Sheri Saluga, MSN, RN
U.S. Healthcare System Payment Structure
• Cost of healthcare in the U.S. is higher than any other
country.
• Healthcare cost “$3.3 trillion dollars”
• “Cost per person was $9900”
(Schreck, 2018).
(Schreck, 2018).
• High cost healthcare has several negative ripple effects
2018).
(Schreck,
U.S. Healthcare System Payment Structure
Health care providers are paid by:
• Private insurance
• Government insurance programs
• Personal, out of pocket
• Government directly provides
some health care
(Schreck, 2018).
(Haughom, 2014)
Affordable Care Act
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was enacted in 2010 by President
Barak Obama.
Purpose1. Availability
2. Affordability
3. Expansion of the market
4. Incentives for employers
5. Requires the purchase private health insurance
(Schreck, 2018).
Affordable Care Act
How it applies to mental health benefits:
• Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAE)
2008
• Mental health and substance abuse treatment equal to
medical/surgical treatment
• Applies to small group, individual plans, and
Medicaid
• Large group plans and Medicare excluded
• Prescription medications
(APA, 2019).
Affordable Care Act
ACA changes from 2017
• Repeal of the individual mandate
• Eliminating cost sharing reductions
• Increased used of Medicaid waivers
• Increase in the association health plan
availability
• Short-term limited duration insurance
)
(Solnick, 2017
Case Scenarios
PATIENT
68– year-old patient
Diagnosis- depression
•
•
•
•
COVERAGE
80% Covered by Medicare part B
Provider must accept Medicare
Medications per preferred drug list
Co-pay and deductible applies
•
•
•
•
Coverage varies by state
Falls under the parity law
Provider selection may be limited
Medications per the preferred drug list
Insurance- Medicare
34- year-old patient (homeless)
Diagnosis- Schizophrenia
Insurance- Medicaid
PATIENT
43–year-old patient
Diagnosis- bipolar
Insurance- private/work provided insurance
22- year-old patient (undocumented
immigrant)
Diagnosis- PTSD/anxiety
Insurance- uninsured
COVERAGE
Depending on size of company (50+
employees)
• Not required to provide mental health
coverage (large insurance plans)
• If mental health coverage is provided, falls
under the parity law
• Co-pay may apply
• Unlimited or medically necessary visits
• Prescription coverage may vary
• Emergency services covered, under federal
law
• Will have to pay for services
• Community health centers provide low-cost
care
Provision of Care
• ACA has expanded the provision of care
• Care should be equitable
• Private practice doctors
• Medicare and Medicaid
(Bresnick, 2016)
Quality Determinants
• Creation of Accountable Care Organizations (ACO)
• AHRQ develops healthcare quality measures
• Structural
• Process
• Outcome
(Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research [AHQR], 2015)
Quality Determinants
• IOM six domains of quality healthcare
• Safe
• Effective
• Patient-centered
• Timely
• Efficient
• Equitable
(AHQR, 2015).
Quality Determinants
•AHQR three aims for improving healthcare
1. Achieving better care
2. Achieving healthy people and communities
3. Making care affordable
(AHQR, 2017).
• Centers for Medicare and Medicaid core measures
Barriers to Healthcare
• Availability of appointments
• Geographic
• Provider shortages
• Transportation
• Language
• Financial
• Cultural
(Rayome, 2017)
Issues Related to Advance Practice
Nursing
• Consensus model of nursing
• Regulatory requirements for
APRN’s vary
• Obstacle to portability
• Preventing access to care
(NCSBN, 2019)
Getting Involved
If your state is not in the consensus model
• Sample letter to legislator
https://www.ncsbn.org/APRN_formletter_Legislator
web.pdf
• Sample letter to board of nursing
https://www.ncsbn.org/APRN_formletter_Supporter
s_web.pdf
• Other ways to support the consensus model
https://www.ncsbn.org/APRN_CommunicatingwLeg
islator_web.pdf
(NCSBN, 2019).
