PSY 520 Milestone Four Guidelines and Rubric
Note that you are required to use Southern New Hampshire University students as research participants by using the PSY 510/520 Lounge in SNHUConnect
(link is located in the left-hand navigation menu). You are strictly prohibited from using individuals outside of Southern New Hampshire University as
research participants.
For this assignment, you will submit an initial draft of your Methods and Results sections. Now that you have completed your data collection, it is important to
revise your Methods section so that it accurately reflects the methods that were actually used in your study.
In your results section, you should first describe how you reduced your data for analysis (e.g., how your questionnaires were summed or averaged to get a
composite score to analyze). Your results section should also include a table of the relevant descriptive statistics. Last, you will need to describe the statistical
test that you chose to run and provide the key results for the test as well as a brief explanation of the results. It is essential that you follow APA style when
writing this section. Please refer to Chapters 2 and 5 of your APA manual for further instructions on how best to write a methods and results section.
Guidelines for Submission: Must adhere to standard formatting (Times New Roman, 12-point font, one-inch margins), using the most recent version of the APA
style manual for citations.
Critical Elements
Methods: Participants
Exemplary
Methods: Materials
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
describes materials that are
especially well aligned to the
research question
(100%)
Proficient
Outlines the participants in the
study and how they were
recruited
(100%)
Describes the materials created
for the study and how they
specifically address the research
question and audience
(90%)
Methods:
Methodological
Procedures
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
describes procedures that are
especially well aligned to the
research question
(100%)
Describes the methodological
procedures used to collect data
and how the materials were
used in collecting
(90%)
Needs Improvement
Outlines the participants in the
study, but does not explain how
they were recruited
(70%)
Describes the materials created
for the study, but does not
describe how they specifically
address the research question or
audience, or description has
gaps in accuracy or detail
(70%)
Describes the methodological
procedures used to collect data,
but not how the materials were
used in collecting, or description
has gaps in accuracy or detail
(70%)
Not Evident
Does not outline the participants
in the study
(0%)
Value
15
Does not describe the materials
created for the study and how
they specifically address the
research question and audience
(0%)
15
Does not describe the
methodological procedures used
to collect data and how the
materials were used in collecting
(0%)
15
Results: Raw Data
Meets “Proficient” criteria and is
exceptionally clear,
contextualized, and aligned to
the research question
(100%)
Results: Descriptive
Statistics
Creates a table outlining the
descriptive statistics for the key
variables
(100%)
Results: Statistical Test Meets “Proficient” criteria and
demonstrates a nuanced
understanding the alignment
between appropriate statistical
tests and data
(100%)
Results: Manuscript
Standards
Articulation of
Response
Describes how the raw data was
reduced for statistical analysis,
clearly detailing each step of the
process
(90%)
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
manuscript is of the quality that
would be found in an American
Psychological Association article
(100%)
Submission is free of errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, and
organization and is presented in
a professional and easy-to-read
format
(100%)
Describes the statistical test
selected and explains why the
test is the most appropriate for
analyzing the data
(90%)
Manuscript is of professional
quality, as outlined by the
American Psychological
Association’s standards
(90%)
Submission has no major errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
(90%)
Describes how the raw data was
reduced for statistical analysis,
but does not clearly detail each
step of the process, or steps are
inappropriate
(70%)
Creates a table outlining the
descriptive statistics for the key
variables, with gaps in accuracy
or detail
(70%)
Describes the statistical test
selected, but does not explain
why the test is the most
appropriate for analyzing the
data, or explanation lacks detail
or accuracy
(70%)
Manuscript is aligned with the
American Psychological
Association’s standards, but not
of professional quality
(70%)
Submission has major errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
that negatively impact
readability and articulation of
main ideas
(70%)
Does not describe how the raw
data was reduced for statistical
analysis
(0%)
10
Does not create a table outlining
the descriptive statistics for the
key variables
(0%)
10
Does not describe the statistical
test selected
(0%)
15
Manuscript is not aligned with
the American Psychological
Association’s standards
(0%)
15
Submission has critical errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
that prevent understanding of
ideas
(0%)
5
Earned Total
100%
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE
Effects of Social Media on Academic Performance for College Students
Sharaya Janes
Research Methods in Psychology I
Dr Kube
May 13, 2019
1
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
2
Effects of Social Media on Academic Performance of College Students
Social media is becoming more and more popular in all aspects of today’s society.
Although there are many benefits to social media, there are also many disadvantages. One major
downfall that comes with the popularity of social media, especially amongst college-aged
students, is the effect it has on their academic performance. There has been an increase in the use
of social media, hence exploding as a category of online discourse to enable many college
students to create and share content and network at a prodigious rate (Tess, 2013). Technology
advancements have turned mobile phones into computers.
Problem Statement
The impact of social media on the academic performance of college students can either
be positive or negative. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of social media on
behaviour performance of college students (Bernard &Ndzandza, 2018). Most of the students
have been performing poorly in their academics. The academic levels are deteriorating day after
day, and it seems the level is likely to continue to decline as time progresses. How has the
emergence and involvement in social media affected the level of academic performance?
The research question is to understand the impact that social media has brought to
academic performance among college students. Based on previous research, they have associated
the use of social media to various vices in the society, but there is no link to the effects it has to
the academic performance (Gikas, & Grant, 2013). The research that is based on academic
performance has not handled the matter thoroughly, hence the need for further research. The
research should be based on the level of social media and the effects it has on academic
performance.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
Research questions
This paper aims to find out if the usage of social media by students has any impact on
their academic performance, and if it does have an impact on whether it is negative or positive.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1.
What is social media and why students use it?
2.
How much time do students spend using social media?
3.
What is the impact of social media on students’ academic performance?
Assumptions
The researcher will be conducting this study presupposing the following;
1.
Students use social media to communicate and study.
2.
On average, students spend more than an hour a day on social media use.
3.
The impact of social media on academic performance could be positive or
negative at the same time.
Scope and delimitation
The study was conducted to assess the impact of social media on students’ academic
performance. Twenty students who are actively using social media are the respondents of the
study. It will be conducted during the months of June-July, 2019.
The study will limit only on variables of social media that the researchers assum has effects of
respondents’ academic performance. These variables are respondents ‘access to the internet,
usage, perception on social media, and their frequency of using it’.
3
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
4
Significance of the study
Social networks are popular with students as they are a way of spending free time. They
also serve as a quick and easy way for finding information either educational or entertaining.
This necessitates the need to find the answer to the question, what effect does social media usage
have on their users and how it affects the academic performance of students. This study will try
and answer that question and allow the researcher to explore and gain new knowledge.
Furthermore, this report can be used for future studies.
Currently, the internet has taken a staunch place on the lives of many students. It has been
difficult to imagine that a college student who has a lot to explore did not check for updates from
social media. Most students spend most of their time on social media to follow up on the
trending issues (Gikas, & Grant, 2013). These behaviors may not necessarily affect the
performance of the students. Some students use social media to acquire essential information to
apply in their studies. The social media has changed the public discourse of college students and
is setting trends and new agendas that are ranging from education, environment, fashion,
entertainment to technology.
