Report
INTRODUCTION
Resilience (derived from the Latin resalire, to spring back) has become an important term in the
language of many disciplines ranging from psychology to ecology. Unfortunately, there is no
commonly accepted definition of resilience that is used across all disciplines. The purpose of
this note is to analyze the more widely used definitions in terms of their core concepts. The
definitions which are most valuable in terms of improving the ability of communities to recover
after disasters explicitly or implicitly contain the following five core concepts:
Attribute:
resilience is an attribute of the community.
Continuing:
a community’s resilience is an inherent and dynamic part of the
community.
Adaptation:
the community can adapt to adversity.
Trajectory:
adaptation leads to a positive outcome for the community relative to its
state after the crisis, especially in terms of its functionality.
Comparability: the attribute allows communities to be compared in terms of their
ability to positively adapt to adversity.
DEFINITIONS
The term resilience was first used in the physical sciences to denote the behavior of a spring. In
the 1970’s and 1980’s, resilience was adapted by the ecological and psychological communities to
describe somewhat different phenomena.
In psychology, the term was used to describe groups that did not change behavior in
spite of adversity (e.g., Werner).
In ecology, the term was used to describe ecosystems that continued to function more or
less the same in spite of adversity (most notably Holling).
Resilience began being used in terms of disasters, especially by the engineering community
(particularly referring to physical infrastructure), in the 1980’s, and was related to the concept of
being able to absorb and recover from a hazardous event. Since that time, hybrid definitions
Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013
Page 3 of 14
have arisen that combine the engineering with the ecological, or the ecological with the
behavioral.
Table 1 contains many of the most widely recognized definitions of resilience relevant to
communities. The definitions generally reflect how the community responds to some adverse
event, a crisis. However, there are significant differences that transcend their original intended
domain of use. Thus, while one could simply categorize the definitions in terms of domains (as
indicated in the Table), it is probably more useful to look for themes among the core concepts
within the definitions that can be used for classification.
One way the definitions can be classified is by contrasting “Being vs Becoming.” Many of the
ontological definitions of resilience begin with “the ability to ...,” for example, those of Brown,
Pfefferbaum, and Adger, i.e., resilience is an attribute of the community.
Others take a
phenomenological view of resilience as a process – most notably Norris, but also Sonn, and the
Centre for Community Enterprise.
TABLE 1
DEFINITIONS OF RESILIENCE
First author, year
Gordon, 1978
Domain
Physical
Definition
The ability to store strain energy and deflect
elastically under a load without breaking or being
deformed
Bodin, 2004
Physical
The speed with which a system returns to
equilibrium after displacement irrespective of how
many oscillations are required
Holling, 1973
Ecological
The persistence of relationships within a system; a
system
measure of the ability of systems to absorb changes
of state variables, driving variables, and parameters,
and still persist
Holling, 1995
Ecological
Buffer capacity or the ability of a system to absorb
system
perturbation, or the magnitude of disturbance that
can be absorbed before a system changes its
structure
Abel, 2001
Ecological
system
The ability to persist through future disturbances
Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013
Waller, 2001
Page 4 of 14
Ecological
Positive adaptation in response to adversity; it is not
system
the absence of vulnerability, not an inherent
characteristic, and not static
Brock, 2002
Ecological
The transition probability between states as a
system
function of the consumption and production
activities of decision makers
Klein, 2003
Ecological
The ability of a system that has undergone stress to
system
recover and return to its original state; more
precisely (i) the amount of disturbance a system can
absorb and still remain within the same state or
domain of attraction and (ii) the degree to which the
system is capable of self-organization
Anderies, 2004
Ecological
The amount of change or disruption that is required
system
to transform the maintenance of a system from one
set of mutually reinforcing processes and structures
to a different set of processes and structures
Ott, 2004
Walker, 2004
Ecological
Maintenance of natural capital (as the basis for
system
social systems' functioning) in the long run
Ecological
The capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and
system
reorganize while undergoing change so as to still
retain essentially the same function, structure,
identity, and feedbacks
Adger, 2005
Ecological
The capacity of linked social-ecological systems to
system
absorb recurrent disturbances ... so as to retain
essential structures, functions, and feedbacks
Longstaff, 2005
Ecological
The ability by an individual, group, or organization
system
to continue its existence (or remain more or less
stable)
in
the
face
of
some
sort
of
surprise….Resilience is found in systems that are
highly adaptable (not locked into specific strategies)
and have diverse resources
Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013
Resilience Alliance, 2006
Page 5 of 14
Ecological
The capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and
system
reorganize while undergoing change so as to still
retain essentially the same function, structure and
feedbacks—and therefore the same identity.
Resilience Alliance, 2009
Ecological
The capacity of a system to tolerate disturbance
system
without collapsing into a qualitatively different
state that is controlled by a different set of
processes.
Adger, 2000
Ecological
The ability of communities to withstand external
and social
shocks to their social infrastructure
systems
Adger, 2003
Ecological
The ability to persist (i.e., to absorb shocks and
and social
stresses and still maintain the functioning of society
systems
and the integrity of
ability
to
ecological systems) and the
adapt
to
change,
unforeseen
circumstances, and risks
Comfort, 1999
Community
The capacity to adapt existing resources and skills
to new systems and operating conditions
Mileti, 1999
Community
(The ability to) withstand an extreme event without
suffering devastating losses, damage, diminished
productivity, or quality of life without a large amount of
assistance from outside the community
Bruneau, 2003
Community
The ability of social units to mitigate hazards,
contain the effects of disasters when they occur, and
carry out recovery activities in ways that minimize
social disruption and mitigate the effects of future
earthquakes
Godschalk, 2003
Community
A sustainable network of physical systems and
human communities, capable of managing extreme
events; during disaster, both must be able to survive
and function under extreme stress
Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013
Timmerman, 1981
Community
Page 6 of 14
A system's capacity to absorb and recover from the
occurrence of a hazardous event; reflective of a
society's ability to cope and to continue to cope in
the future
Wildavsky, 1991
Community
The capacity to cope with unanticipated dangers
after they have become manifest, learning to bounce
back
Brown, 1996
Community
The ability to recover from or adjust easily to
misfortune or sustained life stress
Sonn, 1998
Community
The process through which mediating structures
(schools, peer groups, family) and activity settings
moderate the impact of oppressive systems
Paton, 2001
Community
The capability to bounce back and to use physical
and economic resources effectively to aid recovery
following exposure to hazards
Center
for
Community Community
Enterprise, 2000
Intentional action to enhance the personal and
collective capacity of its citizens and institutions to
respond to, and influence the course of social and
economic change
Chenoweth, 2001
Community
The ability to respond to crises in ways that
strengthen community bonds, resources, and the
community's capacity to cope
Ganor, 2003
Community
The ability of individuals and communities to deal
with a state of continuous long term stress; the
ability to find unknown inner strengths and
resources in order to cope effectively; the measure
of adaptation and flexibility
Kofinas, 2003
Community
social
resilience
Two types of social resilience: (1) a social system's
capacity to facilitate human efforts to deduce the
trends of change, reduce vulnerabilities, and
facilitate adaptation; and (2) the capacity of a
[social-ecological
system]
modes of economic activity
to
sustain
preferred
Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013
Quinlan, 2003
Community
Page 7 of 14
Resilience consists of (1) the amount of change a
system can undergo and still retain essentially the
same structure, function, identity, and feedbacks on
function and structure, (2) the degree to which a
system is capable of self-organization (and reorganize after disturbance), and (3) the degree to
which a system expresses capacity for learning and
adaptation
Ahmed, 2004
Community
The development of material, physical, sociopolitical, socio-cultural, and psychological resources
that promote safety of residents and buffer
adversity
Kimhi, 2004
Community
Individuals’ sense of the ability of their own
community to deal successfully with the ongoing
political violence
Coles, 2004
Community
A community’s capacities, skills, and knowledge
that allow it to participate fully in recovery from
disasters
Allenby, 2005
Community
The capability of a system to maintain its function
and structure in the face of internal and external
change and to degrade gracefully when it must
Gunderson, 2005
Community
The return or recovery time of a social-ecological
system, determined by (1) that system's capacity for
renewal in a dynamic environment and (2) people's
ability to learn and
change (which, in turn, is
partially determined by the institutional context for
knowledge sharing, learning, and management, and
partially by the social capital among people)
Pfefferbaum, 2005
Community
The ability of community members to take
meaningful, deliberate, collective action to remedy
the impact of a problem, including the ability to
interpret the environment, intervene, and move on
Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013
Page 8 of 14
Subcommittee on Disaster Community
The capacity of a system, community, or society
Reduction, 2005
potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting
Society
or changing, in order to reach and maintain an
acceptable level of functioning and structure
UN/ISDR, 2005
Community
The capacity of a system, community or society
potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting
or changing in order to reach and maintain an
acceptable level of functioning and structure
Perrings, 2006
Community
The ability of the system to withstand either market
or environmental shocks without losing the capacity
to allocate resources efficiently
Liu, 2007
Community
The capability to retain similar structures and
functioning
after
disturbances
for
continuous
development
Norris, 2008
Community
Individual
Rose, 2007
Economic
A process linking a set of adaptive capacities to a
positive trajectory of functioning and adaptation
after a disturbance
(Dynamic) Resilience: the speed at which an entity
or system recovers from a severe shock to achieve a
desired state
Static economic resilience: the ability of an entity or
system
to
maintain
function
(e.g.,
continue
producing) when shocked
Inherent resilience: the ability to deal with crises
Adaptive resilience:
the ability (of an entity or
system) in crisis situations to maintain function on
the basis of ingenuity or extra effort
Masten, 1990
Individual
The process of, capacity for, or outcome of
successful
adaptation
despite
challenging
threatening circumstances Individual
or
Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013
Egeland, 1993
Individual
Page 9 of 14
The capacity for successful adaptation, positive
functioning,
or
competence…despite
high-risk
status, chronic stress, or following prolonged or
severe trauma
Butler, 2007
Individual
Good adaptation under extenuating circumstances;
a recovery trajectory that returns to baseline
functioning following a challenge
Another way to classify the definitions is by “Adaptation vs Resistance.”
