HLSS603 American Public Resilience & Preparedness in Homeland Security Paper

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Resilience refers to the “ability to adopt to changing conditions and within/rapidly recover from disruptions due to emergencies”. Based on your week one readings, especially PDD-8, and outside research do you believe that resilience and preparedness taken in a homeland security context are synergistic?

Instructions: Fully utilize the materials that have been provided to you in order to support your response. Your initial post should be at least 500 words.

Forum posts are graded on timeliness, relevance, knowledge of the weekly readings, and the quality of original ideas. Sources utilized to support answers are to be cited in accordance with the APA writing style by providing a general parenthetical citation (reference the author, year and page number) within your post, as well as an adjoining reference list. Refer to grading rubric for additional details concerning grading criteria.

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Official website of the Department of Homeland Security U.S. Department of Homeland Security Presidential Policy Directive / PPD8: National Preparedness Presidential Policy Directive / PPD-8 is aimed at strengthening the security and resilience of the United States through systematic preparation for the threats that pose the greatest risk to the security of the nation, including acts of terrorism, cyber attacks, pandemics, and catastrophic natural disasters. FEMA.gov: Learn more about Presidential Policy Directive / PPD-8 (http://www.fema.gov/learn-about-presidential-policy-directive-8) Presidential Policy Directive 8 (#) March 30, 2011 PRESIDENTIAL POLICY DIRECTIVE/PPD-8 SUBJECT: National Preparedness This directive is aimed at strengthening the security and resilience of the United States through systematic preparation for the threats that pose the greatest risk to the security of the Nation, including acts of terrorism, cyber attacks, pandemics, and catastrophic natural disasters. Our national preparedness is the shared responsibility of all levels of government, the private and nonprofit sectors, and individual citizens. Everyone can contribute to safeguarding the Nation from harm. As such, while this directive is intended to galvanize action by the Federal Government, it is also aimed at facilitating an integrated, all-of-Nation, capabilities-based approach to preparedness. Therefore, I hereby direct the development of a national preparedness goal that identifies the core capabilities necessary for preparedness and a national preparedness system to guide activities that will enable the Nation to achieve the goal. The system will allow the Nation to track the progress of our ability to build and improve the capabilities necessary to prevent, protect against, mitigate the effects of, respond to, and recover from those threats that pose the greatest risk to the security of the Nation. The Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism shall coordinate the interagency development of an implementation plan for completing the national preparedness goal and national preparedness system. The implementation plan shall be submitted to me within 60 days from the date of this directive, and shall assign departmental responsibilities and delivery timelines for the development of the national planning frameworks and associated interagency operational plans described below. National Preparedness Goal (#) Within 180 days from the date of this directive, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall develop and submit the national preparedness goal to me, through the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism. The Secretary shall coordinate this effort with other executive departments and agencies, and consult with State, local, tribal, and territorial governments, the private and nonprofit sectors, and the public. The national preparedness goal shall be informed by the risk of specific threats and vulnerabilities – taking into account regional variations - and include concrete, measurable, and prioritized objectives to mitigate that risk. The national preparedness goal shall define the core capabilities necessary to prepare for the specific types of incidents that pose the greatest risk to the security of the Nation, and shall emphasize actions aimed at achieving an integrated, layered, and all-of-Nation preparedness approach that optimizes the use of available resources. The national preparedness goal shall reflect the policy direction outlined in the National Security Strategy (May 2010), applicable Presidential Policy Directives, Homeland Security Presidential Directives, National Security Presidential Directives, and national strategies, as well as guidance from the Interagency Policy Committee process. The goal shall be reviewed regularly to evaluate consistency with these policies, evolving conditions, and the National Incident Management System. National Preparedness System (#) The national preparedness system shall be an integrated set of guidance, programs, and processes that will enable the Nation to meet the national preparedness goal. Within 240 days from the date of this directive, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall develop and submit a description of the national preparedness system to me, through the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism. The Secretary shall coordinate this effort with other executive departments and agencies, and consult with State, local, tribal, and territorial governments, the private and nonprofit sectors, and the public. The national preparedness system shall be designed to help guide the domestic efforts of all levels of government, the private and nonprofit sectors, and the public to build and sustain the capabilities outlined in the national preparedness goal. The national preparedness system shall include guidance for planning, organization, equipment, training, and exercises to build and maintain domestic capabilities. It shall provide an all-of-Nation approach for building and sustaining a cycle of preparedness activities over time. The national preparedness system shall include a series of integrated national planning frameworks, covering prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery. The frameworks shall be built upon scalable, flexible, and adaptable coordinating structures to align key roles and responsibilities to deliver the necessary capabilities. The frameworks shall be coordinated under a unified system with a common terminology and approach, built around basic plans that support the all-hazards approach to preparedness and functional or incident annexes to describe any unique requirements for particular threats or scenarios, as needed. Each framework shall describe how actions taken in the framework are coordinated with relevant actions described in the other frameworks across the preparedness spectrum. The national preparedness system shall include an interagency operational plan to support each national planning framework. Each interagency operational plan shall include a more detailed concept of operations; description of critical tasks and responsibilities; detailed resource, personnel, and sourcing requirements; and specific provisions for the rapid integration of resources and personnel. All executive departments and agencies with roles in the national planning frameworks shall develop department-level operational plans to support the interagency operational plans, as needed. Each national planning framework shall include guidance to support corresponding planning for State, local, tribal, and territorial governments. The national preparedness system shall include resource guidance, such as arrangements enabling the ability to share personnel. It shall provide equipment guidance aimed at nationwide interoperability; and shall provide guidance for national training and exercise programs, to facilitate our ability to build and sustain the capabilities defined in the national preparedness goal and evaluate progress toward meeting the goal. The national preparedness system shall include recommendations and guidance to support preparedness planning for businesses, communities, families, and individuals. The national preparedness system shall include a comprehensive approach to assess national preparedness that uses consistent methodology to measure the operational readiness of national capabilities at the time of assessment, with clear, objective and quantifiable performance measures, against the target capability levels identified in the national preparedness goal. Building and Sustaining Preparedness (#) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall coordinate a comprehensive campaign to build and sustain national preparedness, including public outreach and community-based and privatesector programs to enhance national resilience, the provision of Federal financial assistance, preparedness efforts by the Federal Government, and national research and development efforts. National Preparedness Report (#) Within 1 year from the date of this directive, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall submit the first national preparedness report based on the national preparedness goal to me, through the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism. The Secretary shall coordinate this effort with other executive departments and agencies and consult with State, local, tribal, and territorial governments, the private and nonprofit sectors, and the public. The Secretary shall submit the report annually in sufficient time to allow it to inform the preparation of my Administration’s budget. Roles and Responsibilities (#) The Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism shall periodically review progress toward achieving the national preparedness goal. The Secretary of Homeland Security is responsible for coordinating the domestic all-hazards preparedness efforts of all executive departments and agencies, in consultation with State, local, tribal, and territorial governments, nongovernmental organizations, private-sector partners, and the general public; and for developing the national preparedness goal. The heads of all executive departments and agencies with roles in prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery are responsible for national preparedness efforts, including department-specific operational plans, as needed, consistent with their statutory roles and responsibilities. Nothing in this directive is intended to alter or impede the ability to carry out the authorities of executive departments and agencies to perform their responsibilities under law and consistent with applicable legal authorities and other Presidential guidance. This directive shall be implemented consistent with relevant authorities, including the Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 and its assignment of responsibilities with respect to the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Nothing in this directive is intended to interfere with the authority of the Attorney General or Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation with regard to the direction, conduct, control, planning, organization, equipment, training, exercises, or other activities concerning domestic counterterrorism, intelligence, and law enforcement activities. Nothing in this directive shall limit the authority of the Secretary of Defense with regard to the command and control, planning, organization, equipment, training, exercises, employment, or other activities of Department of Defense forces, or the allocation of Department of Defense resources. If resolution on a particular matter called for in this directive cannot be reached between or among executive departments and agencies, the matter shall be referred to me through