On the other hand, social media has been blamed for causing addiction to the users
(Alsaad et al. 2018). Most students spend more than thirty minutes a day using their social media
instead of concentrating on their academics. This may affect their performance as the college
requires the students to meet specific grades in each exam.
Social media has been used to facilitate communication among the students, and this has
encouraged them to use networking technology. In the field of social science, the topic of social
media has been highlighted due to the positive impact on the learners’ performance. The social
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
5
media has therefore encouraged research in the different fields of study. Most students have been
attracted by these calls on research ( Alsaad et al. 2018). The entire process has been made
possible by the changing technology industry. The internet has made classes easy to attend
online hence saving time spent in school.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Existing Research and associated research designs
Social media has been termed as an effective tool for college students. Many college
students frequently use social media and this behavior may not necessarily affect the
performance of the students. How social media is used determines how it affects students’
performance. Positive or negative practices that students use when accessing social media
platforms determine how this affects their academic performance.
According to Al-Rahmi, & Othman, (2013), some students use social media to acquire
essential information to apply in their studies. One can use social media for knowledge purposes
through; usage of social media for learning and teaching, through the promotion of social upliftmen and use of social media websites to define career goals. Social media has been blamed
for causing addiction to the users as most students cannot go more than ten minutes a day
without accessing their social media platforms (Al-Rahmi, & Othman, 2013). This may affect
their performance as the college requires the students to meet specific grades in each exam and
the student can’t achieve those good grades if they don't concentrate on their classes.
The article by Bernard J. (2018) confirms that social media has been used as an online discourse
enabling people to create content and share information over the internet. Communication on
social media has become rampant among college students. This has also been coined by Saad et
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
6
al. (2018). According to Bernard, (2018), they stated that the evolution of the internet has led to
an increase in the use of social media, especially among young people. The social has been
evolving day in day out, and this has resulted in changes in the behavior of most of the students
who are engaged in such platforms (Bernard, 2018). Currently, the internet is taking a staunch
place in the lives of many students. Many students spend most of their time on social media to
follow up on trending issues.
Advantages and disadvantages
The research articles have provided strong information regarding the issue of social media
platforms and academic performance. The literature research studies discussed above provides
the advantages of setting an established evidence basis for the use of social media platforms on
academic performance. This assertion means that the social media platform engagement has
affected the level of being involved in academics. The low level of involvement in academics
leads to low level of academic performance (Benard, 2018).
A disadvantage of the studies that are reflected above on level of academic performance is that
some have made use of a small number of sampling. The small groups utilized in certain cases
may not provide the right evidence on the issue being addressed. The articles have not provided a
solution to the existing situation of that there is an emergence of technology an unavoidable
feature.
The overall disadvantage in the above research is the lack of study specifically done with the
social media platform. The study should have included the burden of engaging in social media
platforms and the low level of academic performance. The lack of current data from research on
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
7
a social media platform and academic performance has inspired the need to examine the subject
in the research study to confirm the hypothesis and then propose ways to improve on the
academic performance (Al-Rahmi, Othman, & Yusuf, 2015).
Social media facilitates the communication between students, teachers and their peers. In that
regard, social media platforms impact academics positively. The internet has made classes easy
to attend online hence saving time spent in school. The variables of social media that may affect
the students’ academic performance are:
•
Access to the internet.
•
Usage of social media.
•
The student's perception of social media
•
Frequency of using social media platforms.
The information on variables above has been represented in the diagram below which is
called a fishbone diagram or the Ishikawa model. It is a causal diagram showing the
causal effects of different variables.
The above variables will be used to identify the impact of using social media on the
academic performance of the students.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
8
METHOD
Participants
The research will use graduate students from both PSY 510 and PSY 520, who are to be
involved in giving the information that is needed to understand how those students who make
use of social media platforms have been performing in their studies and to come out with a
definite conclusion. The participants will be inclusive of males and females who will have
different ages, ranging from 21 to 50 years of age. It is estimated that there will be 7-10
participants. The participants will make use of computers and smartphones to undertake the
surveys (Al-Rahmi, & Othman, 2013). The data collected from the participants will be evaluated
by use of an SPSS.
Procedure
The participants of the research will be required to comply with the procedure that is set
for the research and should ensure that they make the best out of the survey. The participants will
be required to read through the introduction part before engaging in the survey research part. The
participant will participate through an informed consent since they will be requested of their
willingness to participate in the survey as well as the interviews. The participants will first fill
the demographic question, where they will indicate on which class level they are in and which
courses they are undertaking.
After that, the participants will answer the questions that follow that will enable the
understanding of how academic performance is affected by student involvement in the use of
social media platforms. The participants will be required to read a hypothetical scenario where
they will fill out a student satisfaction that is based on the hypothetical scenario. There will be a
second scenario that will be read by the participants, and they will be required to answer the
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
9
students’ satisfaction that is based on the second scenario they read (Al-Rahmi, & Othman,
2013). Then, after all, a more detailed account of what each survey aspects include follows and
will be inclusive of the information on ethics.
Materials
The materials to be utilized in the study will be presented to the participants by the use of
Qualtrics; an online survey program used by various schools including mine, Southern New
Hampshire University. Such materials will be made available when the study has been initiated
and when everything is set. Therefore, the materials will be generated and utilized in the scope of
research.
Demographics
A demographics survey will ask about gender, age, current work status, and current field
of work.
Research Design
This study used quantitative research methods.
Sources of Data
I used primary, secondary and tertiary data to find all the information used to put together
this research. Primary data was acquired from ten students who acted as my respondents for this
study. As for secondary data, I used previous studies conducted on this topic, literature books
and texts. For tertiary data sources, I used indexes which I used for references.
Instrumentation and Data Collection
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
10
I used questionnaires, survey, reading reviews from other studies, books, and texts. Survey
and questionnaires were conducted on the 10 respondents where they were encouraged to answer
honestly and without bias. The questions presented in the questionnaires were clear, concise and
simple enough. This was to allow the respondents to understand the question and be able to
answer it honestly to provide accurate information. I also read other research studies conducted
by other researchers so I could be able to see their perspectives on this issue.
The survey was conducted through the survey method that was thought to be important. The
survey method used is online survey approach. The online survey approach is where a
respondent is issued with questions that are presented in an online platform and requires a
computer, literate individuals. The answers to the questions are presented in the survey online.
The online survey approach in survey is useful in describing the characteristics of a large
population.
The questions presented in this approach were; are students acting appropriately and being
safe when they use social media platforms? How much do your parents know about what you do
on the internet? How much of your time do you spend on social media platforms posting your
stuff and sharing with friends? How much time do you spend studying? How do you feel when
engaging in social media platforms and books?. The type of responses obtained for the survey
was positive towards the study since every student was determined to provide the right
responses. The range of the total score of the surveys was that it scored above average in terms
of response.