Most of the
definitions reflect the idea of adaptation to cope with adversity. The community adapts to
adversity by changing how it functions, or by using resources in innovative ways. A converse
view is that the community resists adversity (or expends resources) to avoid change, and its
resilience is reflected by how much adversity it can withstand without collapsing or
dramatically changing (e.g., Anderies and Ott).
A third way to classify the definitions is in terms of “Trajectory.” Many of the ecologicallyderived definitions (Resilience Alliance) are focused on whether or not the community changes
in the face of adversity, and do not try to evaluate whether the change is an improvement or
not. Pushed to the extreme, these definitions cluster around the black-and-white idea that if a
community survives adversity it is resilient, if it does not it is not. On the other hand, most of
the other definitions consider the trajectory of the community’s response to adversity (e.g.,
Waller), i.e., resilience implies regaining functionality after a crisis.
The definitions can also be classified in terms of “Predictability.” Some of the definitions lend
themselves to comparisons among communities (e.g., Bruneau). In effect, this type of definition
often can be used to predict how well a community will be able to regain functionality
compared to others.
Other definitions are not very useful for making predictions, either
because they imply that resilience can only be perceived after the fact (Butler), or because of the
subjective nature of the definition (Kimhi).
Finally, the definitions can also be compared in terms of what they imply about the temporal
nature of resilience. Some of the definitions view resilience as an emergent property that appears
only in the wake of a crisis (Butler). Others, primarily those that view resilience as a process of
responding to adversity, also ascribe an after-the-crisis characteristic to it. These are in contrast
to definitions that view resilience as an inherent and dynamic attribute of the community, that
depends on the community’s trajectory but can be independently enhanced through good
Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013
Page 10 of 14
organization and planning (Rose, Centre for Community Enterprise). As described below,
CARRI’s definition is in the latter group.
USEFULNESS OF DEFINITIONS
It is difficult to select one from this plethora of definitions as “the best.” Each has value and has
led to positive contributions within its domain. Thus, the definition one chooses should reflect
the way in which it will be used. The Community and Regional Resilience Institute (CARRI) is
focused on enhancing the resilience of communities.
CARRI’s experience in its partner
communities (Charleston, SC; Gulfport, MS; and Memphis, TN) and its extensive research lead
to the conclusion that a definition useful for improving the ability of a community to regain
functionality after a disaster ought to embody the following core concepts:
Resilience is an inherent and dynamic attribute of the community. This means that it
exists throughout the life of the community. Potentially it can either be determined
absolutely, or at least changes in a community’s resilience can be detected.
Adaptability is at the core of this attribute. Adaptation can occur either in response to or
in anticipation of a crisis.
Any adaptation must improve the community, i.e., must result in a positive outcome
(positive trajectory) for the community relative to its state after experiencing adversity.
This can best be detected by considering the level of functionality of the community after
a crisis.
Resilience should be defined in a manner that enables useful predictions to be made
about a community’s ability to recover from adversity. This will enable communities to
assess their resilience and take action to improve it if necessary.
Based on this, CARRI has developed the following definition for its use:
Community resilience is the capability to anticipate risk, limit impact, and bounce back
rapidly through survival, adaptability, evolution, and growth in the face of turbulent
change.
This definition contains the core concepts identified above: resilience as an attribute, with
adaptability at its core. It indicates the desired trajectory, and can enable communities to
determine how resilient they are and to take actions to improve their resilience.
Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013
Page 11 of 14
REFERENCES
For more in-depth analysis of definitions of resilience, the papers of Norris and Rose cited
below, and the papers by Cutter, Gunderson, Morrow and Moser on the CARRI website
(http://www.resilientus.org/publications/reports.html) are recommended.
Abel, N., and A. Langston (2001). Evolution of a social-ecological System: Adaptation and
resilience in the New South Wales Rangelands 1850 to 2020. Manuscript available at [url]:
http://www.cse.csiro.au/research/nswrangelands/pubs/popular_articles/Draft_Paper.pdf.
Adger, W. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human
Geography, 24, 347–364.
Adger, W. N. (2003). Social capital, collective action and adaptation to climate change.
Economic Geography, 79, 387–404.
Adger, W. N., T. Hughes, C. Folke, S. R. Carpenter, and J. Rockström (2005). Social-ecological
resilience to coastal disasters. Science, 309,1036–1039.
Ahmed, R., Seedat, M., van Niekerk, A., & Bulbulia, S. (2004). Discerning community resilience
in disadvantaged communities in the context of violence and injury prevention. South African
Journal of Psychology, 34, 386–408.
Allenby, B., and J. Fink. (2005). Toward inherently secure and resilient societies. Science, 309,
1034–1036.
Anderies, J. M., M. A. Janssen, and E. Ostrom (2004). A framework to analyze the robustness of
social-ecological systems from an institutional perspective. Ecology and Society, 9, 18; online at
http://www.ecologandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art18.
Bodin, P., & Wiman, B. (2004). Resilience and other stability concepts in ecology: Notes on their
origin, validity, and usefulness. ESS Bulletin, 2, 33–43.
Brock, W. A., K.-G. Mäler, and C. Perrings (2002). Resilience and sustainability: The economic
analysis of nonlinear systems. In Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Systems of
Humans and Nature, Gunderson, L. H. and C. S. Holling, eds. Island Press, Washington, D.C.,
pp. 261–289.
Brown, D., & Kulig, J. (1996/97). The concept of resiliency: Theoretical lessons from community
research. Health and Canadian Society, 4, 29–52.
Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013
Page 12 of 14
Bruneau, M., Chang, S., Eguchi, R., Lee, G., O’Rourke, T., Reinhorn,A., et al. (2003). A
framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities.
Earthquake Spectra, 19, 733–752.
Butler L., Morland L., & Leskin, G. (2007). Psychological résilience in the face of terrorism. In B.
Bongar, L. Brown, L. Beutler, J. Breckenridge, & P. Zimbardo (Eds.), Psychology of terrorism.
Oxford University Press, NY, 400-17.
Center for Community Enterprise (2000).
http://www.cedworks.com/files/pdf/free/MW100410.pdf.
Chenoweth, L., and D. Stehlik. 2001. Building resilient communities: Social work practice and
rural Queensland. Australian Social Work, 54 (2):47–54.