the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism. This directive replaces Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD)-8 (National Preparedness), issued December 17, 2003, and HSPD-8 Annex I (National Planning) (/hspd-8annex-1) , issued December 4, 2007, which are hereby rescinded, except for paragraph 44 of HSPD-8 Annex I. Individual plans developed under HSPD-8 and Annex I remain in effect until rescinded or otherwise replaced. Definitions (#) For the purposes of this directive: (a) The term "national preparedness" refers to the actions taken to plan, organize, equip, train, and exercise to build and sustain the capabilities necessary to prevent, protect against, mitigate the effects of, respond to, and recover from those threats that pose the greatest risk to the security of the Nation. (b) The term "security" refers to the protection of the Nation and its people, vital interests, and way of life. (c) The term "resilience" refers to the ability to adapt to changing conditions and withstand and rapidly recover from disruption due to emergencies. (d) The term "prevention" refers to those capabilities necessary to avoid, prevent, or stop a threatened or actual act of terrorism. Prevention capabilities include, but are not limited to, information sharing and warning; domestic counterterrorism; and preventing the acquisition or use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). For purposes of the prevention framework called for in this directive, the term "prevention" refers to preventing imminent threats. (e) The term "protection" refers to those capabilities necessary to secure the homeland against acts of terrorism and manmade or natural disasters. Protection capabilities include, but are not limited to, defense against WMD threats; defense of agriculture and food; critical infrastructure protection; protection of key leadership and events; border security; maritime security; transportation security; immigration security; and cybersecurity. (f) The term "mitigation" refers to those capabilities necessary to reduce loss of life and property by lessening the impact of disasters. Mitigation capabilities include, but are not limited to, community-wide risk reduction projects; efforts to improve the resilience of critical infrastructure and key resource lifelines; risk reduction for specific vulnerabilities from natural hazards or acts of terrorism; and initiatives to reduce future risks after a disaster has occurred. (g) The term "response" refers to those capabilities necessary to save lives, protect property and the environment, and meet basic human needs after an incident has occurred. (h) The term "recovery" refers to those capabilities necessary to assist communities affected by an incident to recover effectively, including, but not limited to, rebuilding infrastructure systems; providing adequate interim and long-term housing for survivors; restoring health, social, and community services; promoting economic development; and restoring natural and cultural resources. BARACK OBAMA Last Published Date: August 14, 2018 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY RESILIENCE: AN ANALYSIS A CARRI Report Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013 Page 2 of 14 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY RESILIENCE: AN ANALYSIS A CARRI Report INTRODUCTION Resilience (derived from the Latin resalire, to spring back) has become an important term in the language of many disciplines ranging from psychology to ecology. Unfortunately, there is no commonly accepted definition of resilience that is used across all disciplines. The purpose of this note is to analyze the more widely used definitions in terms of their core concepts. The definitions which are most valuable in terms of improving the ability of communities to recover after disasters explicitly or implicitly contain the following five core concepts: Attribute: resilience is an attribute of the community. Continuing: a community’s resilience is an inherent and dynamic part of the community. Adaptation: the community can adapt to adversity. Trajectory: adaptation leads to a positive outcome for the community relative to its state after the crisis, especially in terms of its functionality. Comparability: the attribute allows communities to be compared in terms of their ability to positively adapt to adversity. DEFINITIONS The term resilience was first used in the physical sciences to denote the behavior of a spring. In the 1970’s and 1980’s, resilience was adapted by the ecological and psychological communities to describe somewhat different phenomena.   In psychology, the term was used to describe groups that did not change behavior in spite of adversity (e.g., Werner). In ecology, the term was used to describe ecosystems that continued to function more or less the same in spite of adversity (most notably Holling). Resilience began being used in terms of disasters, especially by the engineering community (particularly referring to physical infrastructure), in the 1980’s, and was related to the concept of being able to absorb and recover from a hazardous event. Since that time, hybrid definitions Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013 Page 3 of 14 have arisen that combine the engineering with the ecological, or the ecological with the behavioral. Table 1 contains many of the most widely recognized definitions of resilience relevant to communities. The definitions generally reflect how the community responds to some adverse event, a crisis. However, there are significant differences that transcend their original intended domain of use. Thus, while one could simply categorize the definitions in terms of domains (as indicated in the Table), it is probably more useful to look for themes among the core concepts within the definitions that can be used for classification. One way the definitions can be classified is by contrasting “Being vs Becoming.” Many of the ontological definitions of resilience begin with “the ability to ...,” for example, those of Brown, Pfefferbaum, and Adger, i.e., resilience is an attribute of the community. Others take a phenomenological view of resilience as a process – most notably Norris, but also Sonn, and the Centre for Community Enterprise. TABLE 1 DEFINITIONS OF RESILIENCE First author, year Gordon, 1978 Domain Physical Definition The ability to store strain energy and deflect elastically under a load without breaking or being deformed Bodin, 2004 Physical The speed with which a system returns to equilibrium after displacement irrespective of how many oscillations are required Holling, 1973 Ecological The persistence of relationships within a system; a system measure of the ability of systems to absorb changes of state variables, driving variables, and parameters, and still persist Holling, 1995 Ecological Buffer capacity or the ability of a system to absorb system perturbation, or the magnitude of disturbance that can be absorbed before a system changes its structure Abel, 2001 Ecological system The ability to persist through future disturbances Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013 Waller, 2001 Page 4 of 14 Ecological Positive adaptation in response to adversity; it is not system the absence of vulnerability, not an inherent characteristic, and not static Brock, 2002 Ecological The transition probability between states as a system function of the consumption and production activities of decision makers Klein, 2003 Ecological The ability of a system that has undergone stress to system recover and return to its original state; more precisely (i) the amount of disturbance a system can absorb and still remain within the same state or domain of attraction and (ii) the degree to which the system is capable of self-organization Anderies, 2004 Ecological The amount of change or disruption that is required system to transform the maintenance of a system from one set of mutually reinforcing processes and structures to a different set of processes and structures Ott, 2004 Walker, 2004 Ecological Maintenance of natural capital (as the basis for system social systems' functioning) in the long run Ecological The capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and system reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks Adger, 2005 Ecological The capacity of linked social-ecological systems to system absorb recurrent disturbances ... so as to retain essential structures, functions, and feedbacks Longstaff, 2005 Ecological The ability by an individual, group, or organization system to continue its existence (or remain more or less stable) in the face of some sort of surprise….Resilience is found in systems that are highly adaptable (not locked into specific strategies) and have diverse resources Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013 Resilience Alliance, 2006 Page 5 of 14 Ecological The capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and system reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure and feedbacks—and therefore the same identity. Resilience Alliance, 2009 Ecological The capacity of a system to tolerate disturbance system without collapsing into a qualitatively different state that is controlled by a different set of processes. Adger, 2000 Ecological The ability of communities to withstand external and social shocks to their social infrastructure systems Adger, 2003 Ecological The ability to persist (i.e., to absorb shocks and and social stresses and still maintain the functioning of society systems and the integrity of ability to ecological systems) and the adapt to change, unforeseen circumstances, and risks Comfort, 1999 Community The capacity to adapt existing resources and skills to new systems and operating conditions Mileti, 1999 Community (The ability to) withstand an extreme event without suffering devastating losses, damage, diminished productivity, or quality of life without a large amount of assistance from outside the community Bruneau, 2003 Community The ability of social units to mitigate hazards, contain the effects of disasters when they occur, and carry out recovery activities in ways that minimize social disruption and mitigate the effects of future earthquakes Godschalk, 2003 Community A sustainable network of physical systems and human communities, capable of managing extreme events; during disaster, both must be able to survive and function under extreme stress Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013 Timmerman, 1981 Community Page 6 of 14 A system's capacity to absorb and recover from the occurrence of a hazardous event; reflective of a society's ability to cope and to continue to cope in the future Wildavsky, 1991 Community The capacity to cope with unanticipated dangers after they have become manifest, learning to bounce back Brown, 1996 Community The ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or sustained life stress Sonn, 1998 Community The process through which mediating structures (schools, peer groups, family) and activity settings moderate the impact of oppressive systems Paton, 2001 Community The capability to bounce back and to use physical and economic resources effectively to aid recovery following exposure to hazards Center for Community Community Enterprise, 2000 Intentional action to enhance the personal and collective capacity of its citizens and institutions to respond to, and influence the course of social and economic change Chenoweth, 2001 Community The ability to respond to crises in ways that strengthen community bonds, resources, and the community's capacity to cope Ganor, 2003 Community The ability of individuals and communities to deal with a state of continuous long term stress; the ability to find unknown inner strengths and resources in order to cope effectively; the measure of adaptation and flexibility Kofinas, 2003 Community social resilience Two types of social resilience: (1) a social system's