2019 The Evolution of Crime and Criminal Justice CRJS 1001: CONTEMPOARYCRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM DR. LATOYA R. BURT THOMASINA JOHNSON 7/26/19 The Evolution of Crime and Criminal Justice The Criminal Justice System Response Criminal reform and its criminal justice system has under gone many variations since its inception. One of the reasons sparking the need for adaptation was the rapid growth of the US since colonial times. A country once reliant on religion to shape society and its behaviors were only accustom to punishing ‘biblical offenses’ in archaic ways. These ways often involved humility by corporal physical punishment with an attempt to bring about repentance. However, with change in socialization and norms in society “formalized police, court, and corrections was adapted to handle these changes”. Boston’s initiation of ‘day watchmen’ was the earliest attempt to help with problems. The model that they initiated, wasn’t said to be the best model. New York chose to change the existing model and create the NYPD , in 1845. Contemporary Crime Twentieth century crime has presented new challenges that were not present at an ‘earlier point in history’. Many of our current criminal issues were present, such as sex crimes, theft and the like. However, cybercrimes were not present in earlier times and they currently make up an entire division investigated by the FBI“The FBI can respond with a range of investigative assets, including the little-known Cyber Action Team (CAT). This rapid deployment group of cyber experts can be on the scene just about anywhere in the world within 48 hours, providing investigative support and helping to answer critical questions that can quickly move a case forward. Established by the FBI’s Cyber Division in 2006 to provide rapid incident response on major computer intrusions and cyber-related emergencies, the team has approximately 50 members located in field offices around the country. They are either special agents or computer scientists, and all possess advanced training in computer languages, forensic investigations, and malware analysis. And since the team's inception, the Bureau has investigated hundreds of cyber crimes, and a number of those cases were deemed of such significance that the rapid response and specialized skills of the Cyber Action Team were required. Some of those cases affected U.S. interests abroad, and the team deployed overseas, working through our legal attaché offices and with our international partners.” (Federal Burea Investigations -Government , n.d.) Societal Needs for a Criminal Justice Societies technological advancements within the past century has introduced various types of criminal activities. These crimes were hard to identify in earlier times. However, the criminal justice system has solidified a need for for multiple divisions addressing such crimes. These crime units cover a range of departments from local, state, federal which handles the national and international investigation units. The local departments handle crimes that are within its jurisdiction. If the crimes exceed its county jurisdiction they will pass the case through the judicial system. This due process of law allows the cyber-crime to be identified with the appropriate department based upon the demographic affected. The Evolution of Crime and Criminal Justice A Need for Policing Crimes have a wider reach in today’s society due to the access criminals have. Beit population over-growth, poverty, various modes of transportation, or cyber reach. As an advanced society in good works, there has been an advancement in criminal activities. Increasing certain community’s dependence on a higher police need and presence. Although, it has been reported that… “The United States has become a far safer country in recent decades. The last time the violent crime rate was higher than five years prior was 1994, when there were 714 violent crimes for every 100,000 people. Over the following five years, the violent crime rate plummeted by 26.7 percent, the largest five-year decrease since at least 1960. As of 2017, there were 383 violent crimes for every 100,000 people in the U.S., a 1.3 percent decrease from five years before. The broad trend, while encouraging, does not reflect the reality on the ground in many cities across the country. In the vast majority of states, there is at least one metro area that is more dangerous now than it was five years ago. In some cases, the incidence of violent crime has more than doubled since 2012.” (Stebbins, 2019) Scenario response: The criminal justice procedures for the arresting officer would be to assist in the “criminal investigation, by appearing in court proceedings” (The Police Role), testimony is detrimental in the due process of the husband. The testimony of the ‘violent’ behavior of the husband would help the wife keep her husband in jail. Since he was not charged in other instances and released, those incidents would not count towards the current offense. Accurate arresting statements along with hospital records will be of assistance in the amount of jail time upon sentencing. The Evolution of Crime and Criminal Justice References (n.d.). Federal Burea Investigations -Government . (n.d.). What We Investigate. Retrieved from FBI: http://www.FBI.Gov Stebbins, S. (2019, February 28). Cities where the violent crime rate is soaring in every state in the US. (24/7 Wall Street) Retrieved from USA Today: http://www.usatoday.com The Police Role. (n.d.). In Vliches, ON THE STREETS ORGANIZATION, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND CHALLENGES. The Intersection of Mental Illness and Crime: Three Case Studies Case Study 1 You are the responding officer to a busy commuter train platform. A crowd has formed near the end of the platform, and paramedics arrive on the scene just as you do. You get the crowd to move back and find that a person has randomly shoved another person onto the commuter train tracks. Luckily, with the help of a quick-thinking bystander and the victim’s presence of mind, the victim avoided the electrified third rail, made it to the platform edge, and was able to be pulled back on the platform just before a train pulled into the station. The victim suffered serious injuries from the fall, including a broken leg, but is expected to make a full recovery. The victim, who was simply on the way to work, had no previous relationship with the offender. Other bystanders managed to corner the offender, who did not fight back. When you arrived on the scene, you found the offender sitting on a bench surrounded by bystanders and the station manager. The offender rocked back and forth slightly, repeating the phrase, “The voice said to send the man home. The voice said to push the man home.” You learn that the offender has had previous arrests, suffers from bipolar disorder, and refuses to take medication when prescribed. Case Study 2 You are the responding officer to a domestic violence incident involving a mother and her adult son who is 25 years old. When you arrive, the mother is sitting on the front steps nursing a cut on her mouth. You confirm that she does not need immediate medical attention. A voice in the house yells, “I told you not to call the cops!” The mother tells you that the adult son suffers from manic depression, and he refuses to leave the home. On this particular night, the mother encouraged her adult son to get a job to help support the family. During the argument, the adult son slapped his mother in the face, causing bleeding and minor swelling. The mother further states that the adult son refuses to go to counseling, and the mother does not want the adult son to live with her anymore. When you interview the adult son, he does not contradict any of his mother’s statements. “I can’t believe she keeps bugging me about getting a job. I can’t get a job. I can’t keep a job. I can’t even take care of myself. And those counselors are all the same. They don’t know anything.” Case Study 3 You are the responding officer to a call from the principal at the local high school. He asks you to interview a 16-year-old student that was overheard by another student making the following threat: "I’m going to kill everyone at school because they think I’m a loser!" When interviewing the student who reported the overheard statement, that student shows you a social media page where the threatening student posts opinions about the effectiveness of guns in varied situations. Before your planned interview with the 16-year-old student, two more students come forward with concerns and information. One states that the 16-year-old told him this morning “that he is going to get a large gun and come to school because the principal doesn't like him anymore.”
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