Coles, E., & Buckle, P. (2004). Developing community resilience as a foundation for effective
disaster recovery. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 19, 6–15.
Comfort, L. (1999). Shared Risk: Complex Systems in Seismic Response. Pergamon, New
York.
Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Sroufe, L. (1993). Resilience as process. Development and
Psychopathology, 5, 517–528.
Ganor, M., & Ben-Lavy, Y. (2003). Community resilience: Lessons derived from Gilo under fire.
Journal of Jewish Communal Service, Winter/Spring, 105–108.
Godschalk, D. (2003). Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities. Natural Hazards
Review, 4, 136–143.
Gordon, J. (1978). Structures. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK.
Gunderson, L. H., and C. Folke (2005). Resilience—Now More than Ever (editorial). Ecology
and Society, 10 (2), at http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss2/art22/.
Holling, C. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology
and Systematics, 4, 1–23.
Holling, C.S., D.W. Schindler, B.W. Walker and J. Roughgarden (1995). Biodiversity in the
functioning of ecosystems: an ecological synthesis. In C. Perrings, K.G. Maler, C. Folke, C.S.
Holling and B.O. Jansson (eds), Biodiversity loss: economic and ecological issues. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 44-83.
Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013
Page 13 of 14
Kimhi, S., & Shamai, M. (2004). Community resilience and the impact of stress: Adult response
to Israel’s withdrawal from Lebanon. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 439–451.
Klein, R., Nicholls, R., & Thomalla, F. (2003). Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this
concept? Environmental Hazards, 5, 35–45.
Kofinas, G. (2003). Resilience of human-rangifer systems: Frames off resilience help to inform
studies of human dimensions of change and regional sustainability. IHDP Update 2, 6–7.
Longstaff, P. (2005). Security, resilience, and communication in unpredictable environments
such as terrorism, natural disasters, and complex technology. Author, Syracuse, New York.
Liu, J., T. Dietz, S. R. Carpenter, M. Alberti, C. Folke, E. Moran, A. N. Pell, P. Deadman, T. Kratz,
J. Lubchenco, E. Ostrom, Z. Ouyang, W. Provencher, C. L. Redman, S. H. Schneider, and
W. Taylor (2007). Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems. Science, 317, 1513–
1516.
Masten, A., Best, K., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from
the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 425–444.
Mileti, D. (1999). Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States.
Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC.
Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. F., Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008).
Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster
Readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 141, 127-50.
Ott, K., and R. Döring. 2004. Theorie und Praxis starker Nachhaltigkeit. Metropolis (Theory
and Practice of Strong Sustainability), Marburg, Germany.
Paton, D., & Johnston, D. (2001). Disasters and communities: Vulnerability, resilience, and
preparedness. Disaster Prevention and Management, 10, 270–277.
Perrings, C. A. (2006). Resilience and sustainable development. Environment and Development
Economics 11, 417–427.
Pfefferbaum, B., Reissman, D., Pfefferbaum, R., Klomp, R., & Gurwitch, R. (2005). Building
resilience to mass trauma events. In L. Doll, S. Bonzo, J. Mercy, & D. Sleet (Eds.), Handbook on
injury and violence prevention interventions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York.
Quinlan, A. (2003). Resilience and adaptive capacity: Key components of sustainable socialecological systems. IHDP Update 2, 4–5.
Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013
Page 14 of 14
Rose, A., (2007). Economic resilience to natural and man-made disasters: Multidisciplinary
origins and contextual dimensions. Environmental Hazards, 7, 383-398.
Sonn, C., & Fisher, A. (1998). Sense of community: Community resilient responses to oppression
and change. Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 457–472.
Subcommittee on Disaster Reduction (2005). Grand Challenges for Disaster Reduction. National
Science & Technology Council, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources. Washington, DC.
Timmerman, P. (1981). Vulnerability, resilience, and the collapse of society: A review of
models and possible climatic applications. Institute of Environmental Studies, University of
Toronto, Toronto.
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (2005). Hyogo Framework for
2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters, and
United Nations Interagency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
(UN/ISDR). 2004. In Living With Risk: A global review of the International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR). United Nations, Geneva, p. 16-17.
Walker, B., et al. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological
systems.
Ecology
and
Society,
9
(2):
art.5;
online
at
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5.
Waller, M. (2001). Resilience in ecosystemic context: Evolution of the concept. American Journal
of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 290–297.
Wildavsky, A. (1991). Searching for Safety. Transaction, New Brunswick NJ.
Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative
Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative (2012)
Chapter: Summary
×
No person or place is immune from disasters or
disaster-related losses. Infectious disease outbreaks,
Buy Paperback | $49.00
acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters
into
addition
natural
hazards
can itallaslead
to largeVisit NAP.edu/10766 to get more information about this book,
buy it intoprint,
or to
download
a free
PDF.
scale consequences for the nation and its
communities. Communities and the nation thus face
Buy Ebook | $39.99
di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental
choices about the best ways to ensure basic security
and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks,
MyNAP members save
and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of
10% online.
injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for
Login or Register to
2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural
disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion,
save!
with 14 events costing more than a billion dollars in
damages each.
Summary
Download Free PDF
One way to reduce the impacts of disasters on the
nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing
resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb,
recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse
No person or place is immune fromevents.
disasters
or disaster-related losses.
Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative
the broad
issue
of increasing
nation's
Infectious disease outbreaks, acts of addresses
terrorism,
social
unrest,
or thenancial
resilience to disasters. This book de nes "national
disasters in addition to natural hazards can all lead to large-scale
resilience", describes the state of knowledge about
consequences for the nation and its resilience
communities.
and the
the
to hazards Communities
and disasters, and frames
main issues related to increasing resilience in the
nation thus face dif cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental choices
United States. It also provide goals, baseline
about the best ways to ensure basicconditions,
security
and quality
of for
lifenational
against
or performance
metrics
resilience
and outlines
information,
data,
hazards, deliberate attacks, and disasters.
Beyond
the additional
unquanti
able costs
gaps, and/or obstacles that need to be addressed to
of injury and loss of life from disasters,
statistics
for
2011 toalone
indicate
increase
the nation's
resilience
disasters.
Additionally,
the book's
authoring
committee
makes
economic damages from natural disasters
in the
United
States
exceeded
recommendations about the necessary approaches
$55 billion, with 14 events costing more
than a billion dollars in damages
to elevate national resilience to disasters in the
United States.
each.
One way to reduce the impacts Enhanced
of disasters
on the nation and its
resilience allows better anticipation of
and better
to reduce
communities is to invest in enhancingdisasters
resilience.
As planning
de ned
in thisdisaster
report,
losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and
resilience is the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and
paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts
more successfully adapt to adverse events.
Enhanced
resilience
allows
better
the topic
of how to increase
the nation's
resilience
to
disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a
anticipation of disasters and better planning to reduce disaster losses—
resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster
rather than waiting for an event to occur
and ispaying
for itthat
afterward.
resilience
an imperative
requires the collective
will
of
the
nation
and
its
communities.
Although
However, building the culture and practice of disaster resilience
is not
disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the
simple or inexpensive. Decisions about
how
andapproaches
when totodisasters
invest
nation from
reactive
to a in
increasing resilience involve short- and long-term planning and
×
investments of time and resources prior to an event. Although the
resilience
of individuals
and communities
Disaster
Resilience:
A National
Imperative may be readily recognized after a
disaster, resilience is currently rarely acknowledged before a disaster takes
place, making the “payoff” for resilience investments challenging for
individuals, communities, the private No
sector,
and
allis immune
levels from
of government
person or
place
disasters or
disaster-related losses. Infectious disease outbreaks,
to demonstrate. Buy Paperback | $49.00
acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters
The challenge of increasing national
resilience
has
beencanrecognized
by
in addition
to natural
hazards
all lead to largeconsequences
nation and and
its
the federal government, including scale
eight
federalfor the
agencies
one
communities. Communities and the nation thus face
Buy Ebook
community resilience
group |af$39.99
liated
with a National Laboratory who
di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental
the best ways
to ensure
security
asked the National Research Council choices
(NRC)about
to address
the
broadbasic
issue
of
and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks,
MyNAP
members
save to disasters. These agencies asked the
increasing the
nation’s
resilience
and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of
10% online.to (1) de ne “national
NRC study committee
and
frame
the main
injury andresilience”
loss of life from
disasters,
statistics
for
Login or Register to
2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural
issues related to increasing resilience
in the United States; (2) provide
disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion,
save!
goals, baseline conditions, or performance
metrics
formore
national
resilience;
with 14 events
costing
than a billion
dollars in
each.