capacity to facilitate human efforts to deduce the trends of change, reduce vulnerabilities, and facilitate adaptation; and (2) the capacity of a [social-ecological system] modes of economic activity to sustain preferred Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013 Quinlan, 2003 Community Page 7 of 14 Resilience consists of (1) the amount of change a system can undergo and still retain essentially the same structure, function, identity, and feedbacks on function and structure, (2) the degree to which a system is capable of self-organization (and reorganize after disturbance), and (3) the degree to which a system expresses capacity for learning and adaptation Ahmed, 2004 Community The development of material, physical, sociopolitical, socio-cultural, and psychological resources that promote safety of residents and buffer adversity Kimhi, 2004 Community Individuals’ sense of the ability of their own community to deal successfully with the ongoing political violence Coles, 2004 Community A community’s capacities, skills, and knowledge that allow it to participate fully in recovery from disasters Allenby, 2005 Community The capability of a system to maintain its function and structure in the face of internal and external change and to degrade gracefully when it must Gunderson, 2005 Community The return or recovery time of a social-ecological system, determined by (1) that system's capacity for renewal in a dynamic environment and (2) people's ability to learn and change (which, in turn, is partially determined by the institutional context for knowledge sharing, learning, and management, and partially by the social capital among people) Pfefferbaum, 2005 Community The ability of community members to take meaningful, deliberate, collective action to remedy the impact of a problem, including the ability to interpret the environment, intervene, and move on Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013 Page 8 of 14 Subcommittee on Disaster Community The capacity of a system, community, or society Reduction, 2005 potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting Society or changing, in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure UN/ISDR, 2005 Community The capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure Perrings, 2006 Community The ability of the system to withstand either market or environmental shocks without losing the capacity to allocate resources efficiently Liu, 2007 Community The capability to retain similar structures and functioning after disturbances for continuous development Norris, 2008 Community Individual Rose, 2007 Economic A process linking a set of adaptive capacities to a positive trajectory of functioning and adaptation after a disturbance (Dynamic) Resilience: the speed at which an entity or system recovers from a severe shock to achieve a desired state Static economic resilience: the ability of an entity or system to maintain function (e.g., continue producing) when shocked Inherent resilience: the ability to deal with crises Adaptive resilience: the ability (of an entity or system) in crisis situations to maintain function on the basis of ingenuity or extra effort Masten, 1990 Individual The process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging threatening circumstances Individual or Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013 Egeland, 1993 Individual Page 9 of 14 The capacity for successful adaptation, positive functioning, or competence…despite high-risk status, chronic stress, or following prolonged or severe trauma Butler, 2007 Individual Good adaptation under extenuating circumstances; a recovery trajectory that returns to baseline functioning following a challenge Another way to classify the definitions is by “Adaptation vs Resistance.” Most of the definitions reflect the idea of adaptation to cope with adversity. The community adapts to adversity by changing how it functions, or by using resources in innovative ways. A converse view is that the community resists adversity (or expends resources) to avoid change, and its resilience is reflected by how much adversity it can withstand without collapsing or dramatically changing (e.g., Anderies and Ott). A third way to classify the definitions is in terms of “Trajectory.” Many of the ecologicallyderived definitions (Resilience Alliance) are focused on whether or not the community changes in the face of adversity, and do not try to evaluate whether the change is an improvement or not. Pushed to the extreme, these definitions cluster around the black-and-white idea that if a community survives adversity it is resilient, if it does not it is not. On the other hand, most of the other definitions consider the trajectory of the community’s response to adversity (e.g., Waller), i.e., resilience implies regaining functionality after a crisis. The definitions can also be classified in terms of “Predictability.” Some of the definitions lend themselves to comparisons among communities (e.g., Bruneau). In effect, this type of definition often can be used to predict how well a community will be able to regain functionality compared to others. Other definitions are not very useful for making predictions, either because they imply that resilience can only be perceived after the fact (Butler), or because of the subjective nature of the definition (Kimhi). Finally, the definitions can also be compared in terms of what they imply about the temporal nature of resilience. Some of the definitions view resilience as an emergent property that appears only in the wake of a crisis (Butler). Others, primarily those that view resilience as a process of responding to adversity, also ascribe an after-the-crisis characteristic to it. These are in contrast to definitions that view resilience as an inherent and dynamic attribute of the community, that depends on the community’s trajectory but can be independently enhanced through good Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013 Page 10 of 14 organization and planning (Rose, Centre for Community Enterprise). As described below, CARRI’s definition is in the latter group. USEFULNESS OF DEFINITIONS It is difficult to select one from this plethora of definitions as “the best.” Each has value and has led to positive contributions within its domain. Thus, the definition one chooses should reflect the way in which it will be used. The Community and Regional Resilience Institute (CARRI) is focused on enhancing the resilience of communities. CARRI’s experience in its partner communities (Charleston, SC; Gulfport, MS; and Memphis, TN) and its extensive research lead to the conclusion that a definition useful for improving the ability of a community to regain functionality after a disaster ought to embody the following core concepts:     Resilience is an inherent and dynamic attribute of the community. This means that it exists throughout the life of the community. Potentially it can either be determined absolutely, or at least changes in a community’s resilience can be detected. Adaptability is at the core of this attribute. Adaptation can occur either in response to or in anticipation of a crisis. Any adaptation must improve the community, i.e., must result in a positive outcome (positive trajectory) for the community relative to its state after experiencing adversity. This can best be detected by considering the level of functionality of the community after a crisis. Resilience should be defined in a manner that enables useful predictions to be made about a community’s ability to recover from adversity. This will enable communities to assess their resilience and take action to improve it if necessary. Based on this, CARRI has developed the following definition for its use: Community resilience is the capability to anticipate risk, limit impact, and bounce back rapidly through survival, adaptability, evolution, and growth in the face of turbulent change. This definition contains the core concepts identified above: resilience as an attribute, with adaptability at its core. It indicates the desired trajectory, and can enable communities to determine how resilient they are and to take actions to improve their resilience. Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013 Page 11 of 14 REFERENCES For more in-depth analysis of definitions of resilience, the papers of Norris and Rose cited below, and the papers by Cutter, Gunderson, Morrow and Moser on the CARRI website (http://www.resilientus.org/publications/reports.html) are recommended. Abel, N., and A. Langston (2001). Evolution of a social-ecological System: Adaptation and resilience in the New South Wales Rangelands 1850 to 2020. Manuscript available at [url]: http://www.cse.csiro.au/research/nswrangelands/pubs/popular_articles/Draft_Paper.pdf. Adger, W. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24, 347–364. Adger, W. N. (2003). Social capital, collective action and adaptation to climate change. Economic Geography, 79, 387–404. Adger, W. N., T. Hughes, C. Folke, S. R. Carpenter, and J. Rockström (2005). Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters. Science, 309,1036–1039. Ahmed, R., Seedat, M., van Niekerk, A., & Bulbulia, S. (2004). Discerning community resilience in disadvantaged communities in the context of violence and injury prevention. South African Journal of Psychology, 34, 386–408. Allenby, B., and J. Fink. (2005). Toward inherently secure and resilient societies. Science, 309, 1034–1036. Anderies, J. M., M. A. Janssen, and E. Ostrom (2004). A framework to analyze the robustness of social-ecological systems from an institutional perspective. Ecology and Society, 9, 18; online at http://www.ecologandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art18. Bodin, P., & Wiman, B. (2004). Resilience and other stability concepts in ecology: Notes on their origin, validity, and usefulness. ESS Bulletin, 2, 33–43. Brock, W. A., K.-G. Mäler, and C. Perrings (2002). Resilience and sustainability: The economic analysis of nonlinear systems. In Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Systems of Humans and Nature, Gunderson, L. H. and C. S. Holling, eds. 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Ott, K., and R. Döring. 2004. Theorie und Praxis starker Nachhaltigkeit. Metropolis (Theory and Practice of Strong Sustainability), Marburg, Germany. Paton, D., & Johnston, D. (2001). Disasters and communities: Vulnerability, resilience, and preparedness. Disaster Prevention and Management, 10, 270–277. Perrings, C. A. (2006). Resilience and sustainable development. Environment and Development Economics 11, 417–427. Pfefferbaum, B., Reissman, D., Pfefferbaum, R., Klomp, R., & Gurwitch, R. (2005). Building resilience to mass trauma events. In L. Doll, S. Bonzo, J. Mercy, & D. Sleet (Eds.), Handbook on injury and violence prevention interventions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York. Quinlan, A. (2003). Resilience and adaptive capacity: Key components of sustainable socialecological systems. IHDP Update 2, 4–5. Definitions of Community Resilience: An Analysis • 2013 Page 14 of 14 Rose, A., (2007). Economic resilience to natural and man-made disasters: Multidisciplinary origins and contextual dimensions. Environmental Hazards, 7, 383-398. Sonn, C., & Fisher, A. (1998). Sense of community: Community resilient responses to oppression and change. Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 457–472. Subcommittee on Disaster Reduction (2005). Grand Challenges for Disaster Reduction. National Science & Technology Council, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources. Washington, DC. Timmerman, P. (1981). Vulnerability, resilience, and the collapse of society: A review of models and possible climatic applications. Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (2005). Hyogo Framework for 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters, and United Nations Interagency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR). 