Tips on Writing and Formatting Your Paper Introduction • Introduction and literature review: Clearly define the problem. Focus on the academic literature! Citing websites and/or reports is NOT sufficient. If you are citing websites and reports, then cite the RESEARCH that leads to the data included in websites and reports. Remember you need a minimum of 10 academic sources. • Cite original research studies. It is tempting to conduct a quick literature review, see what has been done, and then paraphrase an introduction section from one or two studies. However, it is necessary that you identify the ORIGINAL research that is cited your studies. For instance, if I find, “Caucasian men tend to be more obese than Caucasian women,” I need to determine the original source of that finding. If it is in the results section of Study A, then cite author A. If, however, it is in the introduction or discussion section of Study A, and you notice it has been cited by author B, do not cite Study A just because you found it in Study A. Go to Study B, consider if it is an appropriate statement to make about this study, and then cite author B! • You must cite anything that is not common knowledge. An easy rule: if you use a number in your sentence (seven people in the United States die each day from bubblegum-related accidents), you will need to cite it! o Paraphrase, paraphrase, paraphrase! Avoid quoting, regardless of whether you include the quotation marks (recognizing someone else wrote the statement) or not (plagiarizing). It is much better to rephrase than quote; it demonstrates that you have synthesized the material rather than copying and pasting. • Plagiarism is illegal. You will receive a failing grade for plagiarizing. Please do not do it! I recommend that you first read the literature. Highlight, underline, and summarize each article however you please. Then, when you are ready to start writing, write in your own words what you have learned. Then go back to the original literature to identify which research article leads each of your thoughts. • When you paraphrase, you must use APA styles to cite your sources (references). It is easy to conduct a literature review and then assume all of your knowledge is common knowledge. When you review the academic literature, remember to highlight important points from studies. • At the end of each sentence, and before the next sentence, use two spaces. Like that. Not one.Or no spaces. This must also be honored when you cite in APA format (Curtis, 2007). When you use quotes, “make sure the punctuation is used conectly.” (Period before the end quotes.) Also, make sure your quotes are facing correctly. “To start, and to end a sentence.” • When you use parentheses, including APA citations, be sure to nest the period outside the parentheses. For example, I am about to cite something here (Curtis, 2008). References • References must oniy be reflective of the citations included. Do not to include studies that you did not cite in the text! • When referencing a quotation, you must include page numbers! This is not necessary when you do not quote. Again, AVOID QUOTING! Subheadings and Transitions • Use subheadings to help guide your reader, but do not use subheadings as an excuse for not developing better transitions. • Do not use questions to communicate or facilitate a transition. “Who was the intended audience for this program?” Instead: “The intended audience for this program included • The best way to format subheadings is to select Format 4 Styles and Formatting. Select “Heading 1” for your Introduction, Treatment, Prevention, and References headings. Bold and Centered (no underline or italics) i2 point Times New Roman is recommended for Heading 1. For Heading 2, use left justified italics (no bold or underlined) 12 point Times New Roman. See an APA manual for additional subheading level guidelines. Throughout • Your paper must only include the facts! Do not include commentary or editorializing comments lilce, “unfortunately” or “only.” • When you begin a sentence with a number or percentage, use words not numbers. For example: Forty-seven percent (47%) of respondents reported enjoying ice cream. Also note here that respondents reported enjoying ice cream. It would not be fair to write that “47% of respondents enjoy ice cream.” That makes a leap in assumption, and that is unfair. • Spell out numbers smaller than 10 (e.g. one, two, three). However, if numbers larger than nine have already been presented in a sentence, then it is okay to use the number for numbers smaller than 10. For example, “Of all 1,709 participants, 6% reported having 16 or more children.” Type the number if it is 10 or larger unless it is the beginning of a sentence. For percentages, it is best to include the number and percent after the writtenform. “Forty-three percent (43%) reported “ Note here that the written form was presented (Forty-three percent), and then the number and symbol (43%) were added. This is helpThl to the reader. Also, do not use 11th or 12th. Instead, spell out eleventh and twelfth. • Careful with your verbiage. People are not “under” eighteen years old, they are “younger than” eighteen years old. Avoid using “over 65” and “over 50% reported... Instead, state “respondents older than 65 years” and “more than 50% reported.. .“ ..“ • Be careful in summarizing your data. If a variable includes multiple levels of! stratified responses, and the largest percentage is less than 50%, it is not appropriate to write that “most” or “the majority” reported this or that. Instead, it is appropriate to write, that “respondents were most likely to report • When it makes sense, report means with two digits after the decimal (45.67) and standard deviations with three digits after the decimal (4.568). This makes the most sense for ratio continuous variables where the zero is a true zero (e.g. number of injections, number of cupcakes eaten) and less sense for interval continuous variables (e.g. age how can one be 43.56 years old- what would the 0.56 represent?). — • Use a consistent font type!size (Times New Roman, 12 pt.) throughout the entire document. • Double space the text, including references. • One inch margins, 5-7 pages. Slightly more than 7 pages is okay, less than 5 is not. • All text must be left justified. The first line of each paragraph must be indented. Use tabs (not spaces) for indentions. Do not add additional spaces between paragraphs. Everything is double-spaced. • At least two sentences are