Ethical Concerns
All research should be conducted in the highest level of ethics to ensure that there is no
harm caused to the participants as well as the researcher makes the best out of their study.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
11
Therefore, to ensure that ethical issues are avoided, there is a need to research with informed
consent and debriefing occurring for each student. A consideration that must be put in place
when conducting the study is that there should be a small pool of participants (John and Emefa
2018).
Such a small pool of participants is a concern with the reporting because it would not be
appropriate if there is any statistical significance for any real conclusion to be drawn other than
the conclusion to conduct more research. There is another ethical concern about asking certain
demographic questions. Such an issue can be resolved by providing an option to decline to
answer any of the questions (Lau, 2017). The concern is that the participants are in some
capacity peers, despite being from different classes they attend the same school. The highest
concern is that privacy is required and needs to be of the highest degree.
Data Analysis Plan
Prepare new data
The raw data from the online survey will be fed into an SSPS, which is a computer program
which will be able to analyse the data. Each variable will be examined for descriptive data, such
as the means, standard deviation and group mean. Scatterplots and boxplots will be created to
find any outliners which may affect the analysis of the data.
Analytic procedures
The variables in the study will be evaluated using the analysis of variance or ANOVA
and be analysed with the SPSS computer program which will provide the descriptive statistics,
such as the means and standard deviation and confidence interval for each variable. An ANOVA,
where there is a comparison of each variable, which highlights any significant differences or
effect between the variables.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
12
Once the data collection has been completed the data will be coded as necessary, and then
SPSS will be used for analysis purpose of the results. The participants will have a social media
use that has an academic scenario, and a social media use that has no academic scenario. The
research will establish a dependent sample t-test run to analyze the data collected. Descriptive
statistics will be reported; average and standard deviations will be presented (Heffner, 2016). If
the occupations are too revealing for the participant's privacy, they will be omitted. There is a
potential to have graphs, but they will only be used if it helps describe the outcomes of the
survey. The range and average will be examined to determine if there are any outliers in the
sample.
Descriptive Statistics
The descriptive statistics will be used to summarize the results of the findings of the
research. The summary will be of the data from the surveys and cases studies. The statistics will
have a central tendency which indicates the central point in a data set. The type of data statistics
that will be measured is a measure of dispersion or variation and measures of central tendency.
Principles and Standards
The proposed data analysis methods have achieved ethical standards and the principles of
researching in that the researchers can protect the privacy of the participants and has informed
consent to the participants. The participants will be requested to participate and will be informed
about the roles they are to play and the information they are to provide, and they will approve the
same. The research will also ensure there are minimal risks of harm to the participants.
Therefore, it is necessary that everything is conducted to the highest degree of standards (Gilbert,
etc. l. 2018). The participants’ anonymity and confidentiality should also be protected to ensure
that they are secure while providing information.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
13
Anticipated Results
The anticipated results are statistically significant. The results will indicate that there is
significant difference between the engagement in social media platforms and failure to engage
while undertaking studies. The results indicate the academic performance is low when there is
engagement in social media platforms and the academic performance increases where there is no
usage of the social media platforms (Al-Rahmi, & Othman, 2013). The social media survey is
going to be the most significant and relevant for the study, and that will show that the
participants have a different ability to concentrate on academic and boost their performance.
The results will be presented as a factual opinion and not as a statement of the causes of
such behaviours among the participants. There will be a careful interpretation of the results to
create the surety that there are no ethical issues that will mislead anyone with the results. There
will be the anticipation of the limitations that will occur as a result of the sample size. The
population is limited, and this makes normal distribution not to occur which also restricts the
case of generalization of the results to the overall population.
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
The data collected was analyzed and interpreted through the following parameters;
1.
Access to Social Media and Usage by Students.
These days most students can access social media platforms as there is internet everywhere
easily. In their schools, in their homes, in hotels and everywhere one can think of, even
bathrooms. It’s even seen as a basic need in this 21st century. With the internet everywhere, it has
become easier for students to access social media platforms. This has led to the use of social
media platforms to do everything, i.e., study, make friends and entertainment.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
14
A student can either use social media platforms positively or negatively. Those negative
practices of social lead to a decline in a student’s performance while positive practices lead to
positive academic performance.
2.
Time Spent On Social Media Platforms By Students.
One aspect of social media that determines whether it affects a student’s academic
performance is the amount of time that one spends on those social media platforms. Most college
students spend all their time on social media posting selfies, liking other pages and pictures,
looking for friends, entertainment and watching videos (Jacobsen, & Forste, 2011). This can be a
24/7 thing as it is very addictive. Even most employees spend a significant amount of time on the
internet just surfing on those social media platforms.
Time spent on social media platforms determines the academic performance of a student.
The more time a student spends on social platforms, not for academic purposes the more his
academic performance declines. But if a student is using those social media platforms to acquire
knowledge, then his performance will improve.
3.
The Impact of Social Media on Students’ Academic Performance.
Using social media platforms in themselves does not affect the academic performance of
students, especially when they are used minimally. What affects the performance of a student is
excessive use of social media for non-academic purposes. When used for academic purposes it
helps the students’ academic performance. By being used for academic purposes, I mean using
them for e-learning, looking through student forums to gain knowledge and other positive uses.
FINDINGS
John & Emefa outlines that, the emergence of social media in the 1990s impacted significant
changes in the world. Since then there has been a significant development in communication
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
15
platforms. The findings of this research concluded that social media usage had an impact on
students’ academic performance and that the impacts were both negative and positive. They
include;
Positive Impacts
Some of the positive effects include developments of new ideas and content which is
utilized by various students in a different part of the world. A lot of students were using the
social media platform to enhance their research on different topics (Selwyn, 2012). They were
also used in fostering a positive relationship with peers as well as teachers, improving learning
motivation, presenting personalized course requirements and materials as well as developing
collaborative abilities (Lau, 2017). Hence, social media has facilitated learning in the 21st
century. Social media has also been able to enrich knowledge by providing a platform for
connecting to new ideas more flexible.
Social media has also created other platforms such as e-learning where students can
study at a distance. The platform also benefits students by creating a connection between various
learners in class projects and assignments (Jacobsen, & Forste, 2011). Hence, students can assist
each other in conducting personal studies. Following these effects, social media has therefore
improved learning and the performance of students by presenting learning materials. The
impacts of social media on academic achievement cannot be underestimated.
Also, it can help students to overcome academic frustration. Students can communicate
via internet sources where they can solve various concepts in education. Besides, there should
be educational platforms that tend to educate learners on how to utilize social media for
maximum gain (Gilbert, etc. l. 2018).
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
16
Negative Impacts
One of the negative impacts is a deviation from career and personal goals by the student.
Overuse of social media platforms by the students can make them not focus and thus lose sight
of their personal and career goals. They do this by using all their time on social media platforms
even when they are supposed to be concentrating on their studies (Rambe, 2012). Social media
can be very addictive and influencing. We have had many students committing suicide due to
things they have seen on the internet.