2004. In Living With Risk: A global review of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR). United Nations, Geneva, p. 16-17. Walker, B., et al. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 9 (2): art.5; online at http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5. Waller, M. (2001). Resilience in ecosystemic context: Evolution of the concept. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 290–297. Wildavsky, A. (1991). Searching for Safety. Transaction, New Brunswick NJ. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative (2012) Chapter: Summary × No person or place is immune from disasters or disaster-related losses. Infectious disease outbreaks, Buy Paperback | $49.00 acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters into addition natural hazards can itallaslead to largeVisit NAP.edu/10766 to get more information about this book, buy it intoprint, or to download a free PDF. scale consequences for the nation and its communities. Communities and the nation thus face Buy Ebook | $39.99 di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental choices about the best ways to ensure basic security and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks, MyNAP members save and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of 10% online. injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for Login or Register to 2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion, save! with 14 events costing more than a billion dollars in damages each.   Summary Download Free PDF One way to reduce the impacts of disasters on the nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse No person or place is immune fromevents. disasters or disaster-related losses. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative the broad issue of increasing nation's Infectious disease outbreaks, acts of addresses terrorism, social unrest, or thenancial resilience to disasters. This book de nes "national disasters in addition to natural hazards can all lead to large-scale resilience", describes the state of knowledge about consequences for the nation and its resilience communities. and the the to hazards Communities and disasters, and frames main issues related to increasing resilience in the nation thus face dif cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental choices United States. It also provide goals, baseline about the best ways to ensure basicconditions, security and quality of for lifenational against or performance metrics resilience and outlines information, data, hazards, deliberate attacks, and disasters. Beyond the additional unquanti able costs gaps, and/or obstacles that need to be addressed to of injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for 2011 toalone indicate increase the nation's resilience disasters. Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes economic damages from natural disasters in the United States exceeded recommendations about the necessary approaches $55 billion, with 14 events costing more than a billion dollars in damages to elevate national resilience to disasters in the United States. each. One way to reduce the impacts Enhanced of disasters on the nation and its resilience allows better anticipation of and better to reduce communities is to invest in enhancingdisasters resilience. As planning de ned in thisdisaster report, losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and resilience is the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts more successfully adapt to adverse events. Enhanced resilience allows better the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a anticipation of disasters and better planning to reduce disaster losses— resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster rather than waiting for an event to occur and ispaying for itthat afterward. resilience an imperative requires the collective will of the nation and its communities. Although However, building the culture and practice of disaster resilience is not disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the simple or inexpensive. Decisions about how andapproaches when totodisasters invest nation from reactive to a in increasing resilience involve short- and long-term planning and × investments of time and resources prior to an event. Although the resilience of individuals and communities Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative may be readily recognized after a disaster, resilience is currently rarely acknowledged before a disaster takes place, making the “payoff” for resilience investments challenging for individuals, communities, the private No sector, and allis immune levels from of government person or place disasters or disaster-related losses. Infectious disease outbreaks, to demonstrate. Buy Paperback | $49.00 acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters The challenge of increasing national resilience has beencanrecognized by in addition to natural hazards all lead to largeconsequences nation and and its the federal government, including scale eight federalfor the agencies one communities. Communities and the nation thus face Buy Ebook community resilience group |af$39.99 liated with a National Laboratory who di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental the best ways to ensure security asked the National Research Council choices (NRC)about to address the broadbasic issue of and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks, MyNAP members save to disasters. These agencies asked the increasing the nation’s resilience and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of 10% online.to (1) de ne “national NRC study committee and frame the main injury andresilience” loss of life from disasters, statistics for Login or Register to 2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural issues related to increasing resilience in the United States; (2) provide disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion, save! goals, baseline conditions, or performance metrics formore national resilience; with 14 events costing than a billion dollars in each. (3) describe the state of knowledgedamages about resilience to hazards and Download Free PDF disasters; and (4) outline additionalOneinformation, data, ofgaps, and/or way to reduce the impacts disasters on the nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing obstacles that need to be addressed to increase the nation’s resilience to resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, disasters. The committee was also asked forfrom recommendations recover and more successfully adapt to adverse   events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's resilience to disasters. This book de nes "national resilience", describes resilience the state of knowledge about about the necessary approaches to elevate national to disasters resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the in the United States. main issues related to increasing resilience in the This report confronts the topicUnited of States. how Itto nation’s also increase provide goals,the baseline conditions, performance metricsof foranational resilience to disasters through a vision of theorcharacteristics resilient resilience and outlines additional information, data, nation in the year 2030. The characteristics describe a more resilient gaps, and/or obstacles that need to be addressed to increase the nation's resilience to disasters. nation in which Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes recommendations about the necessary approaches • Every individual and communitytoinelevate the nation has access to the risk national resilience to disasters in the United States. and vulnerability information they need to make their communities more resilient. Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of disasters and reduce disaster • All levels of government, communities, andbetter the planning privatetosector have losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and designed resilience strategies and operation plans based on this paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to information. through a vision of the characteristics of a • Proactive investments and policydisasters decisions have reduced loss of lives, resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster costs, and socioeconomic impacts of future disasters. resilience is an imperative that requires the collective will of the nation and its communities. • Community coalitions are widely organized, recognized, andAlthough disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the supported to provide essential services before after to disasters nation from reactiveand approaches disasters to a occur. • Recovery after disasters is rapid and the per capita federal cost of respondingAtoNational disastersImperative has been declining for a decade. Disaster Resilience: • Nationwide, the public is universally safer, healthier, and better educated. × No person or place is immune from disasters or The alternative, the status quo, in disaster-related which thelosses. nation’s approaches to Infectious disease outbreaks, Buy Paperback | $49.00 of terrorism, social or nancial increasing disaster resilience remainactsunchanged, is unrest, a future in disasters which in addition to natural hazards can all lead to largedisasters will continue to be very costly in terms of injury; scale consequences for the nation loss and itsof lives, communities. Communities and the nation thus face homes, and jobs; business interruption; and other damages. Buy Ebook | $39.99 di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental Building resilience toward the 2030 future vision requires a paradigm choices about the best ways to ensure basic security anddisaster quality of liferesilience” against hazards,that deliberate attacks, shift and a new national “culture of includes MyNAP members save and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of components 10% of online.   injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for Login or Register to 2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural (1) Taking responsibility for disaster disasters risk; in the United States exceeded $55 billion, save! with 14 events than billion dollars in (2) Addressing the challenge of establishing thecosting core more value ofa resilience in damages each. communities,Download includingFree thePDF use of disaster loss data to foster longway to reduce the impacts of disasters on the term commitments to enhancingOne resilience; nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing (3) Developing and deploying tools or metrics for monitoring resilience--the ability to prepare andprogress plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse toward resilience; events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative (4) Building local, community capacity because decisions and thethe nation's addresses the broad issue of increasing resilience to disasters. Thisthe bookbottom de nes "national ultimate resilience of a community are driven from up; resilience", describes the state of knowledge about (5) Understanding the landscape of government policies and practices to resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the main issues help communities increase resilience; andrelated to increasing resilience in the United States. It also provide goals, baseline (6) Identifying and communicating the roles and responsibilities of conditions, or performance metrics for national communities and all levels of government building resilience. resilience andin outlines additional information, data, gaps, and/or obstacles that need to be addressed to increase the nation's to disasters. A set of six actionable recommendations (see Box resilience S-1 at the close of the the book's authoring