(3) describe the state of knowledgedamages
about
resilience to hazards and
Download Free PDF
disasters; and (4) outline additionalOneinformation,
data, ofgaps,
and/or
way to reduce the impacts
disasters
on the
nation
and
its
communities
is
to
invest
in
enhancing
obstacles that need to be addressed to increase the nation’s resilience to
resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb,
disasters. The committee was also asked
forfrom
recommendations
recover
and more successfully adapt to adverse
events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative
addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's
resilience to disasters. This book de nes "national
resilience",
describes resilience
the state of knowledge
about
about the necessary approaches to elevate
national
to disasters
resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the
in the United States.
main issues related to increasing resilience in the
This report confronts the topicUnited
of States.
how Itto
nation’s
also increase
provide goals,the
baseline
conditions,
performance metricsof
foranational
resilience to disasters through a vision
of theorcharacteristics
resilient
resilience and outlines additional information, data,
nation in the year 2030. The characteristics
describe
a more
resilient
gaps, and/or obstacles
that need
to be addressed
to
increase
the
nation's
resilience
to
disasters.
nation in which
Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes
recommendations about the necessary approaches
• Every individual and communitytoinelevate
the nation
has access
to the
risk
national resilience
to disasters
in the
United
States.
and vulnerability information they
need
to make their communities
more resilient.
Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of
disasters and
reduce disaster
• All levels of government, communities,
andbetter
the planning
privatetosector
have
losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and
designed resilience strategies and
operation plans based on this
paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts
the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to
information.
through a vision of the characteristics of a
• Proactive investments and policydisasters
decisions
have reduced loss of lives,
resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster
costs, and socioeconomic impacts
of future
disasters.
resilience
is an imperative
that requires the collective
will
of
the
nation
and
its
communities.
• Community coalitions are widely organized, recognized, andAlthough
disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the
supported to provide essential services
before
after to
disasters
nation from
reactiveand
approaches
disasters to a
occur.
• Recovery after disasters is rapid and the per capita federal cost of
respondingAtoNational
disastersImperative
has been declining for a decade.
Disaster Resilience:
• Nationwide, the public is universally safer, healthier, and better
educated.
×
No person or place is immune from disasters or
The alternative, the status quo, in disaster-related
which thelosses.
nation’s
approaches
to
Infectious
disease outbreaks,
Buy Paperback | $49.00
of terrorism, social
or nancial
increasing disaster resilience remainactsunchanged,
is unrest,
a future
in disasters
which
in addition to natural hazards can all lead to largedisasters will continue to be very costly
in terms of
injury;
scale consequences
for the
nation loss
and itsof lives,
communities.
Communities
and the nation thus face
homes, and jobs; business
interruption;
and other
damages.
Buy Ebook
| $39.99
di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental
Building resilience toward the 2030
future vision requires a paradigm
choices about the best ways to ensure basic security
anddisaster
quality of liferesilience”
against hazards,that
deliberate
attacks,
shift and a new national “culture of
includes
MyNAP members save
and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of
components 10%
of online.
injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for
Login or Register to
2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural
(1) Taking responsibility
for disaster disasters
risk; in the United States exceeded $55 billion,
save!
with 14 events
than
billion dollars in
(2) Addressing the challenge of establishing
thecosting
core more
value
ofa resilience
in
damages each.
communities,Download
includingFree
thePDF
use of disaster loss data to foster longway to reduce the impacts of disasters on the
term commitments to enhancingOne
resilience;
nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing
(3) Developing and deploying tools or
metrics for
monitoring
resilience--the
ability
to prepare andprogress
plan for, absorb,
recover
from
and
more
successfully
adapt
to adverse
toward resilience;
events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative
(4) Building local, community capacity
because
decisions
and thethe nation's
addresses
the broad
issue of increasing
resilience
to disasters.
Thisthe
bookbottom
de nes "national
ultimate resilience of a community
are driven
from
up;
resilience", describes the state of knowledge about
(5) Understanding the landscape of government
policies and practices to
resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the
main issues
help communities increase resilience;
andrelated to increasing resilience in the
United States. It also provide goals, baseline
(6) Identifying and communicating the
roles and responsibilities of
conditions, or performance metrics for national
communities and all levels of government
building
resilience.
resilience andin
outlines
additional
information, data,
gaps, and/or obstacles that need to be addressed to
increase the
nation's
to disasters.
A set of six actionable recommendations
(see
Box resilience
S-1 at the
close of the
the book's authoring committee makes
Summary) are described that will helpAdditionally,
guide the
nation toward increasing
recommendations about the necessary approaches
national resilience from the local community
through
to state
andinfederal
to elevate national
resilience
to disasters
the
Unitedby
States.
levels. The report has been informed
published information, the
committee’s own
Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of
disasters and better planning to reduce disaster
losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and
paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts
the topicshared
of how toby
increase
the nation's resilience
to
expertise, and importantly, by experiences
communities
in New
disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a
Orleans and the Mississippi Gulf Coast,
Cedar Rapids and Iowa City, Iowa,
resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster
resilience is an
imperative
requires the collective
and Southern California, where the committee
held
openthat
meetings.
will of the nation and its communities. Although
disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the
UNDERSTANDING, MANAGING, AND
DISASTER
RISKto a
nation REDUCING
from reactive approaches
to disasters
×
Understanding, managing, and reducing disaster risks provide a
foundation
for Abuilding
to disasters. Risk represents the
Disaster
Resilience:
Nationalresilience
Imperative
potential for hazards to cause adverse effects on our life; health; economic
well-being; social, environmental, and cultural assets; infrastructure; and
the services expected from institutions
environment.
Risk
No personand
or placethe
is immune
from disasters or
disaster-related
Infectious
diseasefacing
outbreaks,
management is a continuous
process
that identi losses.
es the
hazard(s)
a
Buy Paperback
| $49.00
acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters
community, assesses the risk from these
hazards,
develops
in addition
to natural
hazards and
can allimplements
lead to largescale
consequences
for the and
nationdevelops
and its
risk strategies, reevaluates and reviews
these
strategies,
and
communities. Communities and the nation thus face
BuyThe
Ebook
| $39.99
adjusts risk policies.
choice
of risk
management strategies requires
di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental
about and
the best
ways to on
ensure
security
regular reevaluation in the context of choices
new data
models
thebasic
hazards
and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks,
and risk facing
a members
community,
MyNAP
save and changes in the socioeconomic and
and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of
online.
demographic10%
characteristics
of a community,
asof well
asdisasters,
the community’s
injury and loss
life from
statistics for
Login
or
Register
to
2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural
goals. Although some residual risk will always be present, risk management
disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion,
save!
strategies can help build capacity with
for 14communities
tothanbecome
more
events costing more
a billion dollars
in
damages each.
resilient to disasters.
Download Free PDF
A variety of tools exist to manage
disaster
including
tangible
One way
to reducerisk
the impacts
of disasters
on the
nation
and
its
communities
is
to
invest
in
enhancing
structural (construction-related) measures such as levees and dams,
resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb,
disaster-resistant construction, and recover
well-enforced
and
from and morebuilding
successfully codes,
adapt to adverse
events. Disaster
Resilience: Asuch
National as
Imperative
nonstructural (nonconstruction-related)
measures
natural
addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's
defenses, insurance, zoning ordinances,
and economic incentives.
resilience to disasters. This book de nes "national
resilience",
the state of knowledge
about
Structural and nonstructural measures
are describes
complementary
and can
be
resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the
used in conjunction with one another. Importantly, some tools or actions
main issues related to increasing resilience in the
that can reduce short-term risk can United
potentially
increase
long-term
States. It also
provide goals,
baseline risk,
conditions, or performance metrics for national
requiring careful evaluation of the risk management strategies employed.
resilience and outlines additional information, data,
Risk management is at its foundationgaps,
a community
decision,
the risk
and/or obstacles
that need toand
be addressed
to
increase
the
nation's
resilience
to
disasters.
management approach will be effective only if community members
Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes
commit to use the risk management tools
and measures
available
to
recommendations
about themade
necessary
approaches
to elevate national resilience to disasters in the
them.