Negative practices when using social media platforms can also cause students to forgo
their studies in favour of what is cool and trending right then. This is done through peer pressure
and students being afraid of being labelled losers and bullied. Social media platforms are where
most students go to make new friends and interact. In this way, students can be misled as people
may influence them and what they do and the students will do what they are told to be in good
with a particular crowd.
Conclusion
Social media has significant impacts on academic performance. However, the positive
impacts vastly outweigh the negative consequences as it has facilitated communication between
various students and their teachers; thus they can share the information which improves their
overall performance. In tertiary institutions, research and other work can only be conducted via
various social media platforms. There should also be developed channels that educate learners on
how to utilize social media to gain maximum benefits.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
17
References
Al-Rahmi, W., & Othman, M. (2013). The impact of social media use on academic performance
among university students: A pilot study. Journal of information systems research and
innovation, 4(12), 1-10.
Al-Rahmi, W., Othman, M. S., & Yusuf, L. M. (2015). The role of social media for collaborative
learning to improve academic performance of students and researchers in Malaysian
higher education. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed
Learning, 16(4).
Gikas, J., & Grant, M. M. (2013). Mobile computing devices in higher education: Student
perspectives on learning with cellphones, smartphones & social media. The Internet and
Higher Education, 19, 18-26.
Gilbert, M, T., Alsaad, A., alrushaidan, N., alhugai, A., Alfa had, S. (2018). THE IMPACT OF
social media on academic performance of selected college students
http://aircconline.com/ijait/V8N5/8518ijait03.pdf
Heffner, Tara. (2016). "The effects of social media use in undergraduate students" Theses and
Dissertations. 1440. Http://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/1440.
Jacobsen, W. C., & Forste, R. (2011). The wired generation: Academic and social outcomes of
electronic media use among university students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social
Networking, 14(5), 275-280.
John, B, K., & Emefa, D, P. (2018). Effect of social media on the academic performance of
students in Ghanaian universities: a case study of the University of Ghana, legion.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
18
Lau, W. W. (2017). Effects of social media usage and social media multitasking on the academic
performance of university students. Computers in human behavior, 68, 286-291.
Rambe, P. (2012). Constructive Disruptions for Effective Collaborative Learning: Navigating the
Affordances of Social Media for Meaningful Engagement. Electronic Journal of eLearning, 10(1), 132-146.
Selwyn, N. (2012). Social media in higher education. The Europa world of learning, 1, 1-10.
Tess, P. A. (2013). The role of social media in higher education classes (real and virtual)–A
literature review. Computers in human behavior, 29(5), A60-A68.
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE
Effects of Social Media on Academic Performance for College Students
Methods and Results Sections
Sharaya Janes
Research Methods in Psychology I
Dr. Kube
July 7, 2019
1
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
2
METHOD
Participants
The research will use graduate students from both PSY 510 and PSY 520, who are to be
involved in giving the information that is needed to understand how those students who make
use of social media platforms have been performing in their studies and to come out with a
definite conclusion. The participants will be inclusive of males and females who will have
different ages, ranging from 21 to 50 years of age. It is estimated that there will be 7-10
participants. The participants will make use of computers and smartphones to undertake the
surveys (Al-Rahmi, & Othman, 2013). The data collected from the participants will be evaluated
by use of an SPSS.
Procedure
The participants of the research will be required to comply with the procedure that is set
for the research and should ensure that they make the best out of the survey. The participants will
be required to read through the introduction part before engaging in the survey research part. The
participant will participate through an informed consent since they will be requested of their
willingness to participate in the survey as well as the interviews. The participants will first fill
the demographic question, where they will indicate on which class level they are in and which
courses they are undertaking.
After that, the participants will answer the questions that follow that will enable the
understanding of how academic performance is affected by student involvement in the use of
social media platforms. The participants will be required to read a hypothetical scenario where
they will fill out a student satisfaction that is based on the hypothetical scenario. There will be a
second scenario that will be read by the participants, and they will be required to answer the
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
3
students’ satisfaction that is based on the second scenario they read (Al-Rahmi, & Othman,
2013). Then, after all, a more detailed account of what each survey aspects include follows and
will be inclusive of the information on ethics.
Materials
The materials to be utilized in the study will be presented to the participants by the use of
Qualtrics; an online survey program used by various schools including mine, Southern New
Hampshire University. Such materials will be made available when the study has been initiated
and when everything is set. Therefore, the materials will be generated and utilized in the scope of
research.
Demographics
A demographics survey will ask about gender, age, current work status, and current field
of work.
Research Design
This study used quantitative research methods.
Sources of Data
I used primary, secondary and tertiary data to find all the information used to put together
this research. Primary data was acquired from ten students who acted as my respondents for this
study. As for secondary data, I used previous studies conducted on this topic, literature books
and texts. For tertiary data sources, I used indexes which I used for references.
Instrumentation and Data Collection
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
4
I used questionnaires, survey, reading reviews from other studies, books, and texts. Survey
and questionnaires were conducted on the 10 respondents where they were encouraged to answer
honestly and without bias. The questions presented in the questionnaires were clear, concise and
simple enough. This was to allow the respondents to understand the question and be able to
answer it honestly to provide accurate information. I also read other research studies conducted
by other researchers so I could be able to see their perspectives on this issue.
The survey was conducted through the survey method that was thought to be important. The
survey method used is online survey approach. The online survey approach is where a
respondent is issued with questions that are presented in an online platform and requires a
computer, literate individuals. The answers to the questions are presented in the survey online.
The online survey approach in survey is useful in describing the characteristics of a large
population.
The questions presented in this approach were; are students acting appropriately and being
safe when they use social media platforms? How much do your parents know about what you do
on the internet? How much of your time do you spend on social media platforms posting your
stuff and sharing with friends? How much time do you spend studying? How do you feel when
engaging in social media platforms and books?. The type of responses obtained for the survey
was positive towards the study since every student was determined to provide the right
responses. The range of the total score of the surveys was that it scored above average in terms
of response.
Ethical Concerns
All research should be conducted in the highest level of ethics to ensure that there is no
harm caused to the participants as well as the researcher makes the best out of their study.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
5
Therefore, to ensure that ethical issues are avoided, there is a need to research with informed
consent and debriefing occurring for each student. A consideration that must be put in place
when conducting the study is that there should be a small pool of participants (John and Emefa
2018).
Such a small pool of participants is a concern with the reporting because it would not be
appropriate if there is any statistical significance for any real conclusion to be drawn other than
the conclusion to conduct more research. There is another ethical concern about asking certain
demographic questions. Such an issue can be resolved by providing an option to decline to
answer any of the questions (Lau, 2017). The concern is that the participants are in some
capacity peers, despite being from different classes they attend the same school. The highest
concern is that privacy is required and needs to be of the highest degree.