required for a paragraph. When you have some text hanging over to another page so there is only a heading or one line of text, insert a page break • Do not use contractions (i.e. don’t, won’t) unless it is a direct quote in your results section. Also, do not use “etc. or “et cetera.” If you have more to add to your list do so. • Ensure your nouns and pronouns agree. Thinlc of the awkwardness of Fergie’s song: “I’m going to miss you like a child misses their blanket.” • Throughout the paper, avoid using first person. Only third person is appropriate. Regarding tense, present tense is appropriate when describing other studies. Avoid using the word “should.” You can replace this word with “need” or “must”. • Use complete sentences. Do not utilize bullets. Be sure to make clear the point of your paper even if it is blatant (and avoid using first person) fairly early in your paper. For instance, you could write something like “This paper will outline the problem of malaria in Congo and its treatment and prevention strategies that have been attempted.” - o - Brush up on APA citing and referencing. Also, remember you will need a minimum of 5 ACADEMIC cites!references. • Remember to start broad, describe the big picture of your problem. Then get more and more specific. Stay in that direction -avoid jumping from broad to specific, back to broad and then specific. • Consider FLOW of your paper sentences and paragraphs. You need to provide transitions between your points avoid scattering facts/points throughout the paper without some context to logically hold them together. One paragraph must include a minimum of two sentences. Double space your papers even your references (which belong in a new sheet). - - - • Remember to cite and reference original references. Avoid editorializing (e.g. unfortunately).Avoid using questions to help with your transitions (e.g. So why is malaria a problem in Congo?) • Remember to use appropriate subheadings (e.g. Malaria (Problem), Strategies for Treatment, Strategies for Prevention). This will likely help you delineate content between the different sections. Do not use I, me, or mine. If you want to refer to yourself you can say “this author.” GRADING OF FINAL PAPER CRITERIA FOR PAPER DIMMENSIONS OF QUALITY ASSESSED MAXIMUM GRADE GRADE EARNED 10 points Abstract describes Abstract ~ the purpose of the global health project, the target area and target population, findings and recommendations 30 points Introduction Briefsummary oft/ic country (‘demographics, infrastructure, health system, etc.) Definition of the problem (incidence, prevalence, mo,-tality,) Paper describes the nature and magnitude of the problem: -Who is affected by it -What are the risk factors for the problem -Epidemiology of the disease -Mode of transmission 40 points Literature Review What has been done to address the pro blem Paper shows research conducted to discuss the strategies used by the country to deal with the problem: Prevention what, if anything, is considered the ~oId standard? If applicable, include estimated associated time, costs, and accessibility/availability. ~nything innovative attempted to address issue. ~ What went well? What did not go well? — Control/Treatment what, if anything, is considered the gold standard? If applicable, include estimated associated time, costs, and accessibility/availability. Anything innovative attempted to address issue. What went well? What did iot go well? — 30 points Conclusion Conclusion/Lessons learned Critical analysis of inform ation Recognizes limitations of information available C’omprehensiveness of information presented - - Paper provides a critical discussion of the main lessons learned from the initiative and any gaps and/or constraints found in the program. Paper provides conclusions that are appropriate and comprehensive 30 points Recommendations Recommendations plausible Paper makes brief recommendations on potential future evidence-based interventions (e.g. screening, treatment, diagnosis) and/or riority steps to address the problem and improve the onditions of the target population. 10 points APA style Use AFA stylefor cover page and document Grammatically and typographically correct Adherence to format and style requirements Appropriate citations throughout paper Reference Listing complete using app ropriate for,nat TOTAL 150 points Final Papers Must Include: Literature review- use peer reviewed articles!!! You can use a few credible websites such as CDC, WHO, etc. but the bulk of the literature review should contain articles from peer reviewed journals. Must cite and reference literature in AMA orAPAformat. A minimum of 10 academic cites and references. 1. Definition of the Problem (e.g. prevalence, incidence, morbidity, mortality, cost, Healthy People 2010). Hint: make sure you have a CLEAR definition of the problem and its risk factors. Consider location (if HIV is your topic, you might want to specify a specific country that experiences higher prevalence and incidence than another). Make sure to provide a short description of the health care system in the country of your choosing. 2. What has been done to address the problem? The purpose of the literature review is to show evidence-based strategies used to address the issue you have selected. Make sure not to include the need and/or risk factors in this section. Treotment what, if anything, is considered the gold standard? If applicable, include estimated associated time, costs, and accessibility/availability. Anything innovative attempted to address issue. What went well? What did not go well? — H. Prevention what, if anything, is considered the gold standard? If applicable, include estimated associated time, costs, and accessibility/availability. Anything innovative attempted to address issue. What went well? What did not go well? — 3. Conclusions. This section must include a critical discussion of the main lessons learned from your research and any gaps and/or constraints found in the literature. 4. Recommendations. You should summarize the most important recommendations for future strategies and interventions based on your findings in the literature review. Approximately 5-7 pages, double spaced, Times New Roman, 12 point font, 1 inch margins. Before you begin developing your paper, ensure you have received instructor approval. Note: I strongly encourage you to use the grading rubric to address all the issues that you need to include in your paper.
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