Santa Monica College Importance of Bipedalism Discussion

User Generated

wpnzvah

Writing

Santa Monica College

Description

  1. Of all the characteristics of hominins, why is bipedalism perhaps the most important? Your essay must make an argument and must be supported by specific evidence from the reading and lecture. Should be about 500 words.

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Why Do Populations Evolve? Tardigrades Biotechnology Evolutionary theory predicts that fatal genetic conditions will be selected out of populations and, therefore, occur at a relatively low rate and decline over time. However, some fatal genetic conditions persist at a higher rate in some populations than others. Why? HINT: Evolutionary theory can explain this, too. Sickle Cell Anemia: a severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels • Genetic disorder where the body makes “sickle-shaped” instead of oval-shaped red blood cells – Sickle-shaped cells don’t live as long in the body causing severe anemia – Chronic pain and fatigue • Commonly found in West African, Middle Eastern and Indian populations Sickle-Cell: Population Genetics Found in areas where Malaria is common—but also in the U.S. Plasmodium (parasite) Adaptive Benefits of Sickle-Cell • Sickle cells have a protective effect against malaria • Sickle cell trait provides 60% protection against overall mortality – Sickle cell hemoglobin produces an enzyme that makes the “host” more tolerant to the malaria causing parasite • Ideally, then you would inherit one gene for normal red blood cells and one for sickle cell Genetic Change at the Population Level: Agents of Evolutionary Change Bottleneck Natural Selection! Non-random mating Geographic Barriers Founder Effect Mutations Gene Pool: the collection of genes in an interbreeding population that includes each gene at a certain frequency in relation to its alleles; the genetic information of a population of interbreeding organisms the human gene pool Genetic Drift: Evolution, or change in gene pool frequencies, resulting from random chance • Deme: a local population of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed, and produce offspring (gene flow) • Reproductive Isolation: Any circumstance that prevents two populations from interbreeding and exchanging genetic material • Genetic Drift— ex. bottlenecks, founder effect, population fission Genetic Drift: variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population (after being separated from an original larger population), owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce • Gene flow decreases genetic Babies! variation between populations but increases variation within populations • Change happens when populations of a species become unevenly distributed over a landscape, and separated Emmigration to some degree by environmental barriers • Results in two populations— each has a different frequency of a particular allele Immigration • the new population now differs from parent population • Due to geographical changes, Genetic Drift in Action: namely the route of the Congo Moment of Speciation River, populations of the LCA of with the Last Common Ancestor (LCA) for modern chimpanzees and bonobos were Chimpanzees and Bonobos divided • A relatively small portion of the species was geographically isolated from the rest to the south of the river, resulting in the two groups drifting from one another genetically, too • This geographical isolation led to speciation—over time, the two groups became increasingly different from one another • Succeeding generations evolved into the two living Pan species Genetic Bottleneck: is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events (such as earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, or droughts) or human activities (such as genocide) Combined with natural • Such events canmutation, reduce the selection and variation in the gene pool of a genetic drift can lead to population speciation • A smaller population, with a correspondingly smaller genetic diversity, remains to pass on genes to future generations of offspring through gene flow • Genetic diversity remains lower, only slowly increasing with time as random mutations occur Bottleneck Example—Achromatopsia: Gene mutation that results in near to total colorblindness—usually can still see the difference between something that is dark from light • Rare: occurs only in around 1 in 30,000 disorder people worldwide Began as a Bottleneck: The achromatopsia did not (recessive trait) appear until the fourth generation after the typhoon, by • Pingelap (“The Island of the which time 2.70% of the Pingelapese were affected. Since Colorblind”) the trait exists in about 10% of thebetween total achromatopsia is a recessive disorder, inbreeding population, which high! in the descendants of Nahnmwarki Mwanenised wouldis result • Why? By How could we explain an increased recessive allele frequency. generation six, the this evolutionarily? incidence rose to approximately 4.92% because of the • Two factors to consider: reduction in gene diversity, (bottleneck). Today, all achromats • Devastating typhoon in 1775 on the island ca trace their ancestry tothat King Nanmwarki resulted in just 20 survivors Mwanenihsed! • (1822-70) King Nanmwarki Mwanenihsed was a carrier Founder Effect: the reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors whose genes are inherited over time to a large number of descendants Amish and Ellis van Creveld Syndrome: • Dwarfism • Polydactyly • Teeth at birth Culturally created genetic bottleneck Queen Victoria
Purchase answer to see full attachment
User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

Explanation & Answer

Hi buddy,Find the attached completed work, don't hesitate to reach me out in case you need any clarification or edits. I would like to also request you to invite me for your next assignment (privately if possible), am always available to help. Kindly give me a 5 star review to build my profile.

Running head: IMPORTANCE OF BIPEDALISM

Importance of Bipedalism
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation

1

IMPORTANCE OF BIPEDALISM

2

Importance of Bipedalism
When delving into hominins, one of the major attributes that have been ascertained to be
of great importance is bipedalism. Bipedalism refers to terrestrial locomotion where an organism
moves from one place to another through the use of its rear limbs. It refers to the manner in
which people...


Anonymous
Excellent! Definitely coming back for more study materials.

Studypool
4.7
Trustpilot
4.5
Sitejabber
4.4

Similar Content

Related Tags