Data Analysis Plan
Prepare new data
The raw data from the online survey will be fed into an SSPS, which is a computer program
which will be able to analyse the data. Each variable will be examined for descriptive data, such
as the means, standard deviation and group mean. Scatterplots and boxplots will be created to
find any outliners which may affect the analysis of the data.
Analytic procedures
The variables in the study will be evaluated using the analysis of variance or ANOVA
and be analysed with the SPSS computer program which will provide the descriptive statistics,
such as the means and standard deviation and confidence interval for each variable. An ANOVA,
where there is a comparison of each variable, which highlights any significant differences or
effect between the variables.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
6
Once the data collection has been completed the data will be coded as necessary, and then
SPSS will be used for analysis purpose of the results. The participants will have a social media
use that has an academic scenario, and a social media use that has no academic scenario. The
research will establish a dependent sample t-test run to analyze the data collected. Descriptive
statistics will be reported; average and standard deviations will be presented (Heffner, 2016). If
the occupations are too revealing for the participant's privacy, they will be omitted. There is a
potential to have graphs, but they will only be used if it helps describe the outcomes of the
survey. The range and average will be examined to determine if there are any outliers in the
sample.
Descriptive Statistics
The descriptive statistics will be used to summarize the results of the findings of the
research. The summary will be of the data from the surveys and cases studies. The statistics will
have a central tendency which indicates the central point in a data set. The type of data statistics
that will be measured is a measure of dispersion or variation and measures of central tendency.
Principles and Standards
The proposed data analysis methods have achieved ethical standards and the principles of
researching in that the researchers can protect the privacy of the participants and has informed
consent to the participants. The participants will be requested to participate and will be informed
about the roles they are to play and the information they are to provide, and they will approve the
same. The research will also ensure there are minimal risks of harm to the participants.
Therefore, it is necessary that everything is conducted to the highest degree of standards (Gilbert,
etc. l. 2018). The participants’ anonymity and confidentiality should also be protected to ensure
that they are secure while providing information.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
7
Anticipated Results
The anticipated results are statistically significant. The results will indicate that there is
significant difference between the engagement in social media platforms and failure to engage
while undertaking studies. The results indicate the academic performance is low when there is
engagement in social media platforms and the academic performance increases where there is no
usage of the social media platforms (Al-Rahmi, & Othman, 2013). The social media survey is
going to be the most significant and relevant for the study, and that will show that the
participants have a different ability to concentrate on academic and boost their performance.
The results will be presented as a factual opinion and not as a statement of the causes of
such behaviours among the participants. There will be a careful interpretation of the results to
create the surety that there are no ethical issues that will mislead anyone with the results. There
will be the anticipation of the limitations that will occur as a result of the sample size. The
population is limited, and this makes normal distribution not to occur which also restricts the
case of generalization of the results to the overall population.
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
The data collected was analyzed and interpreted through the following parameters;
1.
Access to Social Media and Usage by Students.
These days most students can access social media platforms as there is internet everywhere
easily. In their schools, in their homes, in hotels and everywhere one can think of, even
bathrooms. It’s even seen as a basic need in this 21st century. With the internet everywhere, it has
become easier for students to access social media platforms. This has led to the use of social
media platforms to do everything, i.e., study, make friends and entertainment.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
8
A student can either use social media platforms positively or negatively. Those negative
practices of social lead to a decline in a student’s performance while positive practices lead to
positive academic performance.
2.
Time Spent On Social Media Platforms By Students.
One aspect of social media that determines whether it affects a student’s academic
performance is the amount of time that one spends on those social media platforms. Most college
students spend all their time on social media posting selfies, liking other pages and pictures,
looking for friends, entertainment and watching videos (Jacobsen, & Forste, 2011). This can be a
24/7 thing as it is very addictive. Even most employees spend a significant amount of time on the
internet just surfing on those social media platforms.
Time spent on social media platforms determines the academic performance of a student.
The more time a student spends on social platforms, not for academic purposes the more his
academic performance declines. But if a student is using those social media platforms to acquire
knowledge, then his performance will improve.
3.
The Impact of Social Media on Students’ Academic Performance.
Using social media platforms in themselves does not affect the academic performance of
students, especially when they are used minimally. What affects the performance of a student is
excessive use of social media for non-academic purposes. When used for academic purposes it
helps the students’ academic performance. By being used for academic purposes, I mean using
them for e-learning, looking through student forums to gain knowledge and other positive uses.
FINDINGS
John & Emefa outlines that, the emergence of social media in the 1990s impacted significant
changes in the world. Since then there has been a significant development in communication
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
9
platforms. The findings of this research concluded that social media usage had an impact on
students’ academic performance and that the impacts were both negative and positive. They
include;
Positive Impacts
Some of the positive effects include developments of new ideas and content which is
utilized by various students in a different part of the world. A lot of students were using the
social media platform to enhance their research on different topics (Selwyn, 2012). They were
also used in fostering a positive relationship with peers as well as teachers, improving learning
motivation, presenting personalized course requirements and materials as well as developing
collaborative abilities (Lau, 2017). Hence, social media has facilitated learning in the 21st
century. Social media has also been able to enrich knowledge by providing a platform for
connecting to new ideas more flexible.
Social media has also created other platforms such as e-learning where students can
study at a distance. The platform also benefits students by creating a connection between various
learners in class projects and assignments (Jacobsen, & Forste, 2011). Hence, students can assist
each other in conducting personal studies. Following these effects, social media has therefore
improved learning and the performance of students by presenting learning materials. The
impacts of social media on academic achievement cannot be underestimated.
Also, it can help students to overcome academic frustration. Students can communicate
via internet sources where they can solve various concepts in education. Besides, there should
be educational platforms that tend to educate learners on how to utilize social media for
maximum gain (Gilbert, etc. l. 2018).
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
10
Negative Impacts
One of the negative impacts is a deviation from career and personal goals by the student.
Overuse of social media platforms by the students can make them not focus and thus lose sight
of their personal and career goals. They do this by using all their time on social media platforms
even when they are supposed to be concentrating on their studies (Rambe, 2012). Social media
can be very addictive and influencing. We have had many students committing suicide due to
things they have seen on the internet.
Negative practices when using social media platforms can also cause students to forgo
their studies in favour of what is cool and trending right then. This is done through peer pressure
and students being afraid of being labelled losers and bullied. Social media platforms are where
most students go to make new friends and interact. In this way, students can be misled as people
may influence them and what they do and the students will do what they are told to be in good
with a particular crowd.
Conclusion
Social media has significant impacts on academic performance. However, the positive
impacts vastly outweigh the negative consequences as it has facilitated communication between
various students and their teachers; thus they can share the information which improves their
overall performance. In tertiary institutions, research and other work can only be conducted via
various social media platforms. There should also be developed channels that educate learners on
how to utilize social media to gain maximum benefits.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
11
References
Al-Rahmi, W., & Othman, M. (2013). The impact of social media use on academic performance
among university students: A pilot study. Journal of information systems research and
innovation, 4(12), 1-10.