United States.
Enhanced resilience allows
better anticipation of
THE CHALLENGE OF MAKING INVESTMENTS
IN RESILIENCE
disasters and better planning to reduce disaster
losses-rather than in
waiting
for an event will
to occur
and
Demonstrating that community investments
resilience
yield
paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts
measurable short- and long-term benethets
that balance or exceed the costs
topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to
is critical for sustained commitmentdisasters
to increasing
resilience.
The total
through a vision
of the characteristics
of a
resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster
value of a community’s assets—both the high-value structural assets and
resilience is an imperative that requires the collective
those with high social, cultural, and/or
environmental
value—call
for a
will of the
nation and its communities.
Although
disasters
will
continue
to
occur,
actions
that
move
the
decision-making framework for disaster resilience that addresses both
nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a
quantitative data and qualitative value assessments. Ownership of a
community’s assets is also important;
responsibility
forAan
asset and,
therefore,
Disaster
Resilience:
National
Imperative
ownership
establishes
×
the
the need to make appropriate resilience
investments
to prepare
and or
plan
No person
or place is immune
from disasters
disaster-related
losses. Infectious
disease outbreaks,
for hazards and risks.
guidance exists
for communities
to
Buy Presently,
Paperbacklittle
| $49.00
acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters
understand how to place meaningful
value
on hazards
all ofcan their
in addition
to natural
all lead toassets.
largescalehardship,
consequences
for the nation and
its
Particularly during times of economic
competing
demand
for
communities. Communities and the nation thus face
Buy Ebook
| $39.99
many societally relevant
resources
(education,
social services) can be a
di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental
major barrier to making progress in building
resilience
in communities.
choices about
the best ways
to ensure basic security
and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks,
AccessingMyNAP
and members
understanding
the historical spatial and temporal
save
and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of
10% online. and human disaster
patterns of economic
communities
inforthe
injury andlosses
loss of lifein
from
disasters, statistics
Login
or
Register
to
2011
alone
indicate
economic
damages
from
natural
United States are ways for communities to understand the full extent
of
disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion,
save!
the impact of disasters and thereby
motivate
community
efforts
with 14
events costing
more than a billion
dollars to
in
damages
each.
increase resilience. Historical patterns
of disaster
losses provide some
Download Free PDF
sense of the magnitude of the need toOne
become
morethedisaster
way to reduce
impacts of resilient.
disasters on The
the
nation
and
its
communities
is
to
invest
in
enhancing
geographic patterns of disaster losses—e.g., human fatalities, property
resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb,
losses, and crop losses—illustrate where
thefrom
impacts
are
the greatest,
what
recover
and more
successfully
adapt to adverse
Disaster Resilience:
A National Imperative
challenges exist in responding to and events.
recovering
from disasters,
and what
addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's
factors drive exposure and vulnerability
to hazards and disasters. Although
resilience to disasters. This book de nes "national
existing loss databases in the United States
useful
kinds
of
resilience",are
describes
thefor
statecertain
of knowledge
about
resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the
analyses, improvement in measurements, accuracy, and consistency are
main issues related to increasing resilience in the
needed. Furthermore, the nation lacksUnited
a national
repository
for
all-hazard
States. It also
provide goals,
baseline
conditions,
or performance
metrics for national
event and loss data, compromising the
ability
of communities
to make
resilience and outlines additional information, data,
informed decisions about where andgaps,
how
toobstacles
prioritize
their
and/or
that need
to be resilience
addressed to
increase
the
nation's
resilience
to
disasters.
investments.
MEASURING
Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes
recommendations about the necessary approaches
elevate national
resilience to disasters in the
PROGRESStoTOWARD
RESILIENCE
United States.
Without some numerical means of assessing resilience it would be
Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of
impossible to identify the priority needs
for improvement, to monitor
disasters and better planning to reduce disaster
losses-rather than
waiting
for an event
occur and
changes, to show that resilience had improved,
or to
compare
thetobene
ts
paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts
of increasing resilience with the associated costs. The measurement of a
the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to
concept such as resilience is dif cult,disasters
requiring
not
only
ancharacteristics
agreed-upon
through
a vision
of the
of a
resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster
metric, but also the data and algorithms needed to compute it. The very
resilience is an imperative that requires the collective
act of de ning a resilience metric, andwillthe
discussions
ensueAlthough
about its
of the
nation and its that
communities.
disasters
will
continue
to
occur,
actions
that
move
the
structure, helps a community to clarify and formalize what it means by
the
nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a
concept of resilience, thereby raising the quality of debate. The principles
×
that resilience metrics can entail are illustrated by some existing national
and international
or frameworks that address measurement of
Disaster
Resilience: Aindicators
National Imperative
the resilience of different aspects of community systems. The Leadership
in Energy and Environmental Design for developers, owners, and operators
of buildings is one example. Comparison
of theor strengths
and
challenges
No person
place is immune
from
disasters or of
disaster-related
losses. Infectious
diseasethat
outbreaks,
a variety of different
frameworks
resilience
suggests
the
Buy
Paperbackfor| measuring
$49.00
acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters
critical dimensions of an encompassing
resilience
in addition toand
natural consistent
hazards can all lead
to largescale consequences for the nation and its
measurement system are
communities. Communities and the nation thus face
Buy Ebook | $39.99
di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental
• Indicators of the ability of critical
infrastructure to recover rapidly
choices about the best ways to ensure basic security
from impacts;
and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks,
MyNAP members save
and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of
10% online.
injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for
Login or Register to
2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural
disasters
in the United States
exceeded
$55 billion,
• Social factors
a community’s
ability
to recover,
save! that enhance or limit
with 14 events costing more than a billion dollars in
including social capital, language,damages
health,
and socioeconomic status;
each.
• Indicators of Download
the abilityFree
of buildings
and other structures to
PDF
One way to reduce the impacts of disasters on the
withstand earthquakes, oods, severe
storms, and other disasters;
nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing
and
resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb,
recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse
• Factors that capture the special needs
of individuals and groups,
events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative
related to minority status, mobility,
or health
status.
addresses
the broad
issue of increasing the nation's
resilience to disasters. This book de nes "national
resilience",
describes the
state offor
knowledge
about
Presently, the nation does not have
a consistent
basis
measuring
resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the
resilience that includes all of these dimensions. Until a community
main issues related to increasing resilience in the
experiences a disaster and has to United
respond
from it,
States. Itto
alsoand
providerecover
goals, baseline
conditions, or performance metrics for national
demonstrating the complexity, volume of issues, con icts and lack of
resilience and outlines additional information, data,
ownership are dif cult. A national gaps,
resilience
scorecard,
which
and/or obstacles
that need tofrom
be addressed
to
increase
the
nation's
resilience
to
disasters.
communities can then develop their own, tailored scorecards, will make it
Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes
easier for communities to see the issues
they willabout
facetheprior
to approaches
an event
recommendations
necessary
national resilience
disasters
in the
and can support necessary work toinelevate
anticipation
of toan
appropriate
United States.
resilience-building strategy. A scorecard will also allow communities to ask
Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of
the right questions in advance of a disaster.
disasters and better planning to reduce disaster
losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and
paying
for it afterward. Disaster
Resilience confronts
BUILDING LOCAL CAPACITY AND
ACCELERATING
PROGRESS:
the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to
RESILIENCE FROM THE BOTTOM UP
disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a
resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster
National resilience emerges, in large
part, from the ability of local
resilience is an imperative that requires the collective
communities with support from all levels
ofnation
government
and the
private
will of the
and its communities.