References
American Nurses Credentialing Center. (n.d.). APRN consensus model. Retrieved from https://www.nursingworld.org/certification/aprn-consensus-model/
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2015). Consider culture, customs, and beliefs: Tool #10. Retrieved from https://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/qualitypatient-safety/quality-resources/tools/literacy-toolkit/healthlittoolkit2-tool10.html
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2015). Types of health care quality measures. Retrieved from
https://www.ahrq.gov/talkingquality/measures/types.html
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2017). Overview of quality and access in the U.S. health care system. Retrieved from
https://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhqdr16/overview.html
American Psychological Association. (2019). What you need to know about mental health coverage. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/parity-guide
Beaton, T. (2018). Affordable care act changes may bring a rocky 2018 for payers. Retrieved from https://healthpayerintelligence.com/news/affordable-care-actchanges-may-bring-a-rocky-2018-for-payers
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (n.d.). Core measures. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-AssessmentInstruments/QualityMeasures/Core-Measures.html
Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). The U.S. healthcare system. Retrieved from https://international.commonwealthfund.org/countries/united_states/
Gold, J. (2011). Accountable care organizations, explained. Retrieved from
http://www.npr.org/2011/04/01/132937232/accountable-care-organizationsHealthinsurance.org. (2019). How Obamacare improved mental health coverage. Retrieved from https://www.healthinsurance.org/obamacare/how-obamacareimproved-mental-health-coverage/
Heath, S. (2018). Top challenges impacting patient access to healthcare. Retrieved from https://patientengagementhit.com/news/top-challenges-impacting-patientaccess-to-healthcare
Holland, S. (2018). New health plans discriminate against mental illness. Retrieved from https://www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/October-2018/New-Health-PlansDiscriminate-Against-Mental-Illne
McCoy, J. (2006). Obligation to provide services: A physician-public defender comparison. Ethics Journal of the American Medical Association , 8(5), 332-334.
Medicare.gov. (n.d.). Is my test, item, or service covered? Retrieved from https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/mental-health-care-outpatient
References
Medicare.gov. (n.d.). Is my test, item, or service covered? Retrieved from https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/mental-health-care-outpatient
Meuter, R. F., Gallois, C., Segalowitz, N. S., Ryder, A. G., & Hocking, J. (2015). Overcoming language barriers in healthcare: A protocol for investigating safe and
effective communication when patients or clinicians use a second language. BMC health services research, 15, 371. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1024-8
National Alliance of Mental Health Ilness. (2019). Types of health insurance. Retrieved from https://www.nami.org/Find-Support/Living-with-a-Mental-HealthCondition/Understanding-Health-Insurance/Types-of-Health-Insurance
NCSBN. (2019). APRN consensus model. The consensus model for APRN regulation, licensure, accreditation, certification and education. Retrieved from
https://www.ncsbn.org/aprn-consensus.htm
Office of Disease Promotion and Prevention. (2019). Access to healthcare services. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives/topic/Access-to-Health-Services
Schreck, R. (2018). Overview of health care financing. Retrieved from https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/fundamentals/financial-issues-in-healthcare/overview-of-health-care-financing
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2018). Medicaid coverage of medication-assisted treatment for alcohol and opioid use disorders and
of medication for the reversal of opioid overdose. Retrieved from https://store.samhsa.gov/system/files/medicaidfinancingmatreport.pdf
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (n.d.). What immigrants and refugees need to know about the Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from
https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/immigrants-refugees-affordable-care-act-with-notes.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2013). Affordable care act expands mental health and substance abuse disorder benefits and parity protection for
62 million Americans. Retrieved from https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/affordable-care-act-expands-mental-health-and-substance-use-disorder-benefits-and-federal-parityprotections-62-million-americans
Photos
Bomb
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Coaching
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Disability
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Diversity
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Emergency
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Emergency preparedness
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Hazardous
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Hospital
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/sebin/p/g/curtainwall2.jpg
Joint Commission
http://www.jointcommission.org/certification/certification_main.aspx
Leadership
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Magnet
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Mission statement
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Sexual harassment
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Succession planning
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Teamwork
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Tornado
http://hahathatsfuney.wordpress.com/2009/01/06/tornados/
Bresnick, J. (2013). Why mental healthcare is key to population health management. Retrieved from https://healthitanalytics.com/news/why-mental-healthcare-is-key-topopulation-health-management
Haughom, J. (2014). Whats good about U.S. healthcare. Retrieved from https://www.healthcatalyst.com/positive_healthcare_transformation/
NCSBN. (2019). APRN consensus model toolkit. Retrieved from https://www.ncsbn.org/739.htm
Rayome, A. (2017). The top 10 barriers to digital transformation. Retrieved from https://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-top-10-barriers-to-digital-transformation/
Solnick, C. (2017). Free affordable care act seminar. Retrieved from https://libn.com/2017/11/21/free-affordable-care-act-seminar/
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