Al-Rahmi, W., Othman, M. S., & Yusuf, L. M. (2015). The role of social media for collaborative
learning to improve academic performance of students and researchers in Malaysian
higher education. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed
Learning, 16(4).
Gikas, J., & Grant, M. M. (2013). Mobile computing devices in higher education: Student
perspectives on learning with cellphones, smartphones & social media. The Internet and
Higher Education, 19, 18-26.
Gilbert, M, T., Alsaad, A., alrushaidan, N., alhugai, A., Alfa had, S. (2018). THE IMPACT OF
social media on academic performance of selected college students
http://aircconline.com/ijait/V8N5/8518ijait03.pdf
Heffner, Tara. (2016). "The effects of social media use in undergraduate students" Theses and
Dissertations. 1440. Http://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/1440.
Jacobsen, W. C., & Forste, R. (2011). The wired generation: Academic and social outcomes of
electronic media use among university students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social
Networking, 14(5), 275-280.
John, B, K., & Emefa, D, P. (2018). Effect of social media on the academic performance of
students in Ghanaian universities: a case study of the University of Ghana, legion.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
12
Lau, W. W. (2017). Effects of social media usage and social media multitasking on the academic
performance of university students. Computers in human behavior, 68, 286-291.
Rambe, P. (2012). Constructive Disruptions for Effective Collaborative Learning: Navigating the
Affordances of Social Media for Meaningful Engagement. Electronic Journal of eLearning, 10(1), 132-146.
Selwyn, N. (2012). Social media in higher education. The Europa world of learning, 1, 1-10.
Tess, P. A. (2013). The role of social media in higher education classes (real and virtual)–A
literature review. Computers in human behavior, 29(5), A60-A68.
Correlations
Which of these social
Pearson Correlation
networks are you a member
Sig. (2-tailed)
of (please select all that
apply)? Facebook
N
Which of these social
Pearson Correlation
networks are you a member
Sig. (2-tailed)
of (please select all that
apply)? Twitter
N
Which of these Which of these Which of these Which of these Which of these
Which of these social networks social networks social networks social networks social networks
social networks
are you a
are you a
are you a
are you a
are you a
are you a
member
member
member
member
member
Which of these social
member
of (please
of (please
of (please
of (please
of (please
networks are you a member
of (please
select all that
select all that
select all that
select all that
select all that
of (please select all that
select all that
apply)?
apply)?
apply)?
apply)?
apply)?
apply)? Facebook
apply)? Twitter
Instagram
LinkedIn
Youtube
Google+
Snapchat
*
*
1
0.583
0.408
0.272
0.408
.667
.667
0.035
0.077
0.242
0.035
0.447
0.242
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
.667*
1
.667*
0.408
0.583
0.408
0.000
0.035
0.242
0.077
0.242
1.000
0.035
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Which of these social
Pearson Correlation
networks are you a member
Sig. (2-tailed)
of (please select all that
apply)? Instagram
N
0.583
.667*
1
.816**
.667*
0.272
0.408
0.077
0.035
0.004
0.035
0.447
0.242
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Which of these social
Pearson Correlation
networks are you a member
Sig. (2-tailed)
of (please select all that
apply)? LinkedIn
N
0.408
0.408
.816**
1
.816**
0.333
0.200
0.242
0.242
0.004
0.004
0.347
0.580
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Which of these social
Pearson Correlation
networks are you a member
Sig. (2-tailed)
of (please select all that
apply)? Youtube
N
*
0.583
.667
*
**
1
0.408
0.000
0.035
0.077
0.035
0.004
0.242
1.000
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Which of these social
Pearson Correlation
networks are you a member
Sig. (2-tailed)
of (please select all that
apply)? Google+
N
0.272
0.408
0.272
0.333
0.408
1
0.333
0.447
0.242
0.447
0.347
0.242
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Which of these social
Pearson Correlation
networks are you a member
Sig. (2-tailed)
of (please select all that
apply)? Snapchat
N
0.408
0.000
0.408
0.200
0.000
0.333
1
0.242
1.000
0.242
0.580
1.000
0.347
10
10
10
10
10
10
.667
.816
0.347
10
Correlations
What is your sex?
What is your sex?
Pearson Correlation
Which
race/ethnicity
best describes
What is your
you? (Please
marital status? - choose only
Selected
one.) - Selected
Choice
Choice
*
1
.740
.946**
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
What is your marital status? Pearson Correlation
- Selected Choice
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Which race/ethnicity best
describes you? (Please
choose only one.) Selected Choice
0.014
0.000
10
10
10
.740*
1
.749*
0.014
0.013
10
10
10
Pearson Correlation
.946**
.749*
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
0.000
0.013
10
10
N
10
Correlations
Which ONE do you use
most?
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
What is your primary
Pearson Correlation
reason for using social
Sig. (2-tailed)
media? - Selected Choice N
Social media provides a
Pearson Correlation
useful platform for
Sig. (2-tailed)
academic group work.
N
I use social media to
Pearson Correlation
communicate with lecturers Sig. (2-tailed)
for academic
N
I use social media to share Pearson Correlation
work collaboratively
Sig. (2-tailed)
(with my peers) for
N
Lectures should increase
Pearson Correlation
and encourage the use of Sig. (2-tailed)
social
N
Social media leads to
Pearson Correlation
procrastination.
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Sharing notes or
Pearson Correlation
information about lectures Sig. (2-tailed)
via
N
Sharing notes or
Pearson Correlation
information about lectures Sig. (2-tailed)
via
N
Using social media while
Pearson Correlation
doing assignments
Sig. (2-tailed)
negatively affects the
N
I use social
Lectures should
What is your
Social media
I use social
media to share
increase and
primary reason
provides a
media to
work
encourage the
for using social useful platform communicate collaboratively
use of social
media? for
with lecturers (with my peers) networking sites Social media
Which ONE do you use
Selected
academic group for academic
for academic
in the
leads to
most?
Choice
work.
purposes.
purposes.
classroom.
procrastination.
1
0.586
0.371
0.436
0.522
.657*
.654*
0.075
0.291
0.039
0.208
0.122
0.040
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.586
1
0.612
0.551
0.622
.714*
.779**
0.075
0.020
0.060
0.099
0.055
0.008
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.371
1
.714*
.787**
.861**
.867**
.794**
0.291
0.020
0.007
0.001
0.001
0.006
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
*
**
*
**
*
0.612
1
.657
.787
.752
.929
.727
0.039
0.060
0.007
0.012
0.000
0.017
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.436
0.551
1
0.520
.861**
.752*
.885**
0.208
0.099
0.001
0.012
0.001
0.123
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.522
0.622
1
.867**
.929**
.885**
.690*
0.122
0.055
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.027
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.520
1
.654*
.779**
.794**
.727*
.690*
0.040
0.008
0.006
0.017
0.123
0.027
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0.598
0.620
0.419
.719*
.694*
.634*
.913**
0.019
0.026
0.068
0.056
0.228
0.049
0.000
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
*
*
*
0.598
0.620
0.419
.719
.694
.634
.913**
0.019
0.026
0.068
0.056
0.228
0.049
0.000
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
*
**
*
*
0.571
0.498
.713
.795
.738
.636
.926**
0.085
0.021
0.006
0.015
0.143
0.048
0.000
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Sharing notes
or information
about lectures
via
social
networking sites
leads to many
students
thinking they do
not have to
attend lectures.
