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Running head: SELF ESTEEM AND SPORTS

Self-Esteem and Sports
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Introduction

Sports play a significant role in most people’s lives. Sports allow people to cross beyond
gender, racial, ethnicity, and class lines. The roles that both the amateur and professional sports
play in the lives of people are many and varied. Some people perceive that participating in any
form of a sport is intended for fun. However, Bum and Jeon (2016) outline that participating in
sports improves the enthusiasm of both the participants and the spectators. Previous research
indicates that there is a close relationship between sports and self-esteem. On this note, this paper
asserts that participating in sports has a positive impact on the individual’s self-esteem.
Annotated Bibliography
Bowker, A. (2006). The relationship between sports participation and self-esteem during
early adolescence. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science/Revue Canadienne des
sciences du comportment, 38(3), 214.
Bowker (2006) explores the relationship between self-esteem and sports participation
among adolescents. In the research, Bowker included the 382 participants where 215 were girls,
and 167 were boys. The participants chosen were from grades 5 to 8. The researchers discovered
that adolescents who participated in sports reported a high level of self-esteem than those who
did not. The article supports the view that sports improve self-esteem among adolescents and
children. Adolescence is the stage between childhood and adulthood. At this stage, individuals
struggle with cognitive, social, and physical changes. Adolescents experience stress, which
affects their self-worth negatively. Generally, children experience a decline in the satisfaction of
self. According to the article, adolescents experience a decline in various subdomains, which
include athletic and academic competence or physical appearance. The sport-related activities
protect adolescents or children from the decline of self-esteem, which occurs due to physical,

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social, and cognitive changes. However, the research indicates that adolescents who are engaged
in sports report high levels of self-esteem
Harter, S. (2000). Is self-esteem only skin-deep? The inextricable link between physical
appearance and self-esteem. Reclaiming children and youth, 9(3), 133.
Harter (2000), studied the relationship between self-esteem and physical appearance. The
article promotes the view that most youths believe that appearance is inextricably linked to selfesteem. According to the article, this perception is very strong among women who feel
demoralized, especially when they fail to achieve the punishing body sizes favored by the media.
Studies show that many girls strive to achieve the standards of beauty, which are promoted by
society today, especially in terms of body size. The general impression fostered by the article is
that many girls who are overweight experience low self-esteem. On the other hand, girls with
small body size tend to believe that they are more beautiful and report high levels of self-esteem
compared to those with more bodyweight. To reduce the body, the obese girls turn to sports or
other physical activities with the objective of reducing their weight.
Shaffer, D. R., & Wittes, E. (2006). Women’s precollege sports participation, enjoyment of
sports, and self-esteem. Sex Roles, 55(3-4), 225-232.
The article investigates the extent to which precollege sports participation among women
impacts their self-esteem or overall enjoyment. Shaffer and Wittes (2006) used 245 women in
their research with a mean age of 19.9 years. According to the article, the reasons why people
participate in sports are multiple. Some people join sports to improve their health, enhance their
physical wellbeing, and build peer influence. Moreover, the research indicates that sports
improve individual physical self, which in turn improves general self-esteem. However, Shaffer

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and Wittes (2006) contend that sports foster self-esteem for girls. In the absence of any benefits,
sports may have little impact on the participants
Taylor, M. J., & Turek, G. M. (2010). If only she would play? The impact of sports
participation on self-esteem, school adjustment, and substance use among rural and
urban African American girls. Journal of Sport Behavior, 33(3), 315.
The article explores how participation in sports among the Rural and urban African
American Girls improves their self-esteem and reduces substance abuse. Substance abuse among
the African American Society has been a problem for almost a century. The research suggests
that people who participate in sports are less likely to abuse substances like alcohol and drugs.
Sports allow African American girls to participate in positive activities, which build their selfesteem and ability to resist negative activities. Sports strength the connection between girls and
their society. This helps them to refrain from alcohol or substance abuse. Sports enable
individuals to work on their weaknesses or impossibilities and slowly adapt by strengthening
their self-worth and confidence, which is closely connected with self-esteem. Sports like soccer,
baseball, rugby, basketball and so on allows people to work as a team. This improves the
relationship with others because of the resultant element of appreciation.
Bum, C. H., & Jeon, I. K. (2016). Relationships among fun, self-esteem, and happiness of
tennis players. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 44(10),
1619-1635.

According to Bum and Jeon (2016), physical activities play a crucial role in individual
life. Additionally, the element of fun in physical activities has a close relationship with selfesteem. Sports help in the self-discovery, which ultimately boosts the individual’s self-esteem.

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When children are allowed to participate in sporting activities, which they find interesting, their
self-esteem is boosted, unlike when they participate in an event they do not like. In a study
involving Korean middle school students, Bum and Jeon (2016) discovered that having fun in
sports improves the self-esteem of the students, which leads to improved performance. The
research, which focused on 267 female participants established that women who found fun in the
tennis improved their self-esteem and performance.
Thakur, M. B., & Joshi, N. (2016). Analysis of Self Compassion and Self Esteem between
Adolescents Engaged in Physical Exercise in the form of Gym with those having a
Sedentary Lifestyle. Journal of Psychosocial Research, 11(1).
This article explores the differences between self-esteem and self-compassion for
adolescents who are involved in physical activities and those who do not participate in any sport.
Using scales such as the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and Neff Self Compassion scale, the
research established that the group, which engaged in physical activities through Gym reported
high self-esteem and self-compassion when compared to those with a sedentary lifestyle.
According to Thakur and Joshi (2016), a sedentary lifestyle is a lifestyle where people were
engaged in no physical or irregular lifestyle. Self-esteem defines that manner in which a person
is perceived by others. It also defines the manner in which individuals perceive themselves. The
authors also contend that physical activities are an effective intervention for enhancing selfesteem.
Fox, K. R., & Lindwall, M. (2014). Self-esteem and self-perceptions in sport and exercise.
In Routledge Companion to Sport and Exercise Psychology (pp. 58-72). Routledge.

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This study promotes the view that self-esteem is one of the essential psychological needs
of the participants. It is usually associated with how people cope with stress and the strains they
encounter. Besides, it is linked with good mental health and proper behavior. The individual’s
self-esteem is determined by how people see themselves and other aspects of life. Family
members and friends also play a critical role in the enhancement of self-esteem. Sports and
exercises can have a positive or negative impact on individual self-esteem. According to the
article, family, teachers, and coach support to individuals participating in the sports boost their
self-esteem. Consequently, self-esteem is negatively impacted by the absence of support from
friends, teachers, or the coach.
Hills, A. P., Andersen, L. B., & Byrne, N. M. (2011). Physical activity and obesity in
children. British journal of sports medicine, 45(11), 866-870.
This article explores the manner in which obesity affects the child's or teenager’s selfesteem. According to the article, children or teenagers who are overweight or obese have low
self-esteem than those with standard bodyweight. Hills, Andersen, and Byrne (2011) observe that
obesi...