Although
disasters
will continue
to occur,
that move
the
sector to plan and prepare for, absorb,
respond
to,
and actions
recover
from
nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a
disasters and adapt to new conditions. Bottom-up interventions—the
×
engagement of communities in increasing their resilience—are essential
because
local conditions
greatly across the country; the nation’s
Disaster
Resilience:
A Nationalvary
Imperative
communities are unique in their history, geography, demography, culture,
and infrastructure; and the risks faced by every community vary according
to local hazards. Some universal stepsNo
can
aid or
local
in making
person
placecommunities
is immune from disasters
or
disaster-related
progress to increase
their
resilience| and
include: losses. Infectious disease outbreaks,
Buy
Paperback
$49.00
•
•
•
•
acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters
in addition to natural hazards can all lead to largeEngaging the whole community scale
in disaster
policymaking
andits
consequences
for the nation and
communities. Communities and the nation thus face
planning;
Buy Ebook | $39.99
di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental
Linking public and private infrastructure
performance and interests
choices about the best ways to ensure basic security
to resilience goals;
and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks,
MyNAP members save
and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of
Improving
and essential services
10%public
online. and private infrastructure
injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for
(such asLogin
health
and education);
or Register
to
2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural
disasters
in the United
States exceeded
save!
Communicating risks, connecting
community
networks,
and $55 billion,
with 14 events costing more than a billion dollars in
promoting a culture of resilience;damages each.
Download Freeneighborhoods,
PDF
• Organizing communities,
and families to prepare for
One way to reduce the impacts of disasters on the
disasters;
nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing
resilience--the
ability
to prepare and plan for, absorb,
• Adopting sound land-use planning
practices;
and
recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse
events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative
addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's
to disasters.
This book
de nes "national
• Adopting and enforcing building resilience
codes and
standards
appropriate
to
resilience", describes the state of knowledge about
existing hazards.
resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the
main issues related to increasing resilience in the
Community coalitions of local leaders
andgoals,
private
sectors,
Unitedfrom
States. public
It also provide
baseline
conditions, or performance metrics for national
with ties to and support from federal and state governments, and with
resilience and outlines additional information, data,
input from the local citizenry, becomegaps,
very
important
in need
thistoregard.
Such
and/or
obstacles that
be addressed
to
increase
the
nation's
resilience
to
disasters.
coalitions can be charged to assess the community’s exposure and
Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes
vulnerability to risk, to educate and communicate
to evaluate
and
recommendationsrisk,
aboutand
the necessary
approaches
national
resilience
the
expand the community’s capacity toto elevate
handle
such
risk.toAdisasters
trulyinrobust
United States.
coalition would have at its core a strong leadership and governance
resilience
better anticipation
of
structure, and people with adequate Enhanced
time, skill,
andallows
dedication
necessary
disasters and better planning to reduce disaster
for the development and maintenancelosses-rather
of relationships
among all partners
than waiting for an event to occur and
paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts
in the community.
the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to
disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a
THE LANDSCAPE OF RESILIENCE POLICY:
RESILIENCE
FROM
THEdisaster
TOP
resilient nation
in the year 2030.
Increasing
resilience is an imperative that requires the collective
DOWN
will of the nation and its communities. Although
disasters
will continue
to occur,
actions that move
the
Strong governance at all levels is
a key
element
of resilience
and
nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a
includes the making of consistent and complementary local, state, and
×
federal policies. Although resilience at its core has to be carried forward by
communities,
communities
do not exist under a single authority in the
Disaster
Resilience:
A National Imperative
United States, and function instead under a mix of policies and practices
implemented and enforced by different levels of government. Policies that
make the nation more resilient are important
every
aspect
American
No person orin
place
is immune
fromof
disasters
or
disaster-related
losses.or
Infectious
disease
outbreaks,
life and economy, and
just during
times of stress
trauma.
A key
role
Buy not
Paperback
| $49.00
acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters
of policies designed to improve national
resilience
is hazards
to takecanthe
long-term
in addition
to natural
all lead
to largefor the nationexpediencies
and its
view of community resilience and to scale
helpconsequences
avoid short-term
communities. Communities and the nation thus face
Buy Ebook | $39.99
that can diminish resilience.
di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental
choices about
the best
ways to ensure
basic security
Certain policies of the federal Executive
Branch,
including
Presidential
and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks,
Directives and
Executive
Orders,
MyNAP
members
save policies initiated by federal agencies, and
and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of
10%
online.
policies of the
Legislative
Branch caninjury
andand
doloss
function
help statistics
strengthen
of life fromto
disasters,
for
Login
or
Register
to
2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural
resilience. Presidential Policy Directive-8
(PPD-8) calls upon the
disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion,
save!
Department of Homeland Security to
systematic
preparation
with embrace
14 events costing
more than a billion
dollars in
damages
each.
against all types of threats, including
catastrophic
natural disasters.
Download Free PDF
Because the scope of resilience is sometimes
not fully
appreciated,
some
One way to reduce
the impacts
of disasters on
the
nation
and
its
communities
is
to
invest
in
enhancing
who contemplate national resilience policy think rst of the Stafford Act
resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb,
and its role in disaster response and recover
recovery.
Although
the Stafford
Act
from and
more successfully
adapt to adverse
events.
Disaster Resilience: A National
does provide guidance for certain
responsibilities
and Imperative
actions in
addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's
responding to a disaster incident, resilience
national
resilience transcends the
to disasters. This book de nes "national
resilience",
describes
the state of
knowledge
abouta
immediate impact and disaster response
and
therefore
grows
from
resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the
broader set of policies. Many of the critical policies and actions required
main issues related to increasing resilience in the
for improved national resilience are also
enacted
and
implemented
United
States. It also
provide
goals, baseline at the
conditions, or performance metrics for national
state and local levels.
resilience and outlines additional information, data,
Policies at all levels of governance
exist
to that
enhance
gaps, do
and/or
obstacles
need to beresilience;
addressed to
increase
the
nation's
resilience
to
disasters.
however, some government policies and practices can also have
Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes
unintended consequences that negatively
affect resilience.
Furthermore,
recommendations
about the necessary
approaches
to
elevate
national
resilience
to
disasters
in the
gaps in policies
United States.
Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of
disasters and better planning to reduce disaster
and programs among federal agencies
exist for all parts of the resilience
losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and
process—including disaster preparedness,
response,
mitigation,
paying for
it afterward. recovery,
Disaster Resilience
confronts
the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to
and adaptation, as well as research, planning,
and community assistance.
disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a
Although some of these gaps are the result
of the
legislative
authorization
resilient nation
in the
year 2030. Increasing
disaster
resilience
imperative that
requires
the collective
within which agencies are directed
tois anoperate,
the
roles
and
will of the nation and its communities. Although
responsibilities for building resiliencedisasters
are not
effectively
will continue
to occur,coordinated
actions that moveby
the
nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a
×
the federal government, either through a single agency or authority, or
through
a uni edAvision.
Disaster
Resilience:
National Imperative
Community resilience is broad and complex, making it dif cult to
codify resilience in a single comprehensive law. Rather, infusing the
principles of resilience into all the routine
functions
of the from
government
No person
or place is immune
disasters or at
disaster-related
losses. Infectious
disease outbreaks,
Buya Paperback
| $49.00
all levels and through
national vision
is a more effective
approach.
acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters
in addition to natural hazards can all lead to largescale consequences
the nation
and its
LINKING COMMUNITY AND GOVERNANCE
TO for
GUIDE
NATIONAL
communities. Communities and the nation thus face
Buy Ebook |RESILIENCE
$39.99
di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental
choices about the best ways to ensure basic security
Increased resilience cannot be and
accomplished
by simply adding a
quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks,
MyNAP members save
disasters. Beyond
the unquanti able
costs of
cosmetic layer of policy or practice toand
a vulnerable
community.
Long-term
10% online.
injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for
shifts in physical approaches (new technologies, methods, materials, and
Login or Register to
2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural
infrastructure
systems) and cultural approaches
(the people,
management
disasters in the United
States exceeded
$55 billion,
save!
with
14
events
costing
more
than
a
billion
dollars to
in
processes, institutional arrangements, and legislation) are needed
damages each.
advance community
resilience.
to disasters rests on the premise
Download
FreeResilience
PDF
One way tophysical
reduce the impacts
of disasters on the
that all aspects of a community—its
infrastructure,
its
nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing
socioeconomic health, the health and
education
ofto its
citizens,
and
its
resilience--the
ability
prepare
and plan for,
absorb,
more successfully
adapt
to adverse
natural environment—are strong. Thisrecover
kindfrom
of and
systemic
strength
requires
events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative
that the community members work inaddresses
concert
such
a way the
that
the
theand
broadin
issue
of increasing
nation's
resilience
to disasters.