.719*
0.019
10
.694*
0.026
10
0.598
0.068
10
0.620
0.056
10
0.419
0.228
10
.634*
0.049
10
.913**
0.000
10
1
Sharing notes
or information
about lectures
via
Using social
social
media while
networking sites
doing
leads to many
assignments
students
negatively
thinking they do
affects the
not have to
quality of your
attend lectures.
work.
0.571
.719*
0.019
0.085
10
10
.694*
.713*
0.026
0.021
10
10
0.598
.795**
0.068
0.006
10
10
*
0.620
.738
0.056
0.015
10
10
0.419
0.498
0.228
0.143
10
10
.634*
.636*
0.049
0.048
10
10
.913**
.926**
0.000
0.000
10
10
1.000**
.726*
0.000
0.017
10
10
10
**
1
1.000
.726*
0.000
0.017
10
10
10
*
*
1
.726
.726
0.017
0.017
10
10
10
Correlations
I have been late handing in Pearson Correlation
an assignment
because I spent time on a
Sig. (2-tailed)
social networking site
instead of doing homework.
N
Social networking
sites are negatively
affecting the way of
speaking or writing in
students life.
Social media
positively affects my study
timings in routine life.
Social
networking
sites are
I feel that social
I have been late handing in
negatively
Social media
media is a
an assignment
affecting the
positively
distraction to
because I spent time on a way of speaking affects my study my academic
social networking site
or writing in
timings in
learning
instead of doing homework. students life.
routine life.
activities.
1
0.299
.823**
.779**
I think that there
is significant
relationship
I believe
between
that social
student’s
media has
academic
affected my
performance
academic
and social
performance media adoption
negatively.
and use.
.761*
.687*
0.003
0.402
0.008
0.011
0.028
10
10
10
10
10
10
Pearson Correlation
.823**
1
.634*
.847**
.724*
.786**
Sig. (2-tailed)
0.003
0.049
0.002
0.018
0.007
10
10
10
10
10
10
Pearson Correlation
0.299
.634
*
1
0.571
0.459
.790
Sig. (2-tailed)
0.402
0.049
0.085
0.182
0.007
N
N
I feel that social media is a Pearson Correlation
distraction to
Sig. (2-tailed)
my academic learning
N
activities.
I believe
Pearson Correlation
that social media has
Sig. (2-tailed)
affected my academic
N
performance negatively.
I think that there is
Pearson Correlation
significant relationship
between student’s
Sig. (2-tailed)
academic performance and
social media adoption and N
use.
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**
10
10
10
10
10
10
.779**
.847**
0.571
1
.877**
.838**
0.008
0.002
0.085
0.001
0.002
10
10
10
10
10
10
.761*
.724*
0.459
.877**
1
.817**
0.011
0.018
0.182
0.001
10
10
10
10
10
10
.687*
.786**
.790**
.838**
.817**
1
0.028
0.007
0.007
0.002
0.004
10
10
10
10
10
0.004
10
Default Report
Social Media and Academic Performance
July 7, 2019 11:18 AM MDT
Q1 - What is your sex?
Male
Female
Prefer not to say
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std Deviation
Variance
Count
1
What is your sex?
1.00
2.00
1.86
0.35
0.12
7
#
Field
Choice
Count
1
Male
14.29% 1
2
Female
85.71% 6
3
Prefer not to say
0.00% 0
7
Showing rows 1 - 4 of 4
Q2 - What is your age?
What is your age?
25
23
26
33
23
25
25
Q3 - What is your marital status?
Single
Partnered, but
unmarried
Married
Widowed
Divorced
Other (please
specify):
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std Deviation
Variance
Count
1
What is your marital status? - Selected Choice
1.00
5.00
2.43
1.18
1.39
7
#
Field
Choice
Count
1
Single
14.29% 1
2
Partnered, but unmarried
57.14% 4
3
Married
14.29% 1
4
Widowed
0.00% 0
5
Divorced
14.29% 1
6
Other (please specify):
0.00% 0
7
Showing rows 1 - 7 of 7
Q3_6_TEXT - Other (please specify):
Other (please specify):
Q4 - Which race/ethnicity best describes you? (Please choose only one.)
American Indian or
Alaskan Native
Asian/Pacific
Islander
Black or African
American
Hispanic/Latino
White/Caucasian
Other (please
specify):
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
Which race/ethnicity best describes you? (Please choose only
one.) - Selected Choice
5.00
5.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
7
Field
Choice
Count
1
American Indian or Alaskan Native
0.00% 0
2
Asian/Pacific Islander
0.00% 0
3
Black or African American
0.00% 0
4
Hispanic/Latino
0.00% 0
5
White/Caucasian
6
Other (please specify):
#
100.00% 7
0.00% 0
7
Showing rows 1 - 7 of 7
Q4_6_TEXT - Other (please specify):
Other (please specify):
Q5 - Which of these social networks are you a member of (please select all that apply)?
Facebook
Twitter
Instagram
LinkedIn
Youtube
Google+
Snapchat
0
#
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
Choice
Count
Field
1
Facebook
19.35% 6
2
Twitter
12.90% 4
3
Instagram
19.35% 6
4
LinkedIn
16.13% 5
5
Youtube
12.90% 4
6
Google+
3.23% 1
7
Snapchat
16.13% 5
31
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q6 - Which ONE do you use most?
Facebook
Twitter
Instagram
LinkedIn
Youtube
Google+
Snapchat
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std Deviation
Variance
Count
1
Which ONE do you use most?
1.00
7.00
2.86
2.17
4.69
7
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Facebook
42.86% 3
2
Twitter
14.29% 1
3
Instagram
14.29% 1
4
LinkedIn
0.00% 0
5
Youtube
14.29% 1
6
Google+
0.00% 0
7
Snapchat
14.29% 1
7
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q7 - How long, in years, have you been using social media?
How long, in years, have you been using social media?
13
8
10
15
9
12
14
Q8 - How many hours a day do you spend on social networking activities?
How many hours a day do you spend on social networking activities?
2
3
1
2
7
2.5
3
Q9 - What is your primary reason for using social media?
Social
Games
Professional
Academic
Other (please
specify):
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
What is your primary reason for using social media? - Selected
Choice
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
7
#
Field
Choice
Count
1
Social
100.00% 7
2
Games
0.00% 0
3
Professional
0.00% 0
4
Academic
0.00% 0
5
Other (please specify):
0.00% 0
7
Showing rows 1 - 6 of 6
Q9_5_TEXT - Other (please specify):
Other (please specify):
Q10 - Social media provides a useful platform for academic group work.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
Social media provides a useful platform for academic group
work.