committee makes Summary) are described that will helpAdditionally, guide the nation toward increasing recommendations about the necessary approaches national resilience from the local community through to state andinfederal to elevate national resilience to disasters the Unitedby States. levels. The report has been informed published information, the committee’s own Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of disasters and better planning to reduce disaster losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts the topicshared of how toby increase the nation's resilience to expertise, and importantly, by experiences communities in New disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a Orleans and the Mississippi Gulf Coast, Cedar Rapids and Iowa City, Iowa, resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster resilience is an imperative requires the collective and Southern California, where the committee held openthat meetings. will of the nation and its communities. Although disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the UNDERSTANDING, MANAGING, AND DISASTER RISKto a nation REDUCING from reactive approaches to disasters × Understanding, managing, and reducing disaster risks provide a foundation for Abuilding to disasters. Risk represents the Disaster Resilience: Nationalresilience Imperative potential for hazards to cause adverse effects on our life; health; economic well-being; social, environmental, and cultural assets; infrastructure; and the services expected from institutions environment. Risk No personand or placethe is immune from disasters or disaster-related Infectious diseasefacing outbreaks, management is a continuous process that identi losses. es the hazard(s) a Buy Paperback | $49.00 acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters community, assesses the risk from these hazards, develops in addition to natural hazards and can allimplements lead to largescale consequences for the and nationdevelops and its risk strategies, reevaluates and reviews these strategies, and communities. Communities and the nation thus face BuyThe Ebook | $39.99 adjusts risk policies. choice of risk management strategies requires di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental about and the best ways to on ensure security regular reevaluation in the context of choices new data models thebasic hazards and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks, and risk facing a members community, MyNAP save and changes in the socioeconomic and and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of online. demographic10% characteristics of a community, asof well asdisasters, the community’s injury and loss life from statistics for Login or Register to 2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural goals. Although some residual risk will always be present, risk management disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion, save! strategies can help build capacity with for 14communities tothanbecome more events costing more a billion dollars in damages each. resilient to disasters. Download Free PDF A variety of tools exist to manage disaster including tangible One way to reducerisk the impacts of disasters on the nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing structural (construction-related) measures such as levees and dams, resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, disaster-resistant construction, and recover well-enforced and from and morebuilding successfully codes, adapt to adverse events. Disaster Resilience: Asuch National as Imperative nonstructural (nonconstruction-related) measures natural addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's defenses, insurance, zoning ordinances, and economic incentives. resilience to disasters. This book de nes "national resilience", the state of knowledge about Structural and nonstructural measures are describes complementary and can be resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the used in conjunction with one another. Importantly, some tools or actions main issues related to increasing resilience in the that can reduce short-term risk can United potentially increase long-term States. It also provide goals, baseline risk, conditions, or performance metrics for national requiring careful evaluation of the risk management strategies employed. resilience and outlines additional information, data, Risk management is at its foundationgaps, a community decision, the risk and/or obstacles that need toand be addressed to increase the nation's resilience to disasters. management approach will be effective only if community members Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes commit to use the risk management tools and measures available to recommendations about themade necessary approaches to elevate national resilience to disasters in the them.   United States. Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of THE CHALLENGE OF MAKING INVESTMENTS IN RESILIENCE disasters and better planning to reduce disaster losses-rather than in waiting for an event will to occur and Demonstrating that community investments resilience yield paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts measurable short- and long-term benethets that balance or exceed the costs topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to is critical for sustained commitmentdisasters to increasing resilience. The total through a vision of the characteristics of a resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster value of a community’s assets—both the high-value structural assets and resilience is an imperative that requires the collective those with high social, cultural, and/or environmental value—call for a will of the nation and its communities. Although disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the decision-making framework for disaster resilience that addresses both nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a quantitative data and qualitative value assessments. Ownership of a community’s assets is also important; responsibility forAan asset and, therefore, Disaster Resilience: National Imperative ownership establishes × the the need to make appropriate resilience investments to prepare and or plan No person or place is immune from disasters disaster-related losses. Infectious disease outbreaks, for hazards and risks. guidance exists for communities to Buy Presently, Paperbacklittle | $49.00 acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters understand how to place meaningful value on hazards all ofcan their in addition to natural all lead toassets. largescalehardship, consequences for the nation and its Particularly during times of economic competing demand for communities. Communities and the nation thus face Buy Ebook | $39.99 many societally relevant resources (education, social services) can be a di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental major barrier to making progress in building resilience in communities. choices about the best ways to ensure basic security and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks, AccessingMyNAP and members understanding the historical spatial and temporal save and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of 10% online. and human disaster patterns of economic communities inforthe injury andlosses loss of lifein from disasters, statistics Login or Register to 2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural United States are ways for communities to understand the full extent of disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion, save! the impact of disasters and thereby motivate community efforts with 14 events costing more than a billion dollars to in damages each. increase resilience. Historical patterns of disaster losses provide some Download Free PDF sense of the magnitude of the need toOne become morethedisaster way to reduce impacts of resilient. disasters on The the nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing geographic patterns of disaster losses—e.g., human fatalities, property resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, losses, and crop losses—illustrate where thefrom impacts are the greatest, what recover and more successfully adapt to adverse Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative challenges exist in responding to and events. recovering from disasters, and what addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's factors drive exposure and vulnerability to hazards and disasters. Although resilience to disasters. This book de nes "national existing loss databases in the United States useful kinds of resilience",are describes thefor statecertain of knowledge about resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the analyses, improvement in measurements, accuracy, and consistency are main issues related to increasing resilience in the needed. Furthermore, the nation lacksUnited a national repository for all-hazard States. It also provide goals, baseline conditions, or performance metrics for national event and loss data, compromising the ability of communities to make resilience and outlines additional information, data, informed decisions about where andgaps, how toobstacles prioritize their and/or that need to be resilience addressed to increase the nation's resilience to disasters. investments.   MEASURING Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes recommendations about the necessary approaches elevate national resilience to disasters in the PROGRESStoTOWARD RESILIENCE United States. Without some numerical means of assessing resilience it would be Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of impossible to identify the priority needs for improvement, to monitor disasters and better planning to reduce disaster losses-rather than waiting for an event occur and changes, to show that resilience had improved, or to compare thetobene ts paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts of increasing resilience with the associated costs. The measurement of a the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to concept such as resilience is dif cult,disasters requiring not only ancharacteristics agreed-upon through a vision of the of a resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster metric, but also the data and algorithms needed to compute it. The very resilience is an imperative that requires the collective act of de ning a resilience metric, andwillthe discussions ensueAlthough about its of the nation and its that communities. disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the structure, helps a community to clarify and formalize what it means by the nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a concept of resilience, thereby raising the quality of debate. The principles × that resilience metrics can entail are illustrated by some existing national and international or frameworks that address measurement of Disaster Resilience: Aindicators National Imperative the resilience of different aspects of community systems. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for developers, owners, and operators of buildings is one example. Comparison of theor strengths and challenges No person place is immune from disasters or of disaster-related losses. Infectious diseasethat outbreaks, a variety of different frameworks resilience suggests the Buy Paperbackfor| measuring $49.00 acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters critical dimensions of an encompassing resilience in addition toand natural consistent hazards can all lead to largescale consequences for the nation and its measurement system are   communities. 