Thisabook
de nes event.
"national
interdependencies among them provide
strength
during
disaster
resilience", describes the state of knowledge about
Communities and the governance network
of which they are a part are
resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the
issues related
increasing resilience
in the
complex and dynamic systems that main
develop
and to
implement
resilienceUnited States. It also provide goals, baseline
building policies through combined effort
and responsibility. Experience in
conditions, or performance metrics for national
the disaster management community resilience
suggests
linked
bottom-up
and
and that
outlines
additional
information, data,
obstacles risk
that need
to beincreasing
addressed to
top-down networks are important gaps,
for and/or
managing
and
increase the nation's resilience to disasters.
resilience. Key interactions within Additionally,
the nation’s
resilience
“system”
of
the book's
authoring committee
makes
recommendations
about the necessary
communities and governance can be used
to help identify
speci capproaches
kinds of
to elevate national resilience to disasters in the
policies that can increase resilience and
roles and responsibilities of
Unitedthe
States.
the actors in government, the private sector, and communities for
Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of
implementing these policies. For example,
understand
hazards
disasters andto
better
planning to reduce
disaster or
than and
waitingtechnology
for an event to policies
occur and
threats and their processes, research losses-rather
and science
paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts
allow federal and state agencies to coordinate
efforts on detection and
the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to
disasters
a vision
of the
characteristics
of a
monitoring activities that can be used
by through
regional
and
local
governing
resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster
bodies, the private sector, and communities to evaluate and address their
resilience is an imperative that requires the collective
hazards and risks. Identifying resilience
areas,
those in
will ofpolicy
the nation
and its identifying
communities. Although
disastersfor
will continue
to occur, actions
that movein
the
community and government responsible
coordinating
activities
nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a
those areas, and identifying the recipients of the information or services
×
resulting from those activities reveal strengths and gaps in the nation’s
resilience
“system.”
Disaster
Resilience:
A National Imperative
Advancing resilience is a long-term
process, but can be coordinated
No person or place is immune from disasters or
disaster-related
losses. and
Infectious
disease outbreaks,
around visible, short-term
goals that
allow
individuals
organizations
to
Buy Paperback
| $49.00
acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters
measure or mark their progress toward becoming resilient and overcoming
in addition to natural hazards can all lead to largethese gaps. However, as a necessary scale
rstconsequences
step to strengthen
theitsnation’s
for the nation and
communities. Communities and the nation thus face
resilience and provide
the leadership
Buy Ebook
| $39.99 to establish a national “culture of
di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental
resilience,” a full and clear commitment
to disaster
resilience
by the
federal
choices
about the best
ways to ensure
basic
security
and
quality
of
life
against
hazards,
deliberate
attacks,
government is
essential.
MyNAP
members save
and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of
10% online.
injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for
Login
or
Register
to
2011 alone indicate
damages from natural
BUILDING A MORE RESILIENT NATION:
THE economic
PATH FORWARD
disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion,
save!
with 14 events
costing more thanfor
a billion
dollars in
No single sector or entity has ultimate
responsibility
improving
damages each.
national resilience. No speci c federal agency has all of the authority or
Download Free PDF
One sets,
way to reduce
the impacts of
disasters
on the
responsibility, all of the appropriate skill
or adequate
scal
resources
nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing
to address this growing challenge.resilience--the
An important
responsibility for
ability to prepare and plan for, absorb,
recover
from and more
adapt to adverse
increasing national resilience lies with
residents
and successfully
their communities.
events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative
Input, guidance, and commitment from
all levels of government and from
addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's
the private sector, academia, and community-based
nongovernmental
resilience to disasters.and
This book
de nes "national
describes
the state
knowledge about
organizations are needed throughoutresilience",
the entire
process
ofofbuilding
more
resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the
resilient communities. The report frames
six related
recommendations
(Box
S-1)
main issues
to increasing resilience
in the
United
States. It also collective,
provide goals, baseline
that can help guide the nation in
advancing
resilienceconditions, or performance metrics for national
enhancing efforts in the coming decades.
resilience and outlines additional information, data,
Summary
gaps, and/or obstacles that need to be addressed to
increase the nation's resilience to disasters.
Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes
BOXrecommendations
S-1
about the necessary approaches
to
elevate
national
Recommendationsresilience to disasters in the
United States.
Recommendation 1: Federal government
agencies
should
Enhanced
resilience allows
betterincorporate
anticipation of
disasters and
planning
reduce disaster
national resilience as a guiding principle
to better
inform
thetomission
and
losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and
actions of the federal government and
the
it supports
at all
paying
for itprograms
afterward. Disaster
Resilience confronts
the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to
levels.
disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a
resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster
Recommendation 2: The public andresilience
private
sectors in a community
is an imperative that requires the collective
will of the nation and
its communities. Although
should work cooperatively to encourage
commitment
to and
disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the
investment in a risk management strategy that includes
nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a
complementary structural and nonstructural risk-reduction and
×
risk-spreading measures or tools. Such tools might include an
essential
framework
(codes,
standards, and guidelines) that drives
Disaster
Resilience:
A National
Imperative
the critical structural functions of resilience and investment in riskbased pricing of insurance.
No person or place is immune from disasters or
Recommendation 3: A national resource
of losses.
disaster-related
data
disaster-related
Infectious disease outbreaks,
Buy Paperback | $49.00
acts ofinjuries,
terrorism, social
or nancial
disasters
should be established that documents
lossunrest,
of life,
property
in addition to natural hazards can all lead to largeloss, and impacts on economic activity.
Such a database
will
scale consequences
for the nation
andsupport
its
communities.
Communities
and
the
nation
thus face
efforts to develop
more |quantitative
risk models and better
Buy Ebook
$39.99
di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental
understand structural and social vulnerability
to disasters.
choices about the best ways to ensure basic security
MyNAP members save
10% online.
Login or Register to
save!
and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks,
and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of
injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for
2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural
disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion,
with 14 events costing more than a billion dollars in
damages each.
Download Free PDF
One way to reduce the impacts of disasters on the
nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing
Recommendation 4: The Department
of Homeland Security in
resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb,
conjunction with other federal agencies,
state
partners,
recover from
andand
morelocal
successfully
adapt toand
adverse
Disaster Resilience:
A National
Imperative
professional groups should developevents.
a National
Resilience
Scorecard.
addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's
resilience to disasters. This book de nes "national
Recommendation 5: Federal, state,resilience",
and local
governments
should
describes
the state of knowledge
about
resilience
to
hazards
and
disasters,
and
frames
the
support the creation and maintenance of broad-based community
main issues related to increasing resilience in the
resilience coalitions at local and regional
levels.
United States. It also provide goals, baseline
conditions, or performance metrics for national
resilience
and outlines
additional
information,
data,
Recommendation 6: All federal agencies
should
ensure
that
they are
gaps, and/or obstacles that need to be addressed to
promoting and coordinating national resilience in their programs
increase the nation's resilience to disasters.
and policies. A resilience policy review
and
within
Additionally,
theself-assessment
book's authoring committee
makes
recommendations
about
the
necessary
approaches
agencies and strong communication among agencies are keys to
to elevate national resilience to disasters in the
achieving this kind of coordination.United States.
Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of
disasters and better planning to reduce disaster
than waitingthat
for an event
to occur the
and
Increasing disaster resilience is losses-rather
an imperative
requires
paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts
collective will of the nation and its communities.
Although disasters will
the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to
through
a vision
of the characteristics
of a
continue to occur, actions that move disasters
the nation
from
reactive
approaches
resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster
to disasters to a proactive stance where communities actively engage in
resilience is an imperative that requires the collective
enhancing resilience will reduce manywillofofthe
broad
and Although
economic
the nation
andsocietal
its communities.
disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the
burdens that disasters can cause.
nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a
This page intentionally left blankd.