2.00
6.00
4.17
1.34
1.81
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly Disagree
0.00% 0
2
Disagree
16.67% 1
3
Somewhat disagree
16.67% 1
4
Neither agree nor disagree
16.67% 1
5
Somewhat agree
6
Agree
16.67% 1
7
Strongly agree
0.00% 0
33.33% 2
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q11 - I use social media to communicate with lecturers for academic purposes.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
I use social media to communicate with lecturers for academic
purposes.
1.00
5.00
2.33
1.25
1.56
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly Disagree
16.67% 1
2
Disagree
66.67% 4
3
Somewhat disagree
0.00% 0
4
Neither agree nor disagree
0.00% 0
5
Somewhat agree
16.67% 1
6
Agree
0.00% 0
7
Strongly agree
0.00% 0
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q12 - I use social media to share work collaboratively (with my peers) for academic
purposes.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
I use social media to share work collaboratively (with my peers) for
academic purposes.
1.00
7.00
3.17
2.11
4.47
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly Disagree
16.67% 1
2
Disagree
3
Somewhat disagree
0.00% 0
4
Neither agree nor disagree
0.00% 0
5
Somewhat agree
16.67% 1
6
Agree
0.00% 0
7
Strongly agree
16.67% 1
50.00% 3
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q13 - Lectures should increase and encourage the use of social networking sites in the
classroom.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
Lectures should increase and encourage the use of social
networking sites in the classroom.
2.00
7.00
3.67
1.89
3.56
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly Disagree
0.00% 0
2
Disagree
3
Somewhat disagree
0.00% 0
4
Neither agree nor disagree
16.67% 1
5
Somewhat agree
16.67% 1
6
Agree
0.00% 0
7
Strongly agree
16.67% 1
50.00% 3
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q14 - Social media leads to procrastination.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std Deviation
Variance
Count
1
Social media leads to procrastination.
4.00
7.00
5.83
0.90
0.81
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly Disagree
0.00% 0
2
Disagree
0.00% 0
3
Somewhat disagree
0.00% 0
4
Neither agree nor disagree
16.67% 1
5
Somewhat agree
0.00% 0
6
Agree
66.67% 4
7
Strongly agree
16.67% 1
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q15 - Sharing notes or information about lectures via social networking sites leads to
many students thinking they do not have to attend lectures.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
Sharing notes or information about lectures via social networking
sites leads to many students thinking they do not have to attend
lectures.
2.00
7.00
4.83
1.77
3.14
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly Disagree
0.00% 0
2
Disagree
16.67% 1
3
Somewhat disagree
16.67% 1
4
Neither agree nor disagree
0.00% 0
5
Somewhat agree
16.67% 1
6
Agree
7
Strongly agree
33.33% 2
16.67% 1
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q16 - Sharing notes or information about lectures via social networking sites leads to
many students thinking they do not have to attend lectures.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
Sharing notes or information about lectures via social networking
sites leads to many students thinking they do not have to attend
lectures.
2.00
7.00
4.83
1.77
3.14
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly Disagree
0.00% 0
2
Disagree
16.67% 1
3
Somewhat disagree
16.67% 1
4
Neither agree nor disagree
0.00% 0
5
Somewhat agree
16.67% 1
6
Agree
7
Strongly agree
33.33% 2
16.67% 1
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q17 - Using social media while doing assignments negatively affects the quality of your
work.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
Using social media while doing assignments negatively affects the
quality of your work.
3.00
7.00
4.83
1.57
2.47
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly disagree
0.00% 0
2
Disagree
0.00% 0
3
Somewhat disagree
4
Neither agree nor disagree
16.67% 1
5
Somewhat agree
0.00% 0
6
Agree
7
Strongly agree
33.33% 2
33.33% 2
16.67% 1
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q18 - I think that there is significant relationship between student’s academic
performance and social media adoption and use.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
I think that there is significant relationship between student’s
academic performance and social media adoption and use.
2.00
5.00
4.17
1.07
1.14
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly disagree
0.00% 0
2
Disagree
16.67% 1
3
Somewhat disagree
0.00% 0
4
Neither agree nor disagree
33.33% 2
5
Somewhat agree
50.00% 3
6
Agree
0.00% 0
7
Strongly agree
0.00% 0
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q19 - I believe that social media has affected my academic performance negatively.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
I believe that social media has affected my academic
performance negatively.
1.00
5.00
3.17
1.57
2.47
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly disagree
16.67% 1
2
Disagree
3
Somewhat disagree
0.00% 0
4
Neither agree nor disagree
16.67% 1
5
Somewhat agree
6
Agree
0.00% 0
7
Strongly agree
0.00% 0
33.33% 2
33.33% 2
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q20 - I feel that social media is a distraction to my academic learning activities.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
I feel that social media is a distraction to my academic learning
activities.
2.00
6.00
4.50
1.26
1.58
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly disagree
0.00% 0
2
Disagree
16.67% 1
3
Somewhat disagree
0.00% 0
4
Neither agree nor disagree
16.67% 1
5
Somewhat agree
6
Agree
16.67% 1
7
Strongly agree
0.00% 0
50.00% 3
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q21 - Social media positively affects my study timings in routine life.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std Deviation
Variance
Count
1
Social media positively affects my study timings in routine life.
1.00
5.00
3.17
1.34
1.81
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly disagree
16.67% 1
2
Disagree
16.67% 1
3
Somewhat disagree
16.67% 1
4
Neither agree nor disagree
5
Somewhat agree
16.67% 1
6
Agree
0.00% 0
7
Strongly agree
0.00% 0
33.33% 2
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q22 - Social networking sites are negatively affecting the way of speaking or writing in
students life.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
Social networking sites are negatively affecting the way of
speaking or writing in students life.
2.00
5.00
3.83
1.07
1.14
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly disagree
0.00% 0
2
Disagree
16.67% 1
3
Somewhat disagree
16.67% 1
4
Neither agree nor disagree
33.33% 2
5
Somewhat agree
33.33% 2
6
Agree
0.00% 0
7
Strongly agree
0.00% 0
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
Q23 - I have been late handing in an assignment because I spent time on a social
networking site instead of doing homework.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Somewhat disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Somewhat agree
Agree
Strongly agree
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
#
Field
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std
Deviation
Variance
Count
1
I have been late handing in an assignment because I spent time on
a social networking site instead of doing homework.
1.00
5.00
2.17
1.34
1.81
6
#
Choice
Count
Field
1
Strongly disagree
33.33% 2
2
Disagree
50.00% 3
3
Somewhat disagree
0.00% 0
4
Neither agree nor disagree
0.00% 0
5
Somewhat agree
16.67% 1
6
Agree
0.00% 0
7
Strongly agree
0.00% 0
6
Showing rows 1 - 8 of 8
End of Report
Purchase answer to see full
attachment