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Beyond the unquanti able costs of 10% online. injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for Login or Register to 2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion, • Social factors a community’s ability to recover, save! that enhance or limit with 14 events costing more than a billion dollars in including social capital, language,damages health, and socioeconomic status; each. • Indicators of Download the abilityFree of buildings and other structures to PDF One way to reduce the impacts of disasters on the withstand earthquakes, oods, severe storms, and other disasters; nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing and resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse • Factors that capture the special needs of individuals and groups, events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative related to minority status, mobility, or health status. addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's resilience to disasters. This book de nes "national resilience", describes the state offor knowledge about Presently, the nation does not have a consistent basis measuring resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the resilience that includes all of these dimensions. Until a community main issues related to increasing resilience in the experiences a disaster and has to United respond from it, States. Itto alsoand providerecover goals, baseline conditions, or performance metrics for national demonstrating the complexity, volume of issues, con icts and lack of resilience and outlines additional information, data, ownership are dif cult. A national gaps, resilience scorecard, which and/or obstacles that need tofrom be addressed to increase the nation's resilience to disasters. communities can then develop their own, tailored scorecards, will make it Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes easier for communities to see the issues they willabout facetheprior to approaches an event recommendations necessary national resilience disasters in the and can support necessary work toinelevate anticipation of toan appropriate United States. resilience-building strategy. A scorecard will also allow communities to ask Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of the right questions in advance of a disaster. disasters and better planning to reduce disaster losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts BUILDING LOCAL CAPACITY AND ACCELERATING PROGRESS: the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to RESILIENCE FROM THE BOTTOM UP disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster National resilience emerges, in large part, from the ability of local resilience is an imperative that requires the collective communities with support from all levels ofnation government and the private will of the and its communities. Although disasters will continue to occur, that move the sector to plan and prepare for, absorb, respond to, and actions recover from nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a disasters and adapt to new conditions. Bottom-up interventions—the × engagement of communities in increasing their resilience—are essential because local conditions greatly across the country; the nation’s Disaster Resilience: A Nationalvary Imperative communities are unique in their history, geography, demography, culture, and infrastructure; and the risks faced by every community vary according to local hazards. Some universal stepsNo can aid or local in making person placecommunities is immune from disasters or disaster-related progress to increase their resilience| and include: losses. Infectious disease outbreaks, Buy Paperback $49.00  • • • • acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters in addition to natural hazards can all lead to largeEngaging the whole community scale in disaster policymaking andits consequences for the nation and communities. Communities and the nation thus face planning; Buy Ebook | $39.99 di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental Linking public and private infrastructure performance and interests choices about the best ways to ensure basic security to resilience goals; and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks, MyNAP members save and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of Improving and essential services 10%public online. and private infrastructure injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for (such asLogin health and education); or Register to 2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural disasters in the United States exceeded save! Communicating risks, connecting community networks, and $55 billion, with 14 events costing more than a billion dollars in promoting a culture of resilience;damages each.  Download Freeneighborhoods, PDF • Organizing communities, and families to prepare for One way to reduce the impacts of disasters on the disasters; nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, • Adopting sound land-use planning practices; and recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's to disasters. This book de nes "national • Adopting and enforcing building resilience codes and standards appropriate to resilience", describes the state of knowledge about existing hazards. resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the main issues related to increasing resilience in the Community coalitions of local leaders andgoals, private sectors, Unitedfrom States. public It also provide baseline conditions, or performance metrics for national with ties to and support from federal and state governments, and with resilience and outlines additional information, data, input from the local citizenry, becomegaps, very important in need thistoregard. Such and/or obstacles that be addressed to increase the nation's resilience to disasters. coalitions can be charged to assess the community’s exposure and Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes vulnerability to risk, to educate and communicate to evaluate and recommendationsrisk, aboutand the necessary approaches national resilience the expand the community’s capacity toto elevate handle such risk.toAdisasters trulyinrobust United States. coalition would have at its core a strong leadership and governance resilience better anticipation of structure, and people with adequate Enhanced time, skill, andallows dedication necessary disasters and better planning to reduce disaster for the development and maintenancelosses-rather of relationships among all partners than waiting for an event to occur and paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts in the community. the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a THE LANDSCAPE OF RESILIENCE POLICY: RESILIENCE FROM THEdisaster TOP resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing resilience is an imperative that requires the collective DOWN will of the nation and its communities. Although disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the Strong governance at all levels is a key element of resilience and nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a includes the making of consistent and complementary local, state, and × federal policies. Although resilience at its core has to be carried forward by communities, communities do not exist under a single authority in the Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative United States, and function instead under a mix of policies and practices implemented and enforced by different levels of government. Policies that make the nation more resilient are important every aspect American No person orin place is immune fromof disasters or disaster-related losses.or Infectious disease outbreaks, life and economy, and just during times of stress trauma. A key role Buy not Paperback | $49.00 acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters of policies designed to improve national resilience is hazards to takecanthe long-term in addition to natural all lead to largefor the nationexpediencies and its view of community resilience and to scale helpconsequences avoid short-term communities. Communities and the nation thus face Buy Ebook | $39.99 that can diminish resilience. di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental choices about the best ways to ensure basic security Certain policies of the federal Executive Branch, including Presidential and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks, Directives and Executive Orders, MyNAP members save policies initiated by federal agencies, and and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of 10% online. policies of the Legislative Branch caninjury andand doloss function help statistics strengthen of life fromto disasters, for Login or Register to 2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural resilience. Presidential Policy Directive-8 (PPD-8) calls upon the disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion, save! Department of Homeland Security to systematic preparation with embrace 14 events costing more than a billion dollars in damages each. against all types of threats, including catastrophic natural disasters. Download Free PDF Because the scope of resilience is sometimes not fully appreciated, some One way to reduce the impacts of disasters on the nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing who contemplate national resilience policy think rst of the Stafford Act resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, and its role in disaster response and recover recovery. Although the Stafford Act from and more successfully adapt to adverse events. Disaster Resilience: A National does provide guidance for certain responsibilities and Imperative actions in addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's responding to a disaster incident, resilience national resilience transcends the to disasters. 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Furthermore, recommendations about the necessary approaches to elevate national resilience to disasters in the gaps in policies   United States. Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of disasters and better planning to reduce disaster and programs among federal agencies exist for all parts of the resilience losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and process—including disaster preparedness, response, mitigation, paying for it afterward. recovery, Disaster Resilience confronts the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to and adaptation, as well as research, planning, and community assistance. disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a Although some of these gaps are the result of the legislative authorization resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster resilience imperative that requires the collective within which agencies are directed tois anoperate, the roles and will of the nation and its communities. Although responsibilities for building resiliencedisasters are not effectively will continue to occur,coordinated actions that moveby the nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a × the federal government, either through a single agency or authority, or through a uni edAvision. Disaster Resilience: National Imperative Community resilience is broad and complex, making it dif cult to codify resilience in a single comprehensive law. Rather, infusing the principles of resilience into all the routine functions of the from government No person or place is immune disasters or at disaster-related losses. Infectious disease outbreaks, Buya Paperback | $49.00 all levels and through national vision is a more effective approach.  acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters in addition to natural hazards can all lead to largescale consequences the nation and its LINKING COMMUNITY AND GOVERNANCE TO for GUIDE NATIONAL communities. 