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
500 Fifth St., NW | Washington, DC 20001
© 2019 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
The 2014 Quadrennial
Homeland Security Review
This page intentionally left blank
LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY
June 18, 2014
Pursuant to Section 707 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002
(P.L. 107-296), as amended by the Implementing
Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 (P.L.
110-53), I am pleased to present the following report, Th e
2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review. This report
provides a strong analytic and strategic foundation for one of
my highest priorities, which is ensuring that the Department
invests and operates in a cohesive, unified fashion and makes
decisions that strengthen Departmental unity of effort.
Pursuant to congressional requirements, this report is being
provided to the following Member of Congress:
The Honorable Michael Mccaul
Chairman, House Committee on Homeland Security
The Honorable Bennie G. Thompson
Ranking Member, House Committee on Homeland Security
The Honorable Thomas R. Carper
Chairman, Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee
The Honorable Tom Coburn
Ranking Member, Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee
The first Quadrennial Homeland Security Review report was issued by OHS on February 1,
2010. OHS began work on this second review two years ago and included consultations
with subject matter experts across the Federal Government, as well as state, local, tribal,
and territorial governments, the private sector, and academic and other institutions.
Since taking office as Secretary of OHS on December 23, 2013, I have reviewed this report,
and I concur with its recommendations. Reflecting deep analysis of the evolving strategic
environment and outlining the specific strategic shifts necessary to keep our Nation secure,
this report reflects the more focused, collaborative Departmental strategy, planning, and
analytic capability that is necessary for achieving Departmental unity.
Sincerely,
This page intentionally left blank
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
U.S. Coast Guard
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In this report, we conclude that we will continue to adhere to the five basic homeland
security missions set forth in the first Quadrennial Homeland Security Review report in
2010, but that these missions must be refined to reflect the evolving landscape of
homeland security threats and hazards. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, Hurricane
Sandy in 2012, and the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013 illustrate these evolving threats
and hazards. We must constantly learn from them and adapt. The terrorist threat is
increasingly decentralized and may be harder to detect. Cyber threats are growing and
pose ever-greater concern to our critical infrastructure systems as they become
increasingly interdependent. Natural hazards are becoming more costly to address, with
increasingly variable consequences due in part to drivers such as climate change and
interdependent and aging infrastructure.
Meanwhile, this Nation’s homeland security architecture has matured over the past four
years, and we are determined that this progress continue. For example, our law
enforcement and intelligence communities are becoming increasingly adept at identifying
2014 QUADRENNIAL HOMELAND SECURITY REVIEW
5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
and disrupting terrorist plotting in this country. Programs such as TSA Pre✓™ and Global
Entry demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of risk-based security that can be
achieved within budget constraints. It is also worth noting that, in late 2013, DHS received
its first unqualified or “clean” audit opinion; this occurred just 10 years after the
Department’s formation, which was the largest realignment and consolidation of Federal
Government agencies and functions since the creation of the Department of Defense in
1947.
Here are our five basic homeland security missions, revised to address threats and hazards
over the next four years:
Prevent Terrorism and Enhance Security. Preventing terrorist attacks on the Nation is and
should remain the cornerstone of homeland security. Since the last quadrennial review in
2010, the terrorist threat to the Nation has evolved, but it remains real and may even be
harder to detect. The Boston Marathon bombing illustrates the evolution of the threat.
Through the U.S. Government’s counterterrorism efforts, we have degraded the ability of
al-Qa’ida’s senior leadership in Afghanistan and Pakistan to centrally plan and execute
sophisticated external attacks. But since 2009, we have seen the rise of al-Qa’ida
affiliates, such as al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula, which has made repeated attempts to
export terrorism to our Nation. Additionally, we face the threat of domestic-based “lone
offenders” and those who are inspired by extremist ideologies to radicalize to violence and
commit acts of terrorism against Americans and the Nation. These threats come in
multiple forms and, because of the nature of independent actors, may be hardest to
detect. We must remain vigilant in detecting and countering these threats. Given the
nature of this threat, engaging the public and private sectors through campaigns, such as
“If You See Something, Say Something™” and the Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting
Initiative, and through partnering across federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial law
enforcement will, over the next four years, become even more important.
Secure and Manage Our Borders. We must continue to improve upon border security, to
exclude terrorist threats, drug traffickers, and other threats to national security, economic
security, and public safety. We will rely on enhanced technology to screen incoming cargo
at ports of entry and will work with foreign partners to monitor the international travel of
individuals of suspicion who seek to enter this country. We will continue to emphasize
risk-based strategies that are smart, cost-effective, and conducted in a manner that is
acceptable to the American people. We must remain agile in responding to new trends in
illegal migration, from Central America or elsewhere. Meanwhile, we recognize the
importance of continuing efforts to promote and expedite lawful travel and trade that will
6
2014 QUADRENNIAL HOMELAND SECURITY REVIEW
continue to strengthen our economy.
Enforce and Administer Our Immigration Laws. We will continually work to better enforce
our immigration laws and administer our immigration system. We support common-sense
immigration reform legislation that enhances border security, prevents and discourages
employers from hiring undocumented workers, streamlines our immigration processing
system, and provides an earned pathway to citizenship for the estimated 11.5 million
undocumented immigrants in this country. It is indeed a matter of homeland security and
common sense that we encourage those physically present in this country to come out of
the shadows and to be held accountable. Offering the opportunity to these 11.5 million
people—most of whom have been here 10 years or more and, in many cases, came here as
children—is also consistent with American values and our Nation’s heritage. We will take a
smart, effective, and efficient risk-based approach to border security and interior
enforcement and continually evaluate the best use of resources to prioritize the removal of
those who represent threats to public safety and national security.
Safeguard and Secure Cyberspace. We must, over the next four years, continue efforts to
address the growing cyber threat, illustrated by the real, pervasive, and ongoing series of
attacks on our public and private infrastructure. This infrastructure provides essential
services such as energy, telecommunications, water, transportation, and financial services
and is increasingly subject to sophisticated cyber intrusions which pose new risks. As the
Federal Government’s coordinator of efforts to counter cyber threats and other hazards to
critical infrastructure, DHS must work with both public and private sector partners to share
information, help make sure new infrastructure is designed and built to be more secure
and resilient, and continue advocating internationally for openness and security of the
Internet and harmony across
international laws to combat
cybercrime. Further, DHS must
secure the Federal Government’s
information technology systems by
approaching federal systems and
networks as an integrated whole
and by researching, developing,
and rapidly deploying cybersecurity
solutions and services at the pace
that cyber threats evolve. And
finally, we must continue to
develop cyber law enforcement,
U.S. Department of Homeland Security
2014 QUADRENNIAL HOMELAND SECURITY REVIEW
7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
incident response, and reporting capabilities by increasing the number and impact of
cybercrime investigations, sharing information about tactics and methods of cyber
criminals gleaned through investigations, and ensuring that incidents reported to any
federal department or agency are shared across the U.S. Government. In addition, the
Federal Government must continue to develop good working relationships with the private
sector, lower barriers to partnership, develop cybersecurity best practices, promote
advanced technology that can exchange information at machine speed, and build the cyber
workforce of tomorrow for DHS and the Nation.
Strengthen National Preparedness and Resilience. Acting on the lessons of Hurricane
Katrina, we have improved disaster planning with federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial
governments, as well as nongovernmental organizations and the private sector; prepositioned a greater number of resources; and strengthened the Nation’s ability to respond
to disasters in a quick and robust fashion. Seven years after Katrina, the return on these
investments showed in the strong, coordinated response to Hurricane Sandy. We must
continue this progress.
This review recognizes the environment in which we must pursue the homeland security
missions over the next four years. To support priority security requirements in a
sustainable way, a corollary responsibility for DHS is to become more efficient and effective
across a large and decentralized structure. As a Department, we must eliminate
duplicative processes, develop common platforms, and purchase single solutions, while
pursuing important commitments, such as the recapitalization of the aging Coast Guard
fleet. DHS must and will also address the low morale that exists within many of its
Components.
Finally, we recognize that we operate at a time when the public’s confidence in the
government’s ability to function and work for them is low. DHS is unique among federal
agencies for the large, daily engage...
Purchase answer to see full
attachment