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Long-term 10% online. injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for shifts in physical approaches (new technologies, methods, materials, and Login or Register to 2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural infrastructure systems) and cultural approaches (the people, management disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion, save! with 14 events costing more than a billion dollars to in processes, institutional arrangements, and legislation) are needed damages each.  advance community resilience. to disasters rests on the premise Download FreeResilience PDF One way tophysical reduce the impacts of disasters on the that all aspects of a community—its infrastructure, its nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing socioeconomic health, the health and education ofto its citizens, and its resilience--the ability prepare and plan for, absorb, more successfully adapt to adverse natural environment—are strong. Thisrecover kindfrom of and systemic strength requires events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative that the community members work inaddresses concert such a way the that the theand broadin issue of increasing nation's resilience to disasters. Thisabook de nes event. "national interdependencies among them provide strength during disaster resilience", describes the state of knowledge about Communities and the governance network of which they are a part are resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the issues related increasing resilience in the complex and dynamic systems that main develop and to implement resilienceUnited States. It also provide goals, baseline building policies through combined effort and responsibility. Experience in conditions, or performance metrics for national the disaster management community resilience suggests linked bottom-up and and that outlines additional information, data, obstacles risk that need to beincreasing addressed to top-down networks are important gaps, for and/or managing and increase the nation's resilience to disasters. resilience. Key interactions within Additionally, the nation’s resilience “system” of the book's authoring committee makes recommendations about the necessary communities and governance can be used to help identify speci capproaches kinds of to elevate national resilience to disasters in the policies that can increase resilience and roles and responsibilities of Unitedthe States. the actors in government, the private sector, and communities for Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of implementing these policies. For example, understand hazards disasters andto better planning to reduce disaster or than and waitingtechnology for an event to policies occur and threats and their processes, research losses-rather and science paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts allow federal and state agencies to coordinate efforts on detection and the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to disasters a vision of the characteristics of a monitoring activities that can be used by through regional and local governing resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster bodies, the private sector, and communities to evaluate and address their resilience is an imperative that requires the collective hazards and risks. Identifying resilience areas, those in will ofpolicy the nation and its identifying communities. Although disastersfor will continue to occur, actions that movein the community and government responsible coordinating activities nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a those areas, and identifying the recipients of the information or services × resulting from those activities reveal strengths and gaps in the nation’s resilience “system.” Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative Advancing resilience is a long-term process, but can be coordinated No person or place is immune from disasters or disaster-related losses. and Infectious disease outbreaks, around visible, short-term goals that allow individuals organizations to Buy Paperback | $49.00 acts of terrorism, social unrest, or nancial disasters measure or mark their progress toward becoming resilient and overcoming in addition to natural hazards can all lead to largethese gaps. However, as a necessary scale rstconsequences step to strengthen theitsnation’s for the nation and communities. Communities and the nation thus face resilience and provide the leadership Buy Ebook | $39.99 to establish a national “culture of di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental resilience,” a full and clear commitment to disaster resilience by the federal choices about the best ways to ensure basic security and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks, government is essential. MyNAP members save   and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of 10% online. injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for Login or Register to 2011 alone indicate damages from natural BUILDING A MORE RESILIENT NATION: THE economic PATH FORWARD disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion, save! with 14 events costing more thanfor a billion dollars in No single sector or entity has ultimate responsibility improving damages each. national resilience. No speci c federal agency has all of the authority or Download Free PDF One sets, way to reduce the impacts of disasters on the responsibility, all of the appropriate skill or adequate scal resources nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing to address this growing challenge.resilience--the An important responsibility for ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more adapt to adverse increasing national resilience lies with residents and successfully their communities. events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative Input, guidance, and commitment from all levels of government and from addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's the private sector, academia, and community-based nongovernmental resilience to disasters.and This book de nes "national describes the state knowledge about organizations are needed throughoutresilience", the entire process ofofbuilding more resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the resilient communities. The report frames six related recommendations (Box S-1) main issues to increasing resilience in the United States. It also collective, provide goals, baseline that can help guide the nation in advancing resilienceconditions, or performance metrics for national enhancing efforts in the coming decades. resilience and outlines additional information, data, Summary gaps, and/or obstacles that need to be addressed to increase the nation's resilience to disasters. Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes BOXrecommendations S-1 about the necessary approaches to elevate national Recommendationsresilience to disasters in the United States. Recommendation 1: Federal government agencies should Enhanced resilience allows betterincorporate anticipation of disasters and planning reduce disaster national resilience as a guiding principle to better inform thetomission and losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and actions of the federal government and the it supports at all paying for itprograms afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to levels. disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster Recommendation 2: The public andresilience private sectors in a community is an imperative that requires the collective will of the nation and its communities. Although should work cooperatively to encourage commitment to and disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the investment in a risk management strategy that includes nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a complementary structural and nonstructural risk-reduction and × risk-spreading measures or tools. Such tools might include an essential framework (codes, standards, and guidelines) that drives Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative the critical structural functions of resilience and investment in riskbased pricing of insurance. No person or place is immune from disasters or Recommendation 3: A national resource of losses. disaster-related data disaster-related Infectious disease outbreaks, Buy Paperback | $49.00 acts ofinjuries, terrorism, social or nancial disasters should be established that documents lossunrest, of life, property in addition to natural hazards can all lead to largeloss, and impacts on economic activity. Such a database will scale consequences for the nation andsupport its communities. Communities and the nation thus face efforts to develop more |quantitative risk models and better Buy Ebook $39.99 di cult scal, social, cultural, and environmental understand structural and social vulnerability to disasters. choices about the best ways to ensure basic security   MyNAP members save 10% online. Login or Register to save! and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks, and disasters. Beyond the unquanti able costs of injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for 2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion, with 14 events costing more than a billion dollars in damages each. Download Free PDF One way to reduce the impacts of disasters on the nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing Recommendation 4: The Department of Homeland Security in resilience--the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, conjunction with other federal agencies, state partners, recover from andand morelocal successfully adapt toand adverse Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative professional groups should developevents. a National Resilience Scorecard. addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's resilience to disasters. This book de nes "national Recommendation 5: Federal, state,resilience", and local governments should describes the state of knowledge about resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the support the creation and maintenance of broad-based community main issues related to increasing resilience in the resilience coalitions at local and regional levels. United States. It also provide goals, baseline conditions, or performance metrics for national resilience and outlines additional information, data, Recommendation 6: All federal agencies should ensure that they are gaps, and/or obstacles that need to be addressed to promoting and coordinating national resilience in their programs increase the nation's resilience to disasters. and policies. A resilience policy review and within Additionally, theself-assessment book's authoring committee makes recommendations about the necessary approaches agencies and strong communication among agencies are keys to to elevate national resilience to disasters in the achieving this kind of coordination.United States. Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of disasters and better planning to reduce disaster than waitingthat for an event to occur the and Increasing disaster resilience is losses-rather an imperative requires paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts collective will of the nation and its communities. Although disasters will the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to through a vision of the characteristics of a continue to occur, actions that move disasters the nation from reactive approaches resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster to disasters to a proactive stance where communities actively engage in resilience is an imperative that requires the collective enhancing resilience will reduce manywillofofthe broad and Although economic the nation andsocietal its communities. disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the burdens that disasters can cause. nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a This page intentionally left blankd. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 500 Fifth St., NW | Washington, DC 20001 © 2019 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review This page intentionally left blank LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY June 18, 2014 Pursuant to Section 707 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296), as amended by the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 (P.L. 110-53), I am pleased to present the following report, Th e 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review. This report provides a strong analytic and strategic foundation for one of my highest priorities, which is ensuring that the Department invests and operates in a cohesive, unified fashion and makes decisions that strengthen Departmental unity of effort. Pursuant to congressional requirements, this report is being provided to the following Member of Congress: The Honorable Michael Mccaul Chairman, House Committee on Homeland Security The Honorable Bennie G. Thompson Ranking Member, House Committee on Homeland Security The Honorable Thomas R. Carper Chairman, Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee The Honorable Tom Coburn Ranking Member, Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee The first Quadrennial Homeland Security Review report was issued by OHS on February 1, 2010. OHS began work on this second review two years ago and included consultations with subject matter experts across the Federal Government, as well as state, local, tribal, and territorial governments, the private sector, and academic and other institutions. Since taking office as Secretary of OHS on December 23, 2013, I have reviewed this report, and I concur with its recommendations. Reflecting deep analysis of the evolving strategic environment and outlining the specific strategic shifts necessary to keep our Nation secure, this report reflects the more focused, collaborative Departmental strategy, planning, and analytic capability that is necessary for achieving Departmental unity. Sincerely, This page intentionally left blank EXECUTIVE SUMMARY U.S. Coast Guard EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In this report, we conclude that we will continue to adhere to the five basic homeland security missions set forth in the first Quadrennial Homeland Security Review report in 2010, but that these missions must be refined to reflect the evolving landscape of homeland security threats and hazards. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, Hurricane Sandy in 2012, and the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013 illustrate these evolving threats and hazards. We must constantly learn from them and adapt. The terrorist threat is increasingly decentralized and may be harder to detect. Cyber threats are growing and pose ever-greater concern to our critical infrastructure systems as they become increasingly interdependent. Natural hazards are becoming more costly to address, with increasingly variable consequences due in part to drivers such as climate change and interdependent and aging infrastructure. Meanwhile, this Nation’s homeland security architecture has matured over the past four years, and we are determined that this progress continue. For example, our law enforcement and intelligence communities are becoming increasingly adept at identifying 2014 QUADRENNIAL HOMELAND SECURITY REVIEW 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY and disrupting terrorist plotting in this country. Programs such as TSA Pre✓™ and Global Entry demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of risk-based security that can be achieved within budget constraints. It is also worth noting that, in late 2013, DHS received its first unqualified or “clean” audit opinion; this occurred just 10 years after the Department’s formation, which was the largest realignment and consolidation of Federal Government agencies and functions since the creation of the Department of Defense in 1947. Here are our five basic homeland security missions, revised to address threats and hazards over the next four years: Prevent Terrorism and Enhance Security. Preventing terrorist attacks on the Nation is and should remain the cornerstone of homeland security. Since the last quadrennial review in 2010, the terrorist threat to the Nation has evolved, but it remains real and may even be harder to detect. The Boston Marathon bombing illustrates the evolution of the threat. Through the U.S. Government’s counterterrorism efforts, we have degraded the ability of al-Qa’ida’s senior leadership in Afghanistan and Pakistan to centrally plan and execute sophisticated external attacks. But since 2009, we have seen the rise of al-Qa’ida affiliates, such as al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula, which has made repeated attempts to export terrorism to our Nation. Additionally, we face the threat of domestic-based “lone offenders” and those who are inspired by extremist ideologies to radicalize to violence and commit acts of terrorism against Americans and the Nation. These threats come in multiple forms and, because of the nature of independent actors, may be hardest to detect. We must remain vigilant in detecting and countering these threats. Given the nature of this threat, engaging the public and private sectors through campaigns, such as “If You See Something, Say Something™” and the Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative, and through partnering across federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial law enforcement will, over the next four years, become even more important. Secure and Manage Our Borders. We must continue to improve upon border security, to exclude terrorist threats, drug traffickers, and other threats to national security, economic security, and public safety. We will rely on enhanced technology to screen incoming cargo at ports of entry and will work with foreign partners to monitor the international travel of individuals of suspicion who seek to enter this country. We will continue to emphasize risk-based strategies that are smart, cost-effective, and conducted in a manner that is acceptable to the American people. We must remain agile in responding to new trends in illegal migration, from Central America or elsewhere. Meanwhile, we recognize the importance of continuing efforts to promote and expedite lawful travel and trade that will 6 2014 QUADRENNIAL HOMELAND SECURITY REVIEW continue to strengthen our economy. Enforce and Administer Our Immigration Laws. We will continually work to better enforce our immigration laws and administer our immigration system. We support common-sense immigration reform legislation that enhances border security, prevents and discourages employers from hiring undocumented workers, streamlines our immigration processing system, and provides an earned pathway to citizenship for the estimated 11.5 million undocumented immigrants in this country. It is indeed a matter of homeland security and common sense that we encourage those physically present in this country to come out of the shadows and to be held accountable. Offering the opportunity to these 11.5 million people—most of whom have been here 10 years or more and, in many cases, came here as children—is also consistent with American values and our Nation’s heritage. We will take a smart, effective, and efficient risk-based approach to border security and interior enforcement and continually evaluate the best use of resources to prioritize the removal of those who represent threats to public safety and national security. Safeguard and Secure Cyberspace. We must, over the next four years, continue efforts to address the growing cyber threat, illustrated by the real, pervasive, and ongoing series of attacks on our public and private infrastructure. This infrastructure provides essential services such as energy, telecommunications, water, transportation, and financial services and is increasingly subject to sophisticated cyber intrusions which pose new risks. As the Federal Government’s coordinator of efforts to counter cyber threats and other hazards to critical infrastructure, DHS must work with both public and private sector partners to share information, help make sure new infrastructure is designed and built to be more secure and resilient, and continue advocating internationally for openness and security of the Internet and harmony across international laws to combat cybercrime. Further, DHS must secure the Federal Government’s information technology systems by approaching federal systems and networks as an integrated whole and by researching, developing, and rapidly deploying cybersecurity solutions and services at the pace that cyber threats evolve. And finally, we must continue to develop cyber law enforcement, U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2014 QUADRENNIAL HOMELAND SECURITY REVIEW 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY incident response, and reporting capabilities by increasing the number and impact of cybercrime investigations, sharing information about tactics and methods of cyber criminals gleaned through investigations, and ensuring that incidents reported to any federal department or agency are shared across the U.S. Government. In addition, the Federal Government must continue to develop good working relationships with the private sector, lower barriers to partnership, develop cybersecurity best practices, promote advanced technology that can exchange information at machine speed, and build the cyber workforce of tomorrow for DHS and the Nation. Strengthen National Preparedness and Resilience. Acting on the lessons of Hurricane Katrina, we have improved disaster planning with federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial governments, as well as nongovernmental organizations and the private sector; prepositioned a greater number of resources; and strengthened the Nation’s ability to respond to disasters in a quick and robust fashion. Seven years after Katrina, the return on these investments showed in the strong, coordinated response to Hurricane Sandy. We must continue this progress. This review recognizes the environment in which we must pursue the homeland security missions over the next four years. To support priority security requirements in a sustainable way, a corollary responsibility for DHS is to become more efficient and effective across a large and decentralized structure. As a Department, we must eliminate duplicative processes, develop common platforms, and purchase single solutions, while pursuing important commitments, such as the recapitalization of the aging Coast Guard fleet. DHS must and will also address the low morale that exists within many of its Components. Finally, we recognize that we operate at a time when the public’s confidence in the government’s ability to function and work for them is low. DHS is unique among federal agencies for the large, daily engage...
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Report: Homeland Security (1)

Homeland Security (1)
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Report: Homeland Security (1)

Homeland Security (1)
HOMELAND SECURITY 3
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Homeland Security
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Report: Homeland Security (1)

Resilience is a terminology commonly used in homeland security. The
homeland security policies of the federal United States government all trace
resilience-based research obtained from scienti c sources. The complexity of
resilience and preparedness arises on in uences by the interaction and
experiences. In the context of homeland security, resilience sums as a
continual adaptive process based on variety, economic ties, natural
phenomenon, and the diversity standards (Directive, 2011). Therefore,
resilience and preparedness